ABSTRACT
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a predominantly T-cell-mediated autoimmune disorder with a characteristic sequence of Th1 and Th2 inflammation resulting in fibrosis. The contribution of differentiated memory T-cell subpopulations and methylation of CpG regions of Th1- or Th2-specific transcription factor genes on the inflammatory cytokine signature in SSc is not well understood. The study aimed to investigate phenotypic differentiation, the cytokine signature, sensitivity of memory T cells to in vitro suppression by autologous regulatory T cells (Tregs), and methylation of Th1- and Th2-specific transcription factor genes in patients with limited (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) compared to healthy donors (HD). Phenotype/intracellular cytokine production and methylation of Th1- and Th2-specific transcription factor genes were determined by flow cytometry and epigenetic analysis, respectively, and compared between patients with lcSSc, dcSSc and HD. Discrimination of CD4+ T cells that lack CCR7 expression revealed that CCR7- CD4+ memory T cells and effectors are producers of intracellular TNFα, IL-13 and IL-4, particularly in dcSSc. A proportional increase in CCR7- memory T cells was demonstrated by SSc-derived CD4+ T-cells after insufficient suppression by Tregs. A higher level of methylation of GATA3 or STAT4 (Th2- and Th1-specific transcription factor genes, respectively) was observed in dcSSc. An abundance of specific CD4+ memory T-cell subpopulations strongly contributes to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in dcSSc. Our results suggest that therapeutic concepts should focus more intensively on the memory phenotype to control T cell-mediated inflammation in SSc patients.
Subject(s)
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Cytokines/biosynthesis , Receptors, CCR7/genetics , Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology , CpG Islands/genetics , DNA Methylation , GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics , Gene Expression , Humans , Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology , Lymphopenia/immunology , STAT4 Transcription Factor/genetics , Scleroderma, Systemic/genetics , Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism , T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Th1 Cells/immunology , Th2 Cells/immunologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There is much evidence that T cells are strongly involved in the pathogenesis of localized and systemic forms of scleroderma (SSc). A dysbalance between FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) and inflammatory T-helper (Th) 17 cells has been suggested. METHODS: The study aimed (1) to investigate the phenotypical and functional characteristics of Th17 and Tregs in SSc patients depending on disease manifestation (limited vs. diffuse cutaneous SSc, dcSSc) and activity, and (2) the transcriptional level and methylation status of Th17- and Treg-specific transcription factors. RESULTS: There was a concurrent accumulation of circulating peripheral IL-17-producing CCR6+ Th cells and FoxP3+ Tregs in patients with dcSSc. At the transcriptional level, Th17- and Treg-associated transcription factors were elevated in SSc. A strong association with high circulating Th17 and Tregs was seen with early, active, and severe disease presentation. However, a diminished suppressive function on autologous lymphocytes was found in SSc-derived Tregs. Significant relative hypermethylation was seen at the gene level for RORC1 and RORC2 in SSc, particularly in patients with high inflammatory activity. CONCLUSIONS: Besides the high transcriptional activity of T cells, attributed to Treg or Th17 phenotype, in active SSc disease, Tregs may be insufficient to produce high amounts of IL-10 or to control proliferative activity of effector T cells in SSc. Our results suggest a high plasticity of Tregs strongly associated with the Th17 phenotype. Future directions may focus on enhancing Treg functions and stabilization of the Treg phenotype.
Subject(s)
Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism , Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism , Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology , Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism , Th17 Cells/immunology , Th17 Cells/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Antigens, Surface/metabolism , Biomarkers , Cytokines/metabolism , DNA Methylation , Female , Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics , Humans , Immunomodulation , Lymphocyte Count , Lymphopenia , Male , Methylation , Middle Aged , Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics , Scleroderma, Systemic/diagnosis , Scleroderma, Systemic/geneticsABSTRACT
Immunological abnormalities associated with pathological conditions, such as higher infection rates, inflammatory diseases, cancer or cardiovascular events are common in patients with panic disorder. In the present study, T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), Forkhead-Box-Protein P3 gene (FOXP3) methylation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and relative telomere lengths (RTLs) were investigated in a total and subsamples of 131 patients with panic disorder as compared to 131 age- and sex-matched healthy controls in order to test for a potential dysfunction and premature aging of the immune system in anxiety disorders. Significantly lower TRECs (p = 0.004) as well as significant hypermethylation of the FOXP3 promoter region (p = 0.005) were observed in female (but not in male) patients with panic disorder as compared to healthy controls. No difference in relative telomere length was discerned between patients and controls, but significantly shorter telomeres in females, smokers and older persons within the patient group. The presently observed reduced TRECs in panic disorder patients and FOXP3 hypermethylation in female patients with panic disorder potentially reflect impaired thymus and immunosuppressive Treg function, which might partly account for the known increased morbidity and mortality of anxiety disorders conferred by e.g. cancer and cardiovascular disorders.
