Enrichment and Direct Plating for Detection of Campylobacter in Chicken Liver Rinse and Exudate.

ABSTRACT: Foodborne campylobacteriosis has been traced to undercooked chicken liver dishes; thus, it is important to use the best available culture methods when testing for the presence of Campylobacter. We compared two Campylobacter enrichment broths-Bolton formulation and Neogen formulation-in combination with three selective plating media-Campy-Cefex, Campy-Line and RF Campylobacter agars-for detection of Campylobacter from fresh retail chicken livers. In each of three experiments, nine replicate tubs of chicken livers were sampled by drawing exudate and a pooled rinse of five whole liver lobes. Results are reported as number positive and compared by Fisher's exact test. In experiment 1, no combination of enrichment and plating media significantly outperformed another for detection of Campylobacter (P > 0.05); all tubs were found to include Campylobacter in both exudate and liver rinse. In experiment 2, serial dilutions of samples were plated before and after enrichment. Exudate was found to be significantly more likely than rinse to support detection of Campylobacter by direct plating (P < 0.05); most exudate samples included at least 10 CFU Campylobacter per mL. Enrichment improved detection from rinse, but not exudate; all enrichment and plating combinations resulted ≥1,000 CFU/mL from most enriched samples. In experiment 3, samples were diluted before enrichment to determine effect of enrichment on ever lower numbers of Campylobacter. Enrichment did not improve recovery of Campylobacter from exudate or undiluted rinse (P > 0.05). However, when rinse samples were diluted to lower Campylobacter numbers, enrichment improved detection (P < 0.05). Overall, all media combinations tested were equivalent for detection of Campylobacter from chicken livers; sensitivity for detection seemed to be increased by using liver exudate compared with a pooled rinse of liver lobes.

National report on healthcare utilization and mortality in patients with hepatitis A infection in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: Predictors of negative outcomes related to hepatitis A virus (HAV) need to be studied at a national level. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2002-2013) and Nationwide Readmission Database (2010-2014) was performed to evaluate the outcomes of hospitalized patients with HAV. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the Nationwide Readmission Database included a varying number of states during the studied time and reflect the range of implementation dates of the HAV vaccines. Multivariable analyses were fit to determine predictors of outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 13,514 patients were admitted with HAV during the studied time. Thirty-day and 90-day readmission rates were 11.4% and 15%, respectively. Predictors of readmission, longer length of stay, and mortality included patients aged >60 years ([odds ratio [OR]: 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001-1.03], [OR: 1.15; CI: 1.07-1.24], [OR: 4.06; 95% CI: 1.47-11.16], respectively), Medicare insurance ([OR:3.63; 95% CI: 2.18-6.03], [OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17-1.37], [OR: 2.67; 95% CI: 1.18-6.04], respectively), and cirrhosis ([OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.05-3.21], [OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.20-1.47], [OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.14-7.05], respectively). Predictors of higher cost of admission included patients aged >60 years (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.19-1.46), Hispanic (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.05-1.24), Medicare insurance (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.10-1.35), Medicaid insurance (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02-1.20), and cirrhosis (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.11-1.46). CONCLUSIONS: Patients at increased healthcare utilization and mortality should be prioritized for HAV vaccination.

Effect of dermatological consultation on survival in patients with checkpoint inhibitor-associated cutaneous toxicity.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAEs) are a common side-effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, prior work examining these toxicities in detail has considered only the fraction of events evaluated by dermatologists. Associations between dermatology referral, cirAE treatment and survival outcomes remain underexplored across care settings. OBJECTIVES: To comprehensively categorize cirAE patterns among all patients treated with immunotherapy at our institution, and to evaluate: (i) the effect of dermatology referral on cirAE treatment and (ii) the impact of cirAE treatment on survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort analysis of patients with cancer who initiated ICI therapy between 1 January 2016 and 8 March 2019 and developed one or more cirAEs, as screened for using International Classification of Diseases 10th revision codes and confirmed via manual chart review (n = 358). All relevant information documented prior to 31 March 2020 was included. RESULTS: CirAEs evaluated by dermatologists were significantly more likely to be treated than cirAEs that were not referred (odds ratio 6·08, P < 0·001). Patients who received any cirAE treatment had improved progression-free survival [hazard ratio (HR) 0·59, P = 0·001] and overall survival (HR 0·58, P = 0·007) compared with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: CirAEs evaluated by dermatologists were significantly more likely to be treated than cirAEs that were not referred, and patients who received any treatment for a cirAE had improved survival outcomes.

Antimicrobial interventions to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter populations and improve shelf life of quail carcasses.

Quail (Coturnix japonica) is processed and marketed as fresh meat, with limited shelf life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial interventions during slaughter on reducing Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination and to determine the microbiological shelf life of quail during refrigerated (4°C) storage. Three antimicrobials, peracetic acid (400 ppm; PAA), Citrilow (pH 1.2), and Cecure (cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC], 450 ppm), along with a water and no-treatment control were evaluated. Quail carcasses (n = 75) were inoculated with a cocktail of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and gentamicin-resistant Campylobacter coli. After 30 min of attachment time, quail carcasses were submerged in each antimicrobial solution for 20 s with air agitation. Noninoculated quail carcasses (n = 25) were similarly treated, packaged, and stored under refrigeration (4°C). Aerobic plate counts (APC), psychrotroph counts (PC), Enterobacteriaceae counts (ENT), total coliform counts (TCC), and Escherichia coli counts on quail carcasses were determined on 1, 4, 7, and 10 d. Salmonella and Campylobacter populations were determined by plating on Petrifilm APC supplemented with 200-ppm nalidixic acid and Campy Cefex agar supplemented with 200-ppm gentamycin, respectively. No significant reductions in (P > 0.01 log cfu/mL) in APC, PC, ENT, TCC, and E. coli counts were observed on carcasses submerged in water. However, treatments with PAA, Citrilow, and CPC significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) Salmonella and Campylobacter coli contamination. Citrilow showed greater (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in Salmonella and Campylobacter population (1.90 and 3.82 log cfu/mL reduction, respectively) to PAA and CPC. Greater (P ≤ 0.05) reductions in APC, PC, ENT, TCC, and E. coli counts (2.22, 1.26, 1.47, 1.52, and 1.59 log cfu/mL, respectively) were obtained with the application of CPC. Application of antimicrobial interventions resulted in a reduction in Campylobacter and Salmonella, APC, PC, and ENT populations after treatments (day 0) and throughout the storage period (day 10). Use of antimicrobial interventions after slaughter can improve the microbiological safety and shelf life of quail.

Research Note: Evaluation of several inoculation procedures for colonization of day-old broiler chicks with Salmonella Heidelberg.

Before starting a study with many birds, it helps to know the method of chick inoculation. The objective was to compare 3 methods of Salmonella challenge (oral gavage [OR], intracloacal inoculation [IC], and seeder bird [SB]). Day-old broiler chicks (n = 100) were inoculated with 106 colony forming units (CFU) per chick of a marker strain of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) with each route of inoculation. Chicks (n = 25) inoculated by each route were placed in floor pens on fresh pine shavings litter. For the seeder batch, 5 colonized chicks, each orally gavaged with 106 CFUs, were placed with 20 pen mates. Two weeks after inoculation, 10 birds from each pen and the 5 inoculated seeder birds were euthanized, the ceca were aseptically removed and macerated with a rubber mallet and weighed, and 3 times (w/v) buffered peptone was added and stomached for 60 s. Serial dilutions were made and plated onto Brilliant Green Sulfa plates containing 200 ppm nalidixic acid. Plates were incubated along with the stomached ceca for 24 h at 37°C. If no colonies appeared on the plates, an additional plate was streaked from the preenriched bag and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. In addition to all seeder birds being positive, the number of SH-positive birds out of 20 sampled in each group was 13, 17, and 7 for OR, IC, and SB, respectively. The level of SH per g of ceca and cecal contents was log (SE) 3.0 (0.7), 2.0 (0.4), and 2.6 (0.4) for OR, IC, and SB, respectively. After enrichment, the number of colonized birds out of 20 was 18, 20, and 10 for OR, IC, and SB, respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests that IC is the method to use to ensure most of the challenged birds are colonized. However, if you prefer to have a smaller percentage of the birds colonized with higher levels, then OR might be better.

Impact of litter Salmonella status during feed withdrawal on Salmonella recovery from the broiler crop and ceca.

Research was conducted to evaluate the impact of litter Salmonella status during feed withdrawal on Salmonella recovery from the crop and ceca following feed withdrawal. In 4 experiments, pens of broilers in separate rooms were challenged with marker strains of either Salmonella Montevideo or Salmonella Heidelberg. Three d post challenge, a 12-hour feed withdrawal was initiated, and one pen of broilers was switched between rooms for each Salmonella serotype. In experiments 3 and 4, non-challenged broilers also were added to the Salmonella challenge pens. The litter of each pen was sampled before and after the feed withdrawal period, the broilers euthanized, and the crop and ceca aseptically removed for Salmonella isolation. Results showed that only the challenge Salmonella serotype was recovered from the litter in challenge pens where broilers were not moved, while both Salmonella serotypes were recovered from the litter of the switched pens. Salmonella was recovered from 56/80 crops and from 66/80 ceca of challenged broilers that remained in the challenge pens. The challenge Salmonella serotype was recovered from 50/80 crops and from 60/80 ceca, and the switched pens' litter Salmonella serotype was recovered from 19/80 crops but not from the ceca in broilers challenged with Salmonella and then switched between pens. For experiments 3 and 4, Salmonella was recovered from 19/40 crops and from only 2/40 ceca from the non-challenged broilers placed into the Salmonella challenge pens. The results from broilers that were switched between Salmonella challenge pens indicate that the recovery of Salmonella from the crop of broilers following feed withdrawal (on Salmonella-contaminated litter) appears to depend mainly on the initial challenge Salmonella (62%) and less on the litter Salmonella (24%) status during the feed withdrawal period. In contrast, only the initial challenge Salmonella was recovered from the ceca (79%) from broilers that remained in challenge pens or were switched between Salmonella challenge pens. However, when non-challenged broilers were placed into the Salmonella challenge pens and commingled during the 12-hour feed and water withdrawal period, it was possible to recover the pen litter Salmonella from the ceca at a low level of 5% (2/40).

Outcomes of nutritional interventions to treat dysphagia in esophageal cancer: a population-based study.

Esophageal cancer (EC) is increasing in prevalence due to rising incidence and improved treatment strategies. Dysphagia is a significant morbidity in patients with EC requiring nutritional intervention. We sought to evaluate outcomes of nutritional interventions for EC patients hospitalized with dysphagia at a population level. The National Inpatient Sample (2002-2012) was utilized to include all adult inpatients (≥18 years of age) with EC and presence of dysphagia and stricture that underwent nutritional interventions including feeding tube (FT) placement, esophageal stenting, or parenteral nutrition (PN). Temporal trends were examined with multivariate analysis performed for mortality, length of stay (LOS), and cost of hospitalization. A total of 509,593 EC patients had 12,205 hospitalizations related to dysphagia. The hospitalization rates doubled over the study period (1.52% vs. 3.28%, p < 0.001). The most common nutritional intervention was FT (27%), followed by esophageal stenting (13%), and PN (11%). PN was more frequently associated with a diagnosis of sepsis (6.1%, p = 0.023) compared to FT (2.5%) or esophageal stenting (1.8%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated FT and esophageal stenting had comparable mortality (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.49, 2.32); however, PN was associated with higher mortality (OR 2.37, 95% CI: 1.22, 4.63), cost of hospitalization ($5,510, 95% CI: 2,262, 8,759), and LOS (2.13 days, 95% CI: 0.72, 3.54). This study shows that hospitalizations for EC with dysphagia and related nutritional interventions are increasing. As a single modality, parenteral nutrition should be avoided. Among our esophageal stent and FT population, further studies are necessary to determine adequate interventions based on disease stage.

A portable magneto-optical trap with prospects for atom interferometry in civil engineering.

The high precision and scalable technology offered by atom interferometry has the opportunity to profoundly affect gravity surveys, enabling the detection of features of either smaller size or greater depth. While such systems are already starting to enter into the commercial market, significant reductions are required in order to reach the size, weight and power of conventional devices. In this article, the potential for atom interferometry based gravimetry is assessed, suggesting that the key opportunity resides within the development of gravity gradiometry sensors to enable drastic improvements in measurement time. To push forward in realizing more compact systems, techniques have been pursued to realize a highly portable magneto-optical trap system, which represents the core package of an atom interferometry system. This can create clouds of 107 atoms within a system package of 20 l and 10 kg, consuming 80 W of power.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantum technology for the 21st century'.

Carcass orientation and drip time affect potential surface water carryover for broiler carcasses subjected to a post-chill water dip or spray1.

To estimate the potential for residual antimicrobial solution carryover, surface water accumulation and loss was measured on post-chill carcasses that were either dipped or sprayed with water. For all experiments, broilers were slaughtered, soft or hard scalded, defeathered, and eviscerated. Carcasses were immersion chilled, allowed to drip, and post-chill carcass weight (CW) recorded. For water dip treatment, carcasses were dipped for 0.5 min in water and hung by a wing (n = 33) or a leg (n = 30) and CW recorded at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 min post-dip. For water spray treatment, individual carcasses were hung by either the wings (n = 35) or legs (n = 34) from a shackle suspended from a scale. Water was sprayed at 80 psi and post-spray CW recorded. Initial water accumulation (0 min) for dipped carcasses was not significantly different (P > 0.05) for carcasses hung by the leg (101.0 g) or wing (108.8 g). Following the 5 min drip time, 31 g of water remained on the carcasses hung by the leg and only 10 g on carcasses hung by the wing (P < 0.05). When carcasses were sprayed with water, initial water accumulation (0 min) was 62 g for carcasses hung by the legs and 60 g for carcasses hung by the wings (P > 0.05). Following the 5 min drip time, 1 g or no water remained on the sprayed carcasses (P > 0.05). Carcasses that were dipped and hung by a leg for 5 min retained significantly more water (31 g) than carcasses that were dipped and hung by a wing (10 g) or sprayed carcasses hung either way (0.3 g) (P < 0.05). Post-chill water dip resulted in significantly higher initial carcass water accumulation than spraying (105 g vs. 61 g, P < 0.05). Carcass orientation during dripping only affected the amount of retained water for dipped carcasses. Dipped carcasses hung by a leg have the highest potential for residual carcass antimicrobial solution carryover and sprayed carcasses hung by either orientation have the lowest potential for residual antimicrobial solution carryover.

The interleukin-6-hepcidin-hemoglobin circuit in systemic lupus erythematosus flares.

Objective Hepcidin regulates iron availability and may be responsible for the anemia of chronic disease because it is induced by interleukin-6. This study investigated the IL-6-hepcidin-hemoglobin axis in patients with lupus. Methods IL-6 and hepcidin were measured in serial serum samples collected before, during and after lupus flares by specific ELISAs. Results During renal and non-renal SLE flare cycles IL-6 did not predict hepcidin and hepcidin did not predict hemoglobin. When lupus nephritis patients were in remission, IL-6 and hepcidin were correlated, but hepcidin and hemoglobin were not. Conclusion Hepcidin does not contribute significantly to anemia during active lupus.

Diverticulitis in HIV-infected patients within the United States.

OBJECTIVES: Diverticulitis in patients on immunosuppressant therapy has been associated with increased mortality, but there are no data for HIV-infected patients. Our aim was to compare the outcomes of hospitalizations for diverticulitis in patients with and without HIV infection. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of hospitalizations in the United States accessed through the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Patients hospitalized for diverticulitis in 2007-2011 were included in the analysis. The primary outcomes of interest were mortality and surgical therapy rates. Patients from 2003 to 2011 were utilized to analyse trends in prevalence. RESULTS: There were 2375 patients with HIV infection hospitalized for diverticulitis and 1 160 391 patients without HIV infection hospitalized for diverticulitis from 2007 to 2011. The patients with HIV infection were younger and more likely to be male and nonwhite (P < 0.001 for all). There were also differences in insurance types (P < 0.001) and hospitals [size (P = 0.008), type (P < 0.001) and location (P < 0.001)]. After multivariate analysis, patients with diverticulitis and HIV infection had a significantly increased in-hospital mortality rate [odds ratio (OR) 3.94 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.52-10.20)] and a lower rate of surgical intervention [OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.57-0.95)]. From 2003 to 2011, there was a linear increasing trend in the prevalence of HIV infection among patients hospitalized for diverticulitis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected patients with diverticulitis had increased mortality and received less surgical treatment in comparison to the general population. Diverticulitis in HIV-infected patients increased in prevalence over the study period.

Standardization of amniotic fluid leptin levels and utility in maternal overweight and fetal undergrowth.

OBJECTIVE: Leptin is an adipokine that regulates energy homeostasis. The objective of this study was to establish a gestational age-specific standard for amniotic fluid leptin (AFL) levels and examine the relationship between AFL, maternal overweight and fetal growth restriction. STUDY DESIGN: Amniotic fluid was obtained at mid-gestation from singleton gravidas, and leptin was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Amniotic fluid samples from 321 term pregnancies were analyzed. Clinical data, including fetal ultrasound measurements and maternal and infant characteristics, were available for a subset of patients (n=45). RESULTS: The median interquartile range AFL level was significantly higher at 14 weeks' gestation (2133 pg ml(-1) (1703 to 4347)) than after 33 weeks' gestation (519 pg ml(-1) (380 to 761), P trend<0.0001), an average difference of 102 pg ml(-1) per week. AFL levels were positively correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (r=0.36, P=0.03) adjusting for gestational age at measurement, but were not associated with fetal growth. CONCLUSIONS: AFL levels are higher at mid-gestation than at late gestation, and are associated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI.

Effect of stomaching on numbers of bacteria recovered from chicken skin.

Stomaching of skin samples releases only slightly more bacteria than a single rinse. Successive rinses, however, continue to remove almost as many bacteria as the first rinse. One hypothesis to explain this observation is that relatively violent treatment of skin generates smaller pieces of skin, thus increasing the net surface area and effectively sequestering bacteria in a water film on the skin pieces so that numbers of bacteria suspended in the rinsate do not increase. An experiment was conducted to determine whether inoculated marker bacteria are removed from the rinse liquid as skin pieces are stomached and naturally occurring bacteria are released. In each of 4 replications, 5 prechill broiler carcasses were collected from a commercial processing plant. Two 5-g pieces (n = 40) of breast skin were removed from each carcass and placed in a stomacher bag. An inoculum of 30 mL of 0.85% saline solution containing approximately 10(4) of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium per milliliter was added to each sample. Skin samples were hand-massaged for 30 s to mix the inoculum, after which a 1-mL aliquot was removed for enumeration of bacteria. A similar sample was taken after 4 min of vigorous stomaching of the skin sample. Bacterial counts recovered from the 30-s hand-massage were 4.3, 2.7, 2.6, and 3.7 log(10) cfu/mL of rinsate for aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella, respectively. After stomaching, counts were 4.3, 2.9, 2.8, and 3.8, respectively. There was no difference in aerobic plate counts, but mean coliform and E. coli counts were significantly higher (P < 0.05) after stomaching. Numbers of inoculated Salmonella did not decrease. Breaking up the skin into smaller pieces by stomaching did not reduce the number of inoculated bacteria suspended in the rinsate.

Nisin affects the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat turkey ham stored at four degrees Celsius for sixty-three days.

The objectives of this study were to determine pH, anti-Listeria and general antimicrobial properties of nisin on ready-to-eat vacuum-packaged diced turkey ham inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, and the usage level that would exert maximum antimicrobial effect during 63 d of storage. Ready-to-eat diced turkey ham was inoculated with a 5-strain L. monocytogenes cocktail; treated with 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% nisin treatment solutions; vacuum-packaged; stored at 4+/-1 degrees C for 63 d; and analyzed at 1-wk intervals for total aerobic counts, pH, L. monocytogenes, and lactic acid bacteria. Antimicrobial effectiveness of nisin increased as concentration increased from 0.2 to 0.5%. Aerobic plate counts for 0.4 and 0.5% nisin were lower (P<0.05) than negative and positive controls. All nisin treatments resulted in 4 log reductions (P<0.05) in L. monocytogenes when compared with the positive control on d 0. Four log reductions were also observed on d 7 for 0.4% nisin treatment and d 7 and 14 for 0.5% nisin treatment when compared with the positive control. Listeria monocytogenes counts decreased from 4.97 log cfu/g on d 0 and remained less than 2 log cfu/g through 63 d of storage for the 0.5% nisin treatment. Lactic acid bacteria counts were lower (P<0.05) for 0.5% nisin treatment when compared with positive and negative controls from 28 through 63 d. Except for d 56 and 63, pH was similar (P<0.05) for all treatments. This study revealed that nisin could be used for postprocessing intervention to control L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat poultry products.

Nisin, rosemary, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid affect the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat turkey ham stored at four degrees Celsius for sixty-three days.

The objectives of this study were to determine the anti-Listeria and general antimicrobial properties of nisin, rosemary, and EDTA alone and in combination on Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on ready-to-eat vacuum-packaged diced turkey ham and to ascertain the effects of the treatments on pH and objective color. The turkey hams were cut into 0.5-cm pieces, inoculated with a L. monocytogenes cocktail containing 5 strains of the bacterium, and treated with either no treatment and no inoculum (negative control), inoculum only (positive control), 0.5% nisin, 20 mM EDTA, 1% rosemary, 0.5% nisin + 20 mM EDTA, 0.5% nisin + 1% rosemary, 0.5% nisin + 20 mM EDTA + 1% rosemary, or 20 mM EDTA + 1% rosemary. All samples were vacuum-packaged, stored for 63 d at 4 degrees C +/- 1 degrees C, and analyzed at 1-wk intervals for total aerobes, L. monocytogenes, lactic acid organisms, pH, and objective color. Nisin, nisin with rosemary, nisin with EDTA, and nisin with rosemary and EDTA treatments reduced (P < 0.05) L. monocytogenes counts by 4.42, 4.20, 3.73, and 4.11 log cfu/g when compared with the positive control, respectively, on d 0. Listeria monocytogenes counts remained less than 2.75 log cfu/g for all hams treated with nisin. The EDTA and rosemary treatments alone and in combination were ineffective in inhibiting growth of L. monocytogenes. Although none of the treatments completely eliminated L. monocytogenes, the results indicated that ready-to-eat turkey ham can have significantly decreased L. monocytogenes when treated with nisin alone or in combination with rosemary or EDTA, or both.

Nightmares among Cambodian refugees: the breaching of concentric ontological security.

This article explores the nightmares of Cambodian refugees in a cultural context, and the role of nightmares in the trauma ontology of this population, including their role in generating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among Cambodian refugees attending a psychiatric clinic, we found that having a nightmare was strongly associated with having PTSD (chi(2) = 61.7, P < 0.001, odds ratio = 126); that nightmares caused much distress upon awakening, including panic attacks, fear of bodily dysfunction, flashbacks and difficulty returning to sleep; that nightmare content was frequently related to traumatic events; that nightmares resulted in a decrease in the sense of "concentric ontology security" (i.e., in an increased sense of physical and spiritual vulnerability in a culture that conceives of the self in terms of concentric, protective layers), including fears of being attacked by ghosts; and that nightmares frequently led to the performance of specific practices and rituals aiming to extrude and repel attacking forces and to create "protective layers." Cases are presented to illustrate these findings. The Discussion considers some treatment implications of the study.

Identification of yeasts isolated from commercial shell eggs stored at refrigerated temperatures.

Yeasts and molds can grow on or in eggs, causing spoilage. Washed and unwashed eggs (treatments) were collected aseptically on three separate days (replications) from a commercial processing facility and stored for 10 weeks at 4 degrees C. Ten eggs from each treatment were sampled weekly (110 eggs per treatment per replication). Yeasts and molds were enumerated from external shell rinses by plating onto acidified potato dextrose agar. Yeast colonies were picked randomly and stored for subsequent identification by gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters using the MIDI Microbial Identification System. Of 688 isolates analyzed, 380 were identified to genus or species. Genera identified by this method included Candida, Cryptococcus, Hansenula, Hyphopichia, Metschnikowia, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces, and Torulaspora. Candida spp. accounted for 84.5% (321 of 380) of the isolate identifications. Candida famata was the most prevalent species (n = 120), followed by Candida lusitaniae (n = 38). A group of 20 isolates was subjected to molecular or biochemical analyses for comparison with the MIDI results. Biochemical tests were performed using automatic and mini systems. Results of biochemical tests and ribosomal DNA sequencing were in agreement for 11 of the isolates, but only 7 of the 20 MIDI-identified isolates were in agreement with the sequencing results. C. famata, an anamorph of Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii, was the most commonly identified isolate by all methods. These data indicate that there was limited correlation between results obtained with the MIDI system and the information obtained from molecular databases. However, both systems were able to correctly identify C. famata, the species most often isolated throughout egg storage.

Partitioning of external and internal bacteria carried by broiler chickens before processing.

Broiler chickens from the loading dock of a commercial processing plant were sampled to determine the incidence and counts of coliforms, Escherichia coli, and pathogenic bacteria. Feathers were removed by hand from ten 6-week-old chickens from each of seven different flocks and rinsed in 400 ml of 0.1% peptone water. Heads and feet were removed and rinsed, and the picked carcass was also rinsed, each in 200 ml. The ceca, colon, and crop were aseptically removed and stomached separately in 100 ml of peptone water. Campylobacter was present in six of the seven flocks. Salmonella was isolated from 50 of the 70 carcasses, with at least 2 positive carcasses in each flock, and five-tube most-probable-number (MPN) assays were performed on positive samples. Significantly (P < 0.05) more coliforms and E. coli were found in the ceca than in the feathers, which in turn carried more than the other samples, but total external and internal counts were roughly equivalent. Counts of Campylobacter were higher in the ceca and colon than in the other samples. Salmonella was isolated in external samples from 46 of the 50 positive carcasses compared with 26 positive internal samples or 17 positives in the ceca alone. The total MPN of Salmonella was approximately equivalent in all samples, indicating that contamination was distributed through all external and internal sampling locations. Salmonella-positive samples did not carry higher counts of coliforms or E. coli, and there were no significant correlations between the indicators and pathogens in any sample. Campylobacter numbers in the ceca were correlated with Campylobacter numbers in the feathers and colon, but Salmonella numbers in those samples were not correlated. The pattern of bacterial contamination before processing is complex and highly variable.

Recovery of bacteria from broiler carcasses after spray washing with acidified electrolyzed water or sodium hypochlorite solutions.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of spray washing broiler carcasses with acidified electrolyzed oxidizing water (EO) or sodium hypochlorite (HOCl) solutions for 5, 10, or 15 s. Commercial broiler carcasses were contaminated with 0.1 g of broiler cecal contents inoculated with 10(5) cells of Campylobacter and 10(5) cells of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella. Numbers of bacteria recovered from unwashed control carcasses were 6.7, 5.9, 6.3, and 3.9 log(10) cfu/mL for total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Salmonella, respectively. Washing in either EO (50 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite, pH 2.4, oxidation reduction potential of 1,180 mV) or HOCl (50 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite, pH 8.0) significantly reduced the levels of bacteria recovered from carcasses (P < 0.05). Carcasses washed with EO had slightly lower levels of total aerobic bacteria (0.3 log(10) cfu/mL) and E. coli (0.2 log(10) cfu/mL) than HOCl-treated carcasses; however, populations of Campylobacter and Salmonella were comparable after washing in either solution. Increasing the carcass washing time from 5 to 10 s lowered the levels of total aerobic bacteria (6.1 vs. 5.8 log(10) cfu/mL), E. coli (4.6 vs. 4.1 log(10) cfu/mL), Campylobacter (5.2 vs. 4.2 log(10) cfu/mL), and Salmonella (2.0 vs. 1.2 log(10) cfu/mL), but no further microbiological reductions occurred when washing time was extended from 10 to 15 s. Data from the present study show that washing poultry carcasses with EO is slightly better (total aerobic bacteria and E. coli) or equivalent to (Campylobacter and Salmonella) washing with HOCl. Washing broiler carcasses for a period equivalent to 2 inside-outside bird washers (10 s) provided greater reductions in carcass bacterial populations than periods simulating 1 (5 s) or 3 inside-outside bird washers (15 s).

Effect of external or internal fecal contamination on numbers of bacteria on prechilled broiler carcasses.

During processing, fecal material may contact broiler carcasses externally or internally. A study was conducted to determine the effect of external vs. internal fecal contamination on numbers of bacteria on broiler carcasses. In each of 3 trials, 12 carcasses just prior to evisceration were obtained from a commercial processing plant, placed on a shackle line, and eviscerated with commercial equipment in a pilot scale processing plant. Also, approximately 20 intestinal tracts were collected from the processing plant; then cecal contents were collected and pooled. One gram of cecal content was placed on the exterior breast skin (external), inside the carcass cavity (internal), or not applied (control). All carcasses were held 10 min, then placed on the shackle line and passed through a commercial inside-outside bird washer set at 552 kPa, 5 s dwell time, using approximately 189 L per min of tap water at ambient temperature. After a 1-min drip, whole carcass rinses were conducted on each carcass, and coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter counts were determined and reported as log cfu/mL of rinse. External carcass contamination resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) coliform, E. coli, and Campylobacter numbers than internal contamination (5.0 vs. 4.5, 4.9 vs. 4.2, and 3.6 vs. 2.6, respectively). Control carcass counts were significantly lower than external or internal carcass contamination counts for coliforms (3.7), E. coli (3.6), and Campylobacter (2.2). External contamination resulted in higher numbers of bacteria after carcass washing, but carcasses with internal contamination still have higher numbers of bacteria after washing than carcasses without applied contamination.