Gerbode defect resulting from Group B Streptococcus infective endocarditis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Gerbode defect is an unusual abnormal communication between the left ventricle and the right atrium and is a serious complication of aortic infective endocarditis. Group B Streptococcus is an uncommon cause of infective endocarditis and has a markedly destructive effect on valvular tissue. Acute fistulation between the left ventricle and the right atrium associated with this form of infective endocarditis is a life-threatening, aggressive complication that often requires urgent surgical intervention. However, the identification of actual communication is often extremely difficult. Herein, we describe an unusual case of Gerbode defect resulting from Group B Streptococcus infective endocarditis and discuss the issues surrounding such a rare cardiac defect and such an infection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old man with underlying uncontrolled diabetes mellitus underwent endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage for acute cholangitis. On the 10th postoperative day, the patient developed multiple acute cerebral embolisms. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated severe aortic regurgitation and a large mobile vegetation near the tricuspid annulus. No obvious fistula between the left ventricle and the right atrium could be demonstrated. The blood culture examination was positive for Group B Streptococcus. The patient was diagnosed with Group B Streptococcus infective endocarditis, and antibiotic therapy was initiated. Transesophageal echocardiogram performed after referral to our hospital confirmed detachment of the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve from the annulus and an abnormal cavity immediately below the right coronary cusp. Color Doppler imaging finally revealed systolic blood flows from the left ventricle into the right atrium through the cavity. Therefore, we diagnosed the patient with Gerbode defect resulting from Group B Streptococcus infective endocarditis. In addition to aortic valve replacement, defect closure and left ventricular outflow tract repair were successfully performed urgently for severely complicated and uncommon infective endocarditis. The patient was uneventfully discharged without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: We reported successful surgical treatment of unusual active IE and Gerbode defect caused by GBS. Careful preoperative echocardiographic work-up is imperative for accurate early diagnosis and successful repair.

Minimally Invasive Valvular Surgery in the Elderly　- Safety, Early Recovery, and Long-Term Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: For elderly people, the benefit of minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) is unclear, so we evaluated the safety, recovery, and long-term survival in elderly MICS patients.Methods and Results: 63 propensity score-matched pairs of 213 consecutive patients (≥70 years old) who underwent mitral and/or tricuspid valve surgery between 2010 and 2020 (121 right mini-thoracotomies vs. 92 full sternotomies) were compared. The primary outcome was safety (composite endpoint of in-hospital death or major complication). Secondary outcomes were early ambulation and discharge to home. There were no differences between the groups for in-hospital death (3.2% vs. 0.0%, P=0.157) and primary outcome (14.3% vs. 17.5%, P=0.617). The rate of early ambulation (73.0% vs. 55.6%, P=0.048) and discharge to home (66.7% vs. 49.2%, P=0.034) were significantly higher in the mini-thoracotomy group. Major complication was an independent negative predictor of early ambulation for mini-thoracotomy but not for a conservative approach. Survival was 87.8±4.4% vs. 86.8±4.7% at 5 years, which was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Similar safety but better recovery were observed for mini-thoracotomy, and long-term survival was comparable between groups. Major complication was a negative predictor of early ambulation after mini-thoracotomy. Careful preoperative risk stratification would enhance the benefits of MICS in elderly patients.

Afebrile Pannus-Induced Blood Culture-Negative Mechanical Valve Endocarditis.

The diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis may be challenging in patients with an atypical clinical presentation. Virtually all infections associated with mechanical prosthetic valves are localized to the prosthesis-tissue junction at the sewing ring and are accompanied by tissue destruction around the prosthesis. Because the orifice of the mechanical prosthetic valve is made of metal and pyrolytic carbon, which do not enable the adherence of microorganisms, any vegetation originating from the interior of the valve orifice is usually rare. Here we present a rare case of pannus-induced mechanical prosthetic valve endocarditis that was difficult to diagnose.

Long-Term Quality of Life after Cardiac and Thoracic Aortic Surgery for Very Elderly Patients 85 Years or Older.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the outcomes of open heart surgery and long-term quality of life for patients 85 years and older. METHODS: We enrolled 46 patients 85 years and older who underwent cardiac and thoracic aortic surgery between May 1999 and November 2012. Long-term assessment was performed for 43 patients; three patients who died in the hospital were excluded. Patient conditions were assessed before surgery, 6 months and 12 months after surgery, and during the late period regarding the need for nursing care, degree of independent living, and living willingness. RESULTS: Three patients (6.5%) died during hospitalization and 22 (51%) died during the follow-up period. The 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates were 74%, 49%, and 36%. During the late period, of 21 surviving patients, 18 patients (85%) were living at home. The need for nursing care was comparable before and after surgery. The degree of independent living decreased after surgery. Living willingness was similar before and after surgery. CONCLUSION: Among patients 85 years or older who underwent open heart surgery, 85% were living at home. All patients could perform activities of daily living without any assistance while maintaining living willingness.

A right thoracotomy approach for mitral and tricuspid valve surgery in patients with previous standard sternotomy: comparison with a re-sternotomy approach.

BACKGROUND: To compare the outcomes of mitral and/or tricuspid valve surgery in patients with previous sternotomy between those who underwent a right thoracotomy and those who underwent re-sternotomy. METHODS: Between October 2009 and May 2015, eighteen patients underwent a right thoracotomy (R group) and 28 underwent re-sternotomy (re-S group). The right thoracotomy was prioritized for previous coronary artery bypass grafting. Follow-up was 100 % complete with a mean follow-up of 1.9 ± 1.5 years for the R group and 2.5 ± 1.4 years for the re-S group (p = 0.2137). RESULTS: Hypothermic ventricular fibrillation was applied in 33.3 % in the R group and in 7.1 % in the re-S group (p = 0.0424). Hospital mortality, the median intensive care unit stay, and the median postoperative hospital stay were 0 % versus 7.1 % (p = 0.5130), 3 days versus 2 days (p = 0.2370), and 28 days versus 29.5 days (p = 0.8043) for the R group versus the re-S group, respectively. Although the rate of major complications was comparable (R group 33.3 % versus re-S group 25.0 %, p = 0.5401), those contents were not equal. Deep sternum infection developed only in the re-S group (3.6 %) and reoperation for bleeding was required only in the R group (11.1 %). No significant difference was observed in the 2-year cardiac-related mortality-free rate (R group 93.3 ± 6.4 % versus re-S group 90.8 ± 6.4 %, p = 0.7516). CONCLUSIONS: Given study limitations, the right thoracotomy approach after previous sternotomy provided favorable outcomes as well as re-sternotomy. When selecting a right thoracotomy for re-do mitral and/or tricuspid surgery, the surgical strategy needs to be thoroughly planned.

Swinging Calcified Amorphous Tumors With Related Mitral Annular Calcification.

Among cardiac calcified amorphous tumors, the mitral annular calcification-related calcified amorphous tumor is extremely rare. We herein describe 3 surgical cases of swinging calcified amorphous tumor with related mitral annular calcification. The clinical, echocardiographic, and pathophysiologic features are reported here together with a brief review of the literature.

Asymptomatic and isolated accessory mitral valve tissue in an adult.

Accessory mitral valve (AMV) tissue is a congenital anomaly that occurs in association with other congenital anomalies, and is an uncommon cause of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. It is usually detected in early childhood when accompanied by symptoms of obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, and is rarely diagnosed in adults. We present a case of a 53-year-old man who was referred to our institution for evaluation of a systolic heart murmur. Echocardiography disclosed a diagnosis of AMV tissue. This case was uncommon because of the lack of severe obstruction of left ventricular outflow, cardiac symptoms, or other cardiac anomalies. We were able to carry out surgical resection of AMV tissue to avert possible progression of aortic insufficiency and the risk of a cerebrovascular embolization. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and postoperative echocardiography showed no residual accessory mitral tissue.

Free-floating left atrial ball thrombus after mitral valve replacement with patent coronary artery bypass grafts: successful removal by a right minithoracotomy approach without aortic cross-clamp.

A free-floating thrombus in the left atrium without attachment to either the atrial wall or the mitral valve is extremely rare. We describe a case in a 79-year-old woman with chronic atrial fibrillation and a recent stroke who had undergone mitral valve replacement 25 years previously and coronary artery bypass grafting 5 years previously. Redo cardiac surgery represents a clinical challenge due to a higher rate of peri-operative morbidity and mortality. Median re-sternotomy can be particularly difficult in patients with functioning coronary artery grafts, where the risk of graft injury is a significant concern. Prompt surgical intervention was carried out, and to avoid the challenge of re-sternotomy in this patient with two prior thoracotomies, we successfully removed the thrombus by a right minithoracotomy approach without aortic cross-clamping. There was no postoperative occurrence of a new stroke or aggravation of the pre-existing stroke.

Technical aspects of mitral valve repair in Barlow's valve with prolapse of both leaflets: triangular resection for excess tissue, sophisticated chordal replacement, and their combination (the restoration technique).

BACKGROUND: Histological degeneration in Barlow's valve mainly starts in the rough zone, frequently expands toward the chordae, and advances to the clear zone, resulting in a saccular aneurysm-like morphology in the prolapsed region. On this basis, we have repaired the prolapsed segment by triangular resection, chordal replacement and the combination (the restoration technique). The aim of this study was to report our initial findings and evaluate the efficacy of our technique. METHODS: Twelve patients diagnosed with Barlow's valve with prolapse of both leaflets (5 women; mean age, 49 years) underwent the restoration technique between January 2008 and March 2013. We retrospectively reviewed short-term clinical outcomes. The mean duration of the clinical follow-up was 2.5 ± 1.7 years. RESULTS: The restoration technique was successfully performed in all patients. Predominant repair techniques were isolated triangular resection (anterior 8, posterior 9), a combination of triangular resection with chordal replacement (anterior 1, posterior 1), and isolated chordal replacement (anterior 3, posterior 1). All patients underwent complete mitral annuloplasty, and the mean ring size was 31 ± 2 mm. In-hospital mortality was not noted. Late transthoracic echocardiography showed no or trace mitral regurgitation without significant systolic anterior motion in all patients. The New York Heart Association functional class was significantly improved from 1.3 ± 0.5 before surgery to 1.0 ± 0.0 after it (p < 0.01). There were no late thromboembolic or bleeding events. CONCLUSIONS: Initial experience with the restoration technique has provided excellent results without significant systolic anterior motion. Our technique may contribute to improve late results in Barlow's valve.

Deep vein thrombosis associated with iliac lymph node metastasis of an unknown primary tumor: report of a case.

Secondary deep vein thrombosis associated with iliac lymph node metastasis of an unknown primary tumor has not been previously reported. The patient was a 57-year-old male with persistent right leg edema. Computed tomography demonstrated a mass surrounding the right external iliac vessels, and deep vein thrombosis in the right external iliac and femoral veins. Physical, laboratory, and imaging examinations did not reveal any further tumor. The patient was diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis associated with right iliac lymph node metastasis of an unknown primary tumor. Complete resection of the tumor along with the involved vessels and vascular reconstruction was performed.

Delayed closure technique using the ventral hernia repair prosthesis for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: report of a case.

In spite of modern advances in medical care, the operative mortality of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm remains high at 40%-50%. Multiple organ failure is one of the reasons for the high mortality rates. An acute increase in intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal compartment syndrome are common causes of multiple organ failure.It is important to prevent abdominal compartment syndrome to improve the outcome of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Delayed abdominal closure is effective in preventing abdominal compartment syndrome in patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. We successfully achieved delayed abdominal closure using the ventral hernia repair prosthesis for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, in a straightforward and rapid manner. No infection was seen, secondary closure was readily performed, and wound healing was good. We conclude that our delayed closure technique is useful for the treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Surgical embolectomy of a floating right heart thrombus and acute massive pulmonary embolism: report of a case.

Right heart thrombus represents a mobilized deep venous thrombosis that is lodged temporarily in the right atrium and ventricle, and is often referred to as "emboli in transit." Floating right heart thrombus is an uncommon but life-threatening condition, and usually coexists with an already massive pulmonary embolism. The presence of floating right heart thrombus appears to substantially increase the risk of mortality compared to the presence of pulmonary embolism alone. Floating right heart thrombus needs emergency treatment, but there is no clear consensus regarding optimal management, e. g.,thrombolytic therapy, anticoagulation therapy, or surgical removal. We present the case of an 80-year-old female with a floating right heart thrombus in conjunction with an acute massive pulmonary embolism, who presented in cardiogenic shock. We successfully carried out surgical embolectomy. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and she remained in good health without recurrence of pulmonary embolism. This success was based on rapid diagnosis by transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography, prompt decision-making to proceed with surgical intervention and efficient postoperative care. In this case, surgical embolectomy was effective for a floating right heart thrombus with acute massive pulmonary embolism.

Mitral valve repair during acute phase infective endocarditis with extensive destruction of the anterior leaflet rough zone and cerebral infarction.

Some reports suggest that mitral valve repair has good outcomes and may, therefore, be the preferred surgical approach in patients with active infective endocarditis (Doukas et al. in Heart 92(3):361-363, 2006); Ruttmann et al. in J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130(3):765-771, 2005; Sternik et al. in J Heart Valve Dis 11(1):91-97, 2002). However, in cases of active infective endocarditis of the mitral valve, extensive destruction of valvular tissue may make reliable valve repair difficult. Moreover, the timing of valve repair for active infective endocarditis remains controversial, especially in patients having cerebral complications. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman who had active infective endocarditis of the mitral valve complicated by multiple acute cerebral infarctions from septic embolisation. We could successfully carry out mitral valve repair 36 h after the diagnosis of active infective endocarditis and cerebral infarction was made. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient remained in good health without recurrence of infective endocarditis and neurological complications.

Multicenter trial of carperitide in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carperitide in maintaining renal function during intraoperative and postoperative management of patients with renal dysfunction undergoing elective cardiovascular surgery. METHODS: The subjects were 88 patients with a preoperative serum creatinine level ≥1.2 mg/dl who underwent elective cardiovascular surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. They were prospectively divided into a group that received carperitide from the start of surgery (carperitide group, n = 44) and a group that was not given carperitide (control group, n = 44). Carperitide infusion was initiated at the beginning of surgery and was continued for ≥5 days, with the central dose being 0.02 g/kg/min. The primary endpoint was the serum creatinine level on postoperative day (POD) 3. RESULTS: The serum creatinine levels on PODs 3, 4, and 7 were significantly lower, and creatinine clearance on PODs 2 and 3 was significantly higher in the carperitide group than in the controls. One patient in the control group and no patient in the carperitide group required continuous hemodiafiltration, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Continuous low-dose infusion of carperitide from the start of cardiovascular surgery maintained renal function in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction.

Intermittent coronary artery occlusion caused by a floating thrombus in the left coronary sinus of valsalva of a patient with a normal aorta and protein C deficiency.

A floating thrombus in the ascending aorta is an uncommon source of embolism. We report a case in which a floating mass in the left coronary sinus of Valsalva caused intermittent left main coronary trunk occlusion, leading to myocardial ischemia and cardiogenic shock. The mass was surgically resected. Macroscopically, the aortic wall and leaflets were normal. On histologic examination the mass was found to be a thrombus. This patient had a low level of protein C; therefore, it was presumed that the thrombus was due to protein C deficiency.

A case of pulmonary infective endarteritis associated with patent ductus arteriosus: surgical closure under circulatory arrest.

A 35-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with prolonged high-grade fever. Chest computed tomography revealed multiple pulmonary infiltrations in both lungs, suggesting septic emboli. Echocardiography revealed patent ductus arteriosus and mobile large vegetations in the pulmonary artery. Because of uncontrollable infection and the imminent possibility of massive pulmonary embolism, he underwent transpulmonary surgical closure of the ductus and resection of the vegetations under hypothermic circulatory arrest using cardiopulmonary bypass. We report a rare case of open heart surgery in a patient with pulmonary infective endarteritis associated with patent ductus arteriosus.

Ten years experience of aortic root replacement using a modified bentall procedure with a carrel patch and inclusion technique.

OBJECTIVE: A modified Bentall procedure with a Carrel patch and inclusion technique (Modified Bentall Procedure) has been used to treat combined disease of the aortic valve and aortic root. The current study examined the outcomes of this surgical technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between April 1999 and March 2009, 16 patients (10 males, 6 females; 63.3 ± 9.4 years) underwent elective surgery involving the Modified Bentall Procedure and no additional surgery, so they were included in the study. RESULTS: The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 140.2 ± 34.4 min (range: 97-232 min), and aortic cross-clamp time was 97.3 ± 16.6 min (range: 76-132 min). There were no hospital deaths. No patients required additional surgery to correct excessive bleeding. The follow-up rate was 100% (16/16). The mean follow-up period was 5.6 ± 2.8 years (range: 0.7-9.9 years). One of the 16 patients died (6.3%) due to lung cancer, and 1 of the 15 surviving patients required additional surgery (6.7%) for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Kaplan-Meier analysis found that 1-year and 5-year survival and event-free survival rates were all 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The Modified Bentall Procedure provided satisfactory results over both the short term and long term.