Avaliação da frequência alimentar, perfil nutricional e antropométrico de adolescentes / Evaluation of food frequency, nutritional and anthropometric profile in adolescents

Avaliar a frequência alimentar e verificar a associação com o perfil nutricional e antropométrico em adolescentes. Realizou-se a coleta de dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e registro alimentar de três dias, afim de identificar a frequência alimentar, a realização ou não do desjejum e a média de consumo de lácteos e ultraprocessados. Participaram 63 adolescentes com idade entre 14 e 16 anos, a maioria do sexo feminino (61,9%). Em nenhuma das associações foi possível identificar diferenças significativas, porém observou-se: consumo ≥4 refeições diárias presente em 60,3% dos adolescentes, estando ligado ao excesso de peso; baixo consumo de lácteos em ambos os sexos e consumo alto de ultraprocessados entre os mais jovens. A variável desjejum não estabeleceu associação com relação ao estado nutricional da amostra. Não foi encontrada relação entre a frequência alimentar e o perfil nutricional e antropométrico dos adolescentes. Todavia novos estudos precisam ser incentivados.

To evaluate food frequency and verify the association with nutritional and anthropometric profile in adolescents. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were collected, as well as a three-day food record to identify food frequency, whether or not breakfast was served and the average consumption of dairy products and ultra-processed foods. Sixty-three adolescents aged 14 to 16 years, mostly females (61.9%), participated in the study. In none of the associations it was possible to identify significant differences, however it was observed: consumption of ≥4 meals a day present in 60.3% of the adolescents, being linked to overweight; low consumption of dairy products in both genders and high consumption of ultra-processed foods among younger people. The breakfast variable did not establish an association with the nutritional status of the sample. There was no relation found between food frequency and the nutritional and anthropometric profile in adolescents. However, further studies should be encouraged.

Female rats are more susceptible to metabolic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone treatment.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone that presents several effects on metabolism; however, most of the studies have been performed on male animals, while few authors have investigated possible sex differences regarding the metabolic effects of DHEA. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of DHEA on metabolic parameters of male and ovariectomized female Wistar rats. Sex differences were found in the metabolism of distinct substrates and in relation to the effect of DHEA. In respect to the glucose metabolism in the liver, the conversion of glucose to CO2 and the synthesis of lipids from glucose were 53% and 33% higher, respectively, in males. Also, DHEA decreased hepatic lipogenesis only in females. Regarding the hepatic glycogen synthesis pathway, females presented 73% higher synthesis than males, and the effect of DHEA was observed only in females, where it decreased this parameter. In the adipose tissue, glucose uptake was 208% higher in females and DHEA decreased this parameter. In the muscle, glucose uptake was 168% higher in females and no DHEA effect was observed. In summary, males and females present a different metabolic profile, with females being more susceptible to the metabolic effects of DHEA.

Effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract on the metabolism of diabetic rats.

The relationship between metabolic disturbances and clinical events related to diabetes is well known. Yerba mate has presented a potential use as preventive and therapeutic agent on diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of yerba mate on different tissues of diabetic rats, focusing on energetic metabolism. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin, followed by daily yerba mate treatment. After 30 days, the animals were euthanized to evaluate metabolic parameters on liver, adipose tissue, muscle and serum. The results showed mate treatment promoted a decrease in retroperitoneal adipose tissue in healthy animals. Muscle weight returned to control levels in diabetic rats treated with mate. There was improvement on serum glucose, creatinine, urea and total protein levels associated with mate treatment. Muscle parameters, such as glucose uptake and carbon dioxide production, were improved by mate treatment to control levels. The results evidenced the beneficial actions mate can have on metabolic disturbances of diabetes.

Acute intraperitoneal administration of taurine decreases the glycemia and reduces food intake in type 1 diabetic rats.

Taurine, an amino acid with antioxidant and osmoregulatory properties, has been studied for its possible antidiabetic properties in type 1 and type 2 diabetic animals. In type 2 diabetic mice, taurine decreases blood glucose through increased insulin secretion and insulin receptor sensitization. However, insulin is absent in type 1 diabetic individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of taurine on parameters related to the energy balance that could explain the metabolic action of this amino acid in type 1 diabetic rats. Control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats received saline or taurine (100 mg/kg/day), intraperitoneally, for 30 days. Parameters such as palatable food intake, gastrointestinal transit rate, serum glucose, insulin, leptin, and glucagon levels were measured 60 min after the last taurine administration. Liver, kidneys, heart, and retroperitoneal fat were dissected and weighted. Glycogen levels were measured in the liver and soleus muscle. Our results showed that acute taurine administration decreased glycemia. It also decreased food intake in diabetic rats, without affecting other metabolic parameters. Altogether, our results suggest that in type 1 diabetic rats, taurine decreases blood glucose by a non-insulin-dependent mechanism. Due to the safety profile of taurine, and its effect on glycemia, this amino acid may help to design new drugs to add benefit to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetic individuals.

Sex-specific effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on glucose metabolism in the CNS.

DHEA is a neuroactive steroid, due to its modulatory actions on the central nervous system (CNS). DHEA is able to regulate neurogenesis, neurotransmitter receptors and neuronal excitability, function, survival and metabolism. The levels of DHEA decrease gradually with advancing age, and this decline has been associated with age related neuronal dysfunction and degeneration, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of endogenous DHEA. There are significant sex differences in the pathophysiology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of many neurological diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether DHEA can alter glucose metabolism in different structures of the CNS from male and female rats, and if this effect is sex-specific. The results showed that DHEA decreased glucose uptake in some structures (cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb) in males, but did not affect glucose uptake in females. When compared, glucose uptake in males was higher than females. DHEA enhanced the glucose oxidation in both males (cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus and hypothalamus) and females (cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb), in a sex-dependent manner. In males, DHEA did not affect synthesis of glycogen, however, glycogen content was increased in the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb. DHEA modulates glucose metabolism in a tissue-, dose- and sex-dependent manner to increase glucose oxidation, which could explain the previously described neuroprotective role of this hormone in some neurodegenerative diseases.

Obesity and Hyperlipidemia Modulate Alveolar Bone Loss in Wistar Rats.

BACKGROUND: A positive association between obesity-associated metabolic disorders (e.g., hyperlipidemia and diabetes) and periodontitis has been demonstrated in the literature. This study evaluates the role of cafeteria diet-induced obesity/hyperlipidemia (CAF) on alveolar bone loss (ABL) in rats. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups: control, periodontitis (PERIO), obesity/hyperlipidemia (CAF), and obesity/hyperlipidemia plus periodontitis (CAF+PERIO). Groups CAF and CAF+PERIO were exposed to a high-fat, hypercaloric diet. At week 12, periodontal disease was induced in groups PERIO and CAF+PERIO by ligatures in the upper second molar. The contralateral tooth was considered the intragroup control. Body weight and Lee index were evaluated weekly during the experiment. Serum glucose and cholesterol/triglycerides in the liver were evaluated, and percentage of ABL was measured by microcomputed tomography. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1ß were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at week 17. RESULTS: Body weight, Lee index, and cholesterol/triglycerides in the liver increased in groups exposed to the cafeteria diet. Groups PERIO and CAF+PERIO exhibited a significantly higher ABL compared to control and CAF groups. The presence of obesity and hyperlipidemia significantly increased ABL in the CAF+PERIO group compared to the PERIO group (53.60 ± 3.44 versus 42.78 ± 7.27, respectively) in the sides with ligature. Groups exposed to CAF exhibited higher ABL in the sides without ligature. No differences were observed among groups for IL-1ß and TNF-α. CONCLUSION: Obesity and hyperlipidemia modulate the host response to challenges in the periodontium, increasing the expression of periodontal breakdown.

Effects of sleep restriction during pregnancy on the mother and fetuses in rats.

The present study aimed to analyze the effects of sleep restriction (SR) during pregnancy in rats. The following three groups were studied: home cage (HC pregnant females remained in their home cage), Sham (females were placed in tanks similar to the SR group but with sawdust) and SR (females were submitted to the multiple platform method for 20 h per day from gestational days (GD) 14 to 20). Plasma corticosterone after 6 days of SR was not different among the groups. However, the relative adrenal weight was higher in the SR group compared with the HC group, which suggests possible stress impact. SR during pregnancy reduces the body weight of the female but no changes in liver glycogen, cholesterol and triglycerides, and muscle glycogen were detected. On GD 20, the fetuses of the females submitted to SR exhibited increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus, which indicates that sleep restriction of mothers during the final week of gestation may affect neuronal growth factors in a fetal brain structure, in which active neurogenesis occurs during the deprivation period. However, no changes in the total reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cortex, hippocampus, or cerebellum of the fetuses were detected. SR females showed no major change in the maternal behavior, and the pups' preference for the mother's odor on postpartum day (PPD) 7 was not altered. On GD 20, the SR females exhibited increased plasma prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin (OT) compared with the HC and Sham groups. The negative outcomes of sleep restriction during delivery could be related, in part, to this hormonal imbalance. Sleep restriction during pregnancy induces different changes compared with the changes described in males and affects both the mother and offspring.

Sex-related differences in the effects of high-fat diets on DHEA-treated rats.

Several studies have investigated the beneficial effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on lipid and glucose metabolism. However, many of these studies are inconclusive about the effects of DHEA administration on metabolic disorders, and there appear to be sex-related differences in the effects of DHEA treatment. Few animal studies have addressed the effects of DHEA on diet-induced metabolic disorders. The present study sought to ascertain whether sex differences exist in the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on weight gain, adiposity, and biochemical and hormonal parameters in DHEA-treated rats. Rats were fed a HFD for 4 weeks and simultaneously received treatment with DHEA (10 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection) once weekly. Body weight, retroperitoneal fat depot weight, serum glucose, insulin, and leptin levels, and hepatic lipids were measured. HFD exposure increased the adiposity index in both sexes, the hepatic triglyceride content in both sexes, and the hepatic total cholesterol level in males. Moreover, the HFD induced an increase in blood glucose levels in both sexes, and hyperinsulinemia in males. In this experimental model, DHEA treatment reduced hepatic triglyceride levels only in females, regardless of HFD exposure. Exposure to a HFD, even if it does not cause obesity, may enhance risk factors for metabolic disorders, and males are more sensitive to this effect. DHEA treatment can help prevent metabolic derangements, but its effect varies with sex.

Methylglyoxal alters glucose metabolism and increases AGEs content in C6 glioma cells.

Methylglyoxal is a dicarbonyl compound that is physiologically produced by enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. It can lead to cytotoxicity, which is mainly related to Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) formation. Methylglyoxal and AGEs are involved in the pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases (ND) and, in these situations, can cause the impairment of energetic metabolism. Astroglial cells play critical roles in brain metabolism and the appropriate functioning of astrocytes is essential for the survival and function of neurons. However, there are only a few studies evaluating the effect of methylglyoxal on astroglial cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of methylglyoxal exposure, over short (1 and 3 h) and long term (24 h) periods, on glucose, glycine and lactate metabolism in C6 glioma cells, as well as investigate the glyoxalase system and AGEs formation. Glucose uptake and glucose oxidation to CO(2) increased in 1 h and the conversion of glucose to lipids increased at 3 h. In addition, glycine oxidation to CO(2) and conversion of glycine to lipids increased at 1 h, whereas the incorporation of glycine in proteins decreased at 1 and 3 h. Methylglyoxal decreased glyoxalase I and II activities and increased AGEs content within 24 h. Lactate oxidation and lactate levels were not modified by methylglyoxal exposure. These data provide evidence that methylglyoxal may impair glucose metabolism and can affect glyoxalase activity. In periods of increased methylglyoxal exposure, such alterations could be exacerbated, leading to further increases in intracellular methylglyoxal and AGEs, and therefore triggering and/or worsening ND.

[Hospitalization for primary care sensitive conditions in municipalities with full local health management control in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. / Hospitalizações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária nos municípios em gestão plena do sistema no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

We assess the quality of care provided in the cities with full health system management, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by means of the rate of hospitalizations for primary care sensitive conditions, between 1995 and 2005. The following were considered as hospitalizations for sensitive conditions: diabetes mellitus, heart failure, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and immunopreventive diseases in individuals aged between 20 and 59 years. Findings reveal that, beginning in 2001, there has been a reduction in rates in almost all cities. Through the Poisson regression we didn't observe a lower rates after the full health system management. Among cities with full health system management, rates of hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions increased as the population size decreased. Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions were found to be low-cost, easily-operated indicators and can produce knowledge about health systems, enabling their quality improvement.

Hospitalizações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária nos municípios em gestão plena do sistema no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Hospitalization for primary care sensitive conditions in municipalities with full local health management control in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Avaliou-se a qualidade dos cuidados oferecidos nos municípios em gestão plena no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, por meio da taxa de internações hospitalares por condições sensíveis à atenção primária, no período de 1995 a 2005. Foram consideradas as internações hospitalares por: diabetes mellitus, insuficiência cardíaca, hipertensão arterial, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e doenças imunopreveníveis em indivíduos na faixa etária de 20 a 59 anos. Verificou-se diminuição das taxas em quase todos os municípios do estado. A regressão de Poisson não mostrou tendências de diminuição das taxas após a adesão à gestão plena. Nos municípios menores, as taxas foram mais elevadas. As internações por condições sensíveis à atenção ambulatorial mostraram-se indicadores de fácil operação e de baixo custo que podem produzir conhecimentos sobre os sistemas de saúde, possibilitando a melhoria de sua qualidade.

We assess the quality of care provided in the cities with full health system management, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by means of the rate of hospitalizations for primary care sensitive conditions, between 1995 and 2005. The following were considered as hospitalizations for sensitive conditions: diabetes mellitus, heart failure, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and immunopreventive diseases in individuals aged between 20 and 59 years. Findings reveal that, beginning in 2001, there has been a reduction in rates in almost all cities. Through the Poisson regression we didn't observe a lower rates after the full health system management. Among cities with full health system management, rates of hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions increased as the population size decreased. Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions were found to be low-cost, easily-operated indicators and can produce knowledge about health systems, enabling their quality improvement.

Effects of glyoxal or methylglyoxal on the metabolism of amino acids, lactate, glucose and acetate in the cerebral cortex of young and adult rats.

The in vitro effects of glyoxal and methylglyoxal on the metabolism of glycine, alanine, leucine, glutamate, glutamine, glucose, lactate and acetate were evaluated in cortico-cerebral slices from young (10-day-old) or adult (3-month-old) rats. In a first set of experiments with cortico-cerebral slices from young animals, the compounds glyoxal or methylglyoxal at 400 microM, increased the oxidation of alanine, leucine and glycine to CO(2) and decreased the protein synthesis from these amino acids. Lipid synthesis from alanine, leucine and glycine was not changed in the cortico-cerebral slices from young rats after glyoxals exposure. Moreover, glutamine oxidation to CO(2) decreased by glyoxals exposure, but glutamate oxidation was not affected. In a second set of experiments with brain slices from adult animals, glycine metabolism (oxidation to CO(2), conversion to lipids or incorporation into proteins) was not changed by glyoxals exposure. In addition, the oxidation rates of glucose, lactate, acetate, glutamine and glutamate to CO(2) were also not modified. Taken together, these results indicate that glyoxal disrupts the energetic metabolism of the rat cerebral cortex in vitro. However, only young animals were susceptible to such events, suggesting that the immature cerebral cortex is less capable of dealing with glyoxal than the mature one.

Auditoria Médica: atendimento de crianças com asma em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família, Pelotas, RS / Medical Auditing: care to asthmatic children in a Family Health Unit, Pelotas, RS

Descrição do processo de atendimento médico às crianças com asma, mediante auditoria realizada concomitantemente a estudo transversal, conduzido em crianças da área de cobertura de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família, para verificar a prevalência de asma e avaliar o conhecimento materno sobre a doença. Utilizaram-se como fonte de dados os prontuários de família das crianças com asma que se consultaram nos últimos 12 meses. Das 258 crianças com asma identificadas no estudo, 69 (26,7 por cento) tinham registros de consultas devido à doença. Havia registros de peso em 76,8 por cento dos prontuários, de frequência respiratória em 26,1 por cento, de tiragem intercostal em 21,7 por cento, de cianose em 1,4 por cento e de orientações sobre o uso da medicação em 33,3 por cento. A frequência de registros de orientações sobre os sinais e sintomas de gravidade e o manejo das crises foi de 15,9 por cento e sobre os fatores desencadeantes, modificações ambientais e comportamentais, 14,5 por cento. Foram encontrados registros de prescrição de broncodilatador para 55,1 por cento das crianças, e de corticoesteroide mais broncodilatador para 42,0 por cento. Os baixos percentuais de registros sobre orientações evidenciam as deficiências no atendimento médico realizado na Unidade de Saúde da Família, sobretudo no que se refere à educação em saúde.

This is a description of the process of medical care to children with asthma, through an audit carried out concomitantly with a cross-sectional study with children living in the catchment area of a Family Health Unit, to find the prevalence of asthma and to assess maternal knowledge about the disease. Medical records of families whose children had asthma and visited doctors in the previous 12 months were used as sources of data. Of the 258 children identified with asthma, 69 (26.7 percent) had visited the unit because of the disease. Weight was recorded in 76.8 percent of the medical records, respiratory frequency in 26.1 percent, intercostal retractions in 21.7 percent, cyanosis in 1.4 percent, and orientations on the use of medication in 33.3 percent. Orientations on the signs and symptoms of severity and crisis management were recorded in 15.9 percent of the charts and trigger factors, environmental changes, and behavior were recorded in 14.5 percent of them. There were records of prescription of bronchodilators for 55.1 percent of the children and of bronchodilator plus corticosteroid for 42.0 percent of them. The low percentage of records of orientation is an evidence of the deficiencies of medical care in Family Health Units, especially regarding education in health.

[Lower back pain in health insurance policyholders: prevalence and associated factors]. / Dor lombar em usuários de um plano de saúde: prevalência e fatores associados.

A cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals of both sexes (20-59 years of age), all covered by the COOPERSINOS Health Care Plan of Vale do Rio dos Sinos University. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of lower back pain and associated factors in the previous three months. A self-applied questionnaire included socioeconomic, demographic, occupational, and lifestyle questions. Prevalence of lower back pain among the 775 individuals was 52.8% in the previous year (95%CI: 49.3-56.3) and 46% in the previous three months (95%CI: 42.5-49.5). Poisson regression for lower back pain in the previous 90 days showed an association with: (1) age 40-49 years; (2) self-reported strenuous or difficult work; and (3) smoking. Despite the high prevalence of lower back pain and difficulty in performing work activities, the pain was not disabling. Although 29.9% of workers reported some difficulty in performing their daily or work-related activities due to lower back pain, absenteeism was quite low.

Dor lombar em usuários de um plano de saúde: prevalência e fatores associados / Lower back pain in health insurance policyholders: prevalence and associated factors

Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência de dor lombar nos últimos três meses e fatores associados foi realizado um estudo transversal, com indivíduos de ambos os sexos, de 20 a 59 anos titulares do plano de saúde da COOPERSINOS da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Foram utilizados questionários auto-aplicados incluindo questões demográficas, sócio-econômicas, ocupacionais e hábitos de vida. Entre os 775 indivíduos a prevalência de dor lombar no último ano foi de 52,8 por cento (IC95 por cento: 49,3-56,3) e nos últimos três meses foi de 46 por cento (IC95 por cento: 42,5-49,5). Através de regressão de Poisson foram encontradas associações para dor lombar nos últimos três meses nos indivíduos de 40 a 49 anos, naqueles que consideravam seu trabalho penoso e nos fumantes. Apesar da elevada prevalência de dor lombar na população estudada e de ter provocado dificuldades no desempenho das atividades laborais, a condição não foi incapacitante. Mesmo que 29,9 por cento dos trabalhadores tenham referido dificuldades para realizar suas atividades de vida diária ou no trabalho por dor lombar, detectou-se absenteísmo muito baixo.

A cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals of both sexes (20-59 years of age), all covered by the COOPERSINOS Health Care Plan of Vale do Rio dos Sinos University. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of lower back pain and associated factors in the previous three months. A self-applied questionnaire included socioeconomic, demographic, occupational, and lifestyle questions. Prevalence of lower back pain among the 775 individuals was 52.8 percent in the previous year (95 percentCI: 49.3-56.3) and 46 percent in the previous three months (95 percentCI: 42.5-49.5). Poisson regression for lower back pain in the previous 90 days showed an association with: (1) age 40-49 years; (2) self-reported strenuous or difficult work; and (3) smoking. Despite the high prevalence of lower back pain and difficulty in performing work activities, the pain was not disabling. Although 29.9 percent of workers reported some difficulty in performing their daily or work-related activities due to lower back pain, absenteeism was quite low.