ABSTRACT
Embora sejam conhecidos os problemas éticos vivenciados por estudantes de graduação em Odontologia, o mesmo não pode ser afirmado em relação a professores. Esta pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, teve como objetivo compreender os problemas éticos percebidosno fazer docente. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 18 professores de três instituições de ensino superiordo sul do Brasil. A Análise Temática de Conteúdo evidenciou categorias iniciais, dentro das quais alguns problemas éticos foram identificados. Estes foram então agrupados em duas grandes categorias temáticas: "problemas centrais ao fazer docente" e "problemas transversais ao fazer docente". Os resultados revelam que os principais problemasestãorelacionados adesenvolver processos avaliativos justos; ensinar e assistir à saúde com recursos limitados; integrar recursos tecnológicos sem perder a qualidade do processo ensino-aprendizagem; qualificar pedagogicamente o professor-dentista; agir para estimular interesse e comprometimento discente; formar profissionais generalistas com professores especialistas; equilibrar afeto e responsabilidade pelo processo educativo na relação interpessoal; lidar comorientações divergentes; manejar conflitos entre colegas; eenfrentar amercantilização do ensino. Tais questões são problematizadas neste artigo, buscando instigar a reflexão docente. Em conjunto, reiteram a necessidade de se atuar intencionalmente na dimensão ética da educação superior. Sugere-se que os desafios identificados sejam tomados como objeto de deliberação entre professores -para contribuir com a sua qualificação ético-pedagógica -bem como entre professores e estudantes, favorecendo a construção da personalidade moral dos futuros profissionais (AU).
Although the ethical problems experienced by dental students are known, the same cannot be said in relation to professors. This research, with a qualitative approach, aimed to understand the ethical problems observedin teaching. Data collection took place by semi-structured interviews with 18 professors from three higher education institutions in southern Brazil. The Thematic Content Analysis evidenced initial categories, within which some ethical problems were identified. These were nextgrouped into two major thematic categories: "teaching central problems" and "teaching cross-cutting problems".The results reveal that the majorproblems are related to: developing fair evaluation processes; teaching and assisting in health with limited resources;integratingtechnological resources without losing the quality of the teaching-learning process; pedagogically qualifyingthe dentist teacher; actingto stimulatethestudent'sinterest and commitment; traininggeneral practitionerswith specialists teachers; balancingaffection and responsibility for the educational process in the interpersonal relationship; dealingwith divergent instructions; handlingconflicts between colleagues; and facingthe commodification of education. Such issuesare discussed in this article, seeking to instigate teacher reflection. Together, they reiterate the need topurposefully act in the ethical dimension of higher education. It is suggested that the identified challenges be taken as an object of deliberation among professorsto contribute to their ethical-pedagogical qualification,as well as betweenprofessors and students, favoring the construction of the moral personality of future professionals (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Problem-Based Learning/methods , Education, Dental/ethics , Educational Measurement/methods , Ethics, Professional/education , Faculty, Dental/ethics , Interviews as Topic/methods , Qualitative Research , DentistryABSTRACT
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of different periods of intracanal calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) dressing application on the compressive strength of root dentin. The roots of 80 human mandibular premolars were prepared via the crown-down technique and randomly distributed into 1 control group (Gc) and 4 experimental groups (n = 16). The experimental groups were based on the length of intracanal Ca(OH)2 dressing use: 7 (G7d), 14 (G14d), 30 (G30d), or 90 (G90d) days. The prepared roots in the control group were left unfilled. The root canals in the experimental groups were dried, filled with the Ca(OH)2 dressing, and radiographed, and then the root canal entrance was sealed. All of the specimens were stored in saline solution at 37°C for the duration of their experimental period. After storage, the roots were sectioned with 2 cuts. The first cut was 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction, and the second was 6 mm apical to the first cut, creating 6-mm-long × 3-mm-diameter cylinders. At each test period, 4 specimens from Gc and all 16 specimens from the appropriate experimental group were submitted to compressive strength testing (1 mm/min). The groups demonstrated the following mean (SD) values of compressive strength: Gc, 174.41 (56.10) MPa; G7d, 161.29 (39.10) MPa; G14d, 130.27 (57.53) MPa; G30d, 167.88 (34.24) MPa; and G90d, 129.62 (31.46) MPa. Statistically significant differences among the groups were found (P = 0.007; analysis of variance and Tukey test, α = 5%), with a significant difference between Gc and both G14d and G90d (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) among the mean compressive strength values of the experimental groups (7, 14, 30, and 90 days). The results indicated that the use of Ca(OH)2 as an intracanal medication for periods of 14 and 90 days reduced the fracture resistance of root dentin.
Subject(s)
Calcium Hydroxide , Dentin , Bandages , Bicuspid , Calcium Hydroxide/therapeutic use , Humans , Tooth Root/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: to analyze ethically, aesthetically and politically the cine-debate of the movie "Human", reflecting on training of researchers in qualitative research. METHODS: the debate about moral questions as the essence of humanity was based on Narrative Bioethics; the comprehensive, relational and reflective character of qualitative methods; and the ethical and social sense of qualitative researches. RESULTS: the narratives of the experiences of morality, loaded with facts and valuations, highlighting the importance of reflexivity in all phases of the qualitative research process, from thinking about themes and research questions to fieldwork, from data analysis to the production of reports, fostering the researcher's responsibility both in the intervention for understanding and narrating the world, and in its possible transformation. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: cinematographic art becomes an instrument of reflexivity capable of affecting and mobilizing students, in a fusion of horizons of understanding of different universes that dialogue.
Subject(s)
Morals , Motion Pictures , Humans , Narration , Qualitative Research , Research PersonnelABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze ethically, aesthetically and politically the cine-debate of the movie "Human", reflecting on training of researchers in qualitative research. Methods: the debate about moral questions as the essence of humanity was based on Narrative Bioethics; the comprehensive, relational and reflective character of qualitative methods; and the ethical and social sense of qualitative researches. Results: the narratives of the experiences of morality, loaded with facts and valuations, highlighting the importance of reflexivity in all phases of the qualitative research process, from thinking about themes and research questions to fieldwork, from data analysis to the production of reports, fostering the researcher's responsibility both in the intervention for understanding and narrating the world, and in its possible transformation. Final Considerations: cinematographic art becomes an instrument of reflexivity capable of affecting and mobilizing students, in a fusion of horizons of understanding of different universes that dialogue.
RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar ético-estético-políticamente el cine-debate de la película "Human", reflexionando sobre la capacitación crítica de los estudiosos en la investigación cualitativa. Métodos: el debate en rueda de las cuestiones morales se fundamentó en la Bioética Narrativa, como la esencia de la humanidad, el carácter comprensivo, relacional y reflexivo de los métodos cualitativos y el sentido ético y social de las investigaciones cualitativas. Resultados: las narraciones de las experiencias de moralidad, cargadas de hechos y valoraciones, resaltan la importancia de la reflexividad en todas las fases del proceso de la investigación cualitativa, desde el elucubrar sobre el tema y la pregunta de la investigación hasta el trabajo de campo; desde el análisis de los datos hasta la producción de los reportes, incentivando la responsabilidad del investigador, tanto en la intervención para la comprensión y narración del mundo, como en su posible transformación. Consideraciones Finales: el arte cinematográfico se convierte en un instrumento de reflexividad capaz de afectar y movilizar en una fusión de horizontes de comprensión de diferentes universos que dialogan.
RESUMO Objetivos: analisar ético-estético-politicamente o cine-debate do filme "Human", refletindo sobre a formação crítica dos investigadores na pesquisa qualitativa. Métodos: fundamentou-se na Bioética Narrativa o debate em roda das questões morais, como a essência da humanidade, o caráter compreensivo, relacional e reflexivo dos métodos qualitativos e o sentido ético e social das pesquisas qualitativas. Resultados: as narrativas das experiências de moralidade, carregadas de fatos e valorações, destacam a importância da reflexividade em todas as fases do processo da pesquisa qualitativa, do pensar temas e pergunta de pesquisa ao trabalho de campo, da análise dos dados à produção dos relatórios, fomentando a responsabilidade do pesquisador, tanto na intervenção para a compreensão e narração do mundo, quanto na sua possível transformação. Considerações Finais: a arte cinematográfica torna-se instrumento de reflexividade capaz de afetar e mobilizar, em uma fusão de horizontes de compreensão de universos diferentes que dialogam.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze ethically, aesthetically and politically the cine-debate of the movie "Human", reflecting on training of researchers in qualitative research. Methods: the debate about moral questions as the essence of humanity was based on Narrative Bioethics; the comprehensive, relational and reflective character of qualitative methods; and the ethical and social sense of qualitative researches. Results: the narratives of the experiences of morality, loaded with facts and valuations, highlighting the importance of reflexivity in all phases of the qualitative research process, from thinking about themes and research questions to fieldwork, from data analysis to the production of reports, fostering the researcher's responsibility both in the intervention for understanding and narrating the world, and in its possible transformation. Final Considerations: cinematographic art becomes an instrument of reflexivity capable of affecting and mobilizing students, in a fusion of horizons of understanding of different universes that dialogue.
RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar ético-estético-políticamente el cine-debate de la película "Human", reflexionando sobre la capacitación crítica de los estudiosos en la investigación cualitativa. Métodos: el debate en rueda de las cuestiones morales se fundamentó en la Bioética Narrativa, como la esencia de la humanidad, el carácter comprensivo, relacional y reflexivo de los métodos cualitativos y el sentido ético y social de las investigaciones cualitativas. Resultados: las narraciones de las experiencias de moralidad, cargadas de hechos y valoraciones, resaltan la importancia de la reflexividad en todas las fases del proceso de la investigación cualitativa, desde el elucubrar sobre el tema y la pregunta de la investigación hasta el trabajo de campo; desde el análisis de los datos hasta la producción de los reportes, incentivando la responsabilidad del investigador, tanto en la intervención para la comprensión y narración del mundo, como en su posible transformación. Consideraciones Finales: el arte cinematográfico se convierte en un instrumento de reflexividad capaz de afectar y movilizar en una fusión de horizontes de comprensión de diferentes universos que dialogan.
RESUMO Objetivos: analisar ético-estético-politicamente o cine-debate do filme "Human", refletindo sobre a formação crítica dos investigadores na pesquisa qualitativa. Métodos: fundamentou-se na Bioética Narrativa o debate em roda das questões morais, como a essência da humanidade, o caráter compreensivo, relacional e reflexivo dos métodos qualitativos e o sentido ético e social das pesquisas qualitativas. Resultados: as narrativas das experiências de moralidade, carregadas de fatos e valorações, destacam a importância da reflexividade em todas as fases do processo da pesquisa qualitativa, do pensar temas e pergunta de pesquisa ao trabalho de campo, da análise dos dados à produção dos relatórios, fomentando a responsabilidade do pesquisador, tanto na intervenção para a compreensão e narração do mundo, quanto na sua possível transformação. Considerações Finais: a arte cinematográfica torna-se instrumento de reflexividade capaz de afetar e mobilizar, em uma fusão de horizontes de compreensão de universos diferentes que dialogam.
ABSTRACT
Resumo Este estudo buscou identificar e discutir problemas éticos vivenciados por farmacêuticos na atenção básica à saúde. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 19 farmacêuticos, no município de Florianópolis/SC. O conteúdo das falas foi analisado por abordagem temático-categorial, à luz de referenciais teóricos da bioética. Identificaram-se dez problemas éticos ligados à dimensão política do trabalho e da produção do cuidado, envolvendo questões relativas à estrutura dos serviços, a processos de gestão e à forma de organização da atenção à saúde. Conclui-se que a análise ética comprometida com a resolução dos problemas apontados é importante estratégia para qualificar os serviços farmacêuticos na atenção básica à saúde.
Abstract This study aimed to identify and discuss ethical problems experienced by pharmacists in primary health care. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with 19 pharmacists in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The content of interviews was analyzed through thematic-categorical analysis in the light of bioethics references. Ten ethical problems were identified related to the political dimension of the working process and health care, involving issues related to the structure of services and work environment, and management of health services. An ethical analysis to solve these questions is an important strategy to improve pharmaceutical services in primary health care.
Resumen Este estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar y discutir los problemas éticos vivenciados por farmacéuticos en la atención primaria de salud. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 19 farmacéuticos, en el municipio de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Se hizo un análisis temático-categorial de los relatos recopilados utilizando referenciales teóricos bioéticos. Se identificaron diez diferentes problemas éticos entrelazados con la dimensión política del trabajo y la producción del cuidado, envolviendo cuestiones sobre la estructura de los servicios, los procesos de gestión y las formas de organización de la atención de la salud. Se concluye que el análisis ético comprometido con la resolución de problemas es una importante estrategia para la calificación de los servicios farmacéuticos en la atención primaria de salud.
Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Services , Primary Health Care , Bioethics , Public Health , Ethics , Ethics, PharmacyABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of intracanal irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) prior to calcium hydroxide medication on the compressive strength of root dentin. Forty-eight roots with single and straight canals were instrumented with a crown-down technique using Flexofile files and Gates Glidden burs, under 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) irrigation. Root canals were randomly separated into 4 groups (n=12), according to the irrigating solution: Control Group, 0.9% NaCl; GroupNaOCl, 1% NaOCl; GroupEDTA, 17% EDTA; and GroupEDTA+NaOCl, 17% EDTA and 1% NaOCl. Solutions remained for 40 min, renewed every 10 min, except for GroupEDTA+NaOCl, where the solutions were alternated every 10 min. Canals were dried and filled with calcium hydroxide paste, and radiographed. Each canal was sealed and stored at 37 °C for 30 days. After this period, the roots were cut 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction and 6 mm apically from this point in order to obtain 6 mm-long cylinders. The compressive test was conducted with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The means (±SD) (MPa) of compressive strength were: Control Group, 151.23±94.36; GroupNaOCl, 167.50±57.25; GroupEDTA, 108.79±99.88; GroupEDTA+NaOCl, 60.12±92.10. Significant statistical differences among groups were found (ANOVA and Tukey, a=5%, p=0.02). Control Group and GroupNaOCl showed higher means of compressive strength than GroupEDTA+NaOCl. Intracanal irrigation with 17% EDTA and 1% NaOCl produced a significant reduction of dentin compressive strength 30 days after medication with calcium hydroxide.
Subject(s)
Calcium Hydroxide/administration & dosage , Dentin/drug effects , Materials Testing , Root Canal Irrigants/administration & dosage , Tooth Root/drug effects , Humans , In Vitro TechniquesABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effects of intracanal irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) prior to calcium hydroxide medication on the compressive strength of root dentin. Forty-eight roots with single and straight canals were instrumented with a crown-down technique using Flexofile files and Gates Glidden burs, under 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) irrigation. Root canals were randomly separated into 4 groups (n=12), according to the irrigating solution: Control Group, 0.9% NaCl; GroupNaOCl, 1% NaOCl; GroupEDTA, 17% EDTA; and GroupEDTA+NaOCl, 17% EDTA and 1% NaOCl. Solutions remained for 40 min, renewed every 10 min, except for GroupEDTA+NaOCl, where the solutions were alternated every 10 min. Canals were dried and filled with calcium hydroxide paste, and radiographed. Each canal was sealed and stored at 37 °C for 30 days. After this period, the roots were cut 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction and 6 mm apically from this point in order to obtain 6 mm-long cylinders. The compressive test was conducted with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The means (±SD) (MPa) of compressive strength were: Control Group, 151.23±94.36; GroupNaOCl, 167.50±57.25; GroupEDTA, 108.79±99.88; GroupEDTA+NaOCl, 60.12±92.10. Significant statistical differences among groups were found (ANOVA and Tukey, a=5%, p=0.02). Control Group and GroupNaOCl showed higher means of compressive strength than GroupEDTA+NaOCl. Intracanal irrigation with 17% EDTA and 1% NaOCl produced a significant reduction of dentin compressive strength 30 days after medication with calcium hydroxide.
Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação intracanal com hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) e ácido etilenodiamino tetracético (EDTA) previamente à medicação de hidróxido de cálcio na resistência à compressão da dentina radicular. Quarenta e oito raízes com canais únicos e retos tiveram os canais instrumentados pela técnica coroa-ápice com limas Flexofile e brocas Gates Glidden sob irrigação com solução salina (NaCl) a 0,9%. Os canais radiculares foram separados em 4 grupos (n=12), de acordo com a solução irrigadora: Grupo Controle, NaCl 0,9%; GrupoNaOCl, NaOCl 1%; GrupoEDTA, EDTA 17%; e GrupoEDTA+NaOCl, NaOCl 1% e EDTA 17%. As soluções permaneceram por 40 min, sendo renovadas a cada 10 min, exceto para o GrupoEDTA+NaOCl, onde as soluções foram alternadas a cada 10 min. Os canais foram secos, preenchidos com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio e radiografados. Cada canal foi selado e mantido a 37 °C por 30 dias. Após esse período, as raízes foram cortadas 1 mm abaixo da junção cemento-esmalte e 6 mm apicalmente a este corte, a fim de obter cilindros de 6 mm de comprimento. O teste de compressão foi realizado com velocidade de cruzeta de 1 mm/min. As médias (±SD) da resistência à compressão em MPa foram: Grupo Controle, 151.23±94.36; GrupoNaOCl, 167.50±57.25; GrupoEDTA, 108.79±99.88; GrupoEDTA+NaOCl, 60.12±92.10. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas entre os grupos (ANOVA e Tukey; a=0,05; p=0,02). O Grupo Controle e o GrupoNaOCl obtiveram maiores médias de resistência à compressão em relação ao GrupoEDTA+NaOCl. A irrigação intracanal com EDTA 17% e NaOCl 1% promoveu redução significativa da resistência à compressão da dentina, após 30 dias de medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio.
