ABSTRACT
Single pulmonary nodules are a difficult to diagnose imagining artifact. Currently novel diagnostic tools such as Radial-EBUS with or not C-ARM flouroscopy, electromagnetic navigation systems, robotic bronchoscopy and cone beam-compuer tomography (CBCT) can assist in the optimal guidance of biopsy equipment. After diagnosis of lung cancer or metastatic disease as pulmonary nodule, then surgery or ablation methods as local treatment can be applied. The percutaneous ablation systems under computed tomography guidance with radiofrequency, microwave, cryo and thermosphere have been used for several years. In the past 10 years extensive research has been made for endobronchial ablation systems and methods. We will present and comment on the two different ablation methods and present up to date data.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays immunotherapy is considered the tip of the arrow as treatment for non-small cell lung cancer for inoperable patients. Programmed death-ligand 1 is considered a valuable marker for the success of immunotherapy. The higher the score ≥50% the more successful the treatment will be. However; previous studies have presented favorable data even for those patients where the programmed death-ligand 1 was ≤50% or even 0%, therefore it can be administered as first line treatment in these patients with the addition of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Other treatment modalities are tested as surrogates like gene therapy with immunotherapy to improve the results in patients with programmed death-ligand 1 was ≤50% or even 0%. The main issue for these patients is an adverse effect pneumonitis, in case we will present the valuable method of lung parenchyma sampling with cryobiopsy for early diagnosis of immunotherapy induced pneumonitis.
