Humoral response to spike S1 and S2 and nucleocapsid proteins on microarray after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Many aspects of the humoral immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), such as its role in protection after natural infection, are still unclear. We evaluated IgA and IgG response to spike subunits 1 and 2 (S1 and S2) and Nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-COV-2 in serum samples of 109 volunteers with viral RNA detected or seroconversion with different clinical evolution (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe coronavirus disease 2019), using the ViraChip® Test Kit. We observed that the quantification of antibodies to all antigens had a positive correlation to disease severity, which was strongly associated with the presence of comorbidities. Seroreversion was not uncommon even during the short (median of 77 days) observation, occurring in 15% of mild-asymptomatic cases at a median of 55 days for IgG and 46 days for IgA. The time to reach the maximal antibody response did not differ significantly among recovered and deceased volunteers. Our study illustrated the dynamic of anti-S1, anti-N, and anti-S2 IgA and IgG antibodies, and suggests that high production of IgG and IgA does not guarantee protection to disease severity and that functional responses that have been studied by other groups, such as antibody avidity, need further attention.

Humoral response to spike S1 and S2 and nucleocapsidproteins on microarray after SARS­CoV­2 infection

Many aspects of the humoral immune response to severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus 2 (SARS­CoV­2), such as its role in protection after natural in-fection, are still unclear. We evaluated IgA and IgG response to spike subunits 1 and2 (S1 and S2) and Nucleocapsid proteins of SARS­COV­2 in serum samples of 109volunteers with viral RNA detected or seroconversion with different clinical evolu-tion (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe coronavirus disease 2019), using theViraChip®Test Kit. We observed that the quantification of antibodies to all antigenshad a positive correlation to disease severity, which was strongly associated with thepresence of comorbidities. Seroreversion was not uncommon even during the short(median of 77 days) observation, occurring in 15% of mild­asymptomatic cases at amedian of 55 days for IgG and 46 days for IgA. The time to reach the maximalantibody response did not differ significantly among recovered and deceased vo-lunteers. Our study illustrated the dynamic of anti­S1, anti­N, and anti­S2 IgA andIgG antibodies, and suggests that high production of IgG and IgA does not guaranteeprotection to disease severity and that functional responses that have been studiedby other groups, such as antibody avidity, need further attention. (AU)

Assessment of avidity related to IgG subclasses in SARS-CoV-2 Brazilian infected patients.

SARS-CoV-2 is considered a global emergency, resulting in an exacerbated crisis in the health public in the world. Although there are advances in vaccine development, it is still limited for many countries. On the other hand, an immunological response that mediates protective immunity or indicates that predict disease outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infection remains undefined. This work aimed to assess the antibody levels, avidity, and subclasses of IgG to RBD protein, in symptomatic patients with severe and mild forms of COVID-19 in Brazil using an adapted in-house RBD-IgG ELISA. The RBD IgG-ELISA showed 100% of specificity and 94.3% of sensibility on detecting antibodies in the sera of hospitalized patients. Patients who presented severe COVID-19 had higher anti-RBD IgG levels compared to patients with mild disease. Additionally, most patients analyzed displayed low antibody avidity, with 64.4% of the samples of patients who recovered from the disease and 84.6% of those who died in this avidity range. Our data also reveals an increase of IgG1 and IgG3 levels since the 8th day after symptoms onset, while IgG4 levels maintained less detectable during the study period. Surprisingly, patients who died during 8-14 and 15-21 days also showed higher anti-RBD IgG4 levels in comparison with the recovered (P < 0.05), suggesting that some life-threatening patients can elicit IgG4 to RBD antibody response in the first weeks of symptoms onset. Our findings constitute the effort to clarify IgG antibodies' kinetics, avidity, and subclasses against SARS-CoV-2 RBD in symptomatic patients with COVID-19 in Brazil, highlighting the importance of IgG antibody avidity in association with IgG4 detection as tool laboratory in the follow-up of hospitalized patients with more significant potential for life-threatening.

Avaliação do desempenho de teste rápido e de dois imunoensaios automatizados para Sars-CoV-2 / Performance evaluation of a Sars-CoV-2 rapid test and two automated immunoassays

Introdução: Em função da urgência e demanda de uma resposta à pandemia do novo coronavírus (Covid-19), vários testes de detecção de anticorpos para a síndrome respiratória aguda grave do coronavírus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) têm sido desenvolvidos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do teste rápido utilizado em um inquérito epidemiológico para Sars-CoV-2 em comparação com outros ensaios sorológicos. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 86 amostras de soro em três ensaios sorológicos: um imunoensaio de fluxo lateral ­ Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (TRW) ­ e dois imunoensaios de quimioluminescência: Elecsys anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA) e Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Resultados: As sensibilidades diagnósticas estimadas dos testes sorológicos na avaliação dessas amostras foram: TRW 59% [95% intervalo de confiança (IC) 43,4%-72,9%], ECLIA 66,7% (51%-79,4%) e CMIA-IgG 61,5% (47,1%-73%). Enquanto isso, a especificidade diagnóstica estimada para TRW foi 78,7% (95% CI 65,1%-88%), ECLIA 72,3% (58,2%-83,1%) e CMIA-IgG 76,6% (74%-95,5%). Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram inferiores aos afirmados pelos fabricantes. Embora 16,2% (14/86) dos resultados tenham sido discordantes entre os três ensaios serológicos para Sars-CoV-2, o grau de concordância pelo índice Kappa foi adequado: TRW/CMIA-IgG [0,757 (95% IC 0,615-0,899)], TRW/ECLIA [0,715 (0,565-0,864)] e ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0,858 (0,748-0,968)]. Conclusão: O teste sorológico pode ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica útil, o que reforça sua avaliação criteriosa, bem como o momento correto de sua utilização. (AU)

Introduction: Due to urgency and demand of a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, numerous Sars-CoV-2 immunoassays have been rapidly developed. Objective: This study aimed at assessing the performance of rapid Sars-CoV-2 antibody test in comparison to high-throughput serological assays. Methods: A total of 86 serum samples were evaluated in the three assays: a lateral flow immunoassay ­ Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (WRT) ­ and two chemiluminescence immunoassays: Elecsys Anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA), and Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Results: The estimated diagnostic sensitivities of serological tests in the evaluation of serum samples from the epidemiological survey were: WRT 59.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 43.4%-72.9%], ECLIA 66.7% (51%-79.4%), and CMIA-IgG 61.5% (47.1%-73%). Meanwhile, the estimated diagnostic specificity was for WRT 78.7% (95% CI 65.1%-88%), ECLIA 72.3% (58.2%-83.1%), and CMIA-IgG 76.6% (74%-95.5%). The sensitivity and specificity values were lower than manufacturers' claimed. Although 16.2% (14/86) of serological results were discordant among the three Sars-CoV-2 serological assays, the degree of agreement by the kappa index was adequate: WRT/CMIA-IgG [0.757 (95% CI 0.615-0.899)], WRT/ECLIA [0.715 (0.565-0.864)], and ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0.858 (0.748-0.968)]. Conclusion: The serological testing may be a useful diagnostic tool, which reinforces its careful evaluation, and, as well as the correct time to use it. (AU)

Assessment of avidity related to IgG subclasses in SARS­CoV­2 Brazilian infected patients

SARS-CoV-2 is considered a global emergency, resulting in an exacerbated crisis in the health public in the world. Although there are advances in vaccine development, it is still limited for many countries. On the other hand, an immunological response that mediates protective immunity or indicates that predict disease outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infection remains undefned. This work aimed to assess the antibody levels, avidity, and subclasses of IgG to RBD protein, in symptomatic patients with severe and mild forms of COVID-19 in Brazil using an adapted in-house RBD-IgG ELISA. The RBD IgG-ELISA showed 100% of specifcity and 94.3% of sensibility on detecting antibodies in the sera of hospitalized patients. Patients who presented severe COVID-19 had higher anti-RBD IgG levels compared to patients with mild disease. Additionally, most patients analyzed displayed low antibody avidity, with 64.4% of the samples of patients who recovered from the disease and 84.6% of those who died in this avidity range. Our data also reveals an increase of IgG1 and IgG3 levels since the 8th day after symptoms onset, while IgG4 levels maintained less detectable during the study period. Surprisingly, patients who died during 8­14 and 15­21 days also showed higher anti-RBD IgG4 levels in comparison with the recovered (P< 0.05), suggesting that some life-threatening patients can elicit IgG4 to RBD antibody response in the frst weeks of symptoms onset. Our fndings constitute the efort to clarify IgG antibodies' kinetics, avidity, and subclasses against SARS-CoV-2 RBD in symptomatic patients with COVID-19 in Brazil, highlighting the importance of IgG antibody avidity in association with IgG4 detection as tool laboratory in the follow-up of hospitalized patients with more signifcant potential for life-threatening. (AU)

Performance evaluation of a Sars-CoV-2 rapid test and two automated immunoassays / Avaliação do desempenho de teste rápido e de dois imunoensaios automatizados para Sars-CoV-2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to urgency and demand of a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, numerous Sars-CoV-2 immunoassays have been rapidly developed. Objective: This study aimed at assessing the performance of rapid Sars-CoV-2 antibody test in comparison to high-throughput serological assays. Methods: A total of 86 serum samples were evaluated in the three assays: a lateral flow immunoassay - Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (WRT) - and two chemiluminescence immunoassays: Elecsys Anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA), and Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Results: The estimated diagnostic sensitivities of serological tests in the evaluation of serum samples from the epidemiological survey were: WRT 59% [95% confidence interval (CI) 43.4%-72.9%], ECLIA 66.7% (51%-79.4%), and CMIA-IgG 61.5% (47.1%-73%). Meanwhile, the estimated diagnostic specificity was for WRT 78.7% (95% CI 65.1%-88%), ECLIA 72.3% (58.2%-83.1%), and CMIA-IgG 76.6% (74%-95.5%). The sensitivity and specificity values were lower than manufacturers' claimed. Although 16.2% (14/86) of serological results were discordant among the three Sars-CoV-2 serological assays, the degree of agreement by the kappa index was adequate: WRT/CMIA-IgG [0.757 (95% CI 0.615-0.899)], WRT/ECLIA [0.715 (0.565-0.864)], and ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0.858 (0.748-0.968)]. Conclusion: The serological testing may be a useful diagnostic tool, which reinforces its careful evaluation, and, as well as the correct time to use it.

RESUMEN Introducción: Debido a la urgencia y la demanda de una respuesta a la pandemia de Covid-19, se han desarrollado rápidamente numerosos inmunoensayos del Sars-CoV-2. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el rendimiento de la prueba rápida de anticuerpos contra el Sars-CoV-2 en comparación con los ensayos serológicos de alto rendimiento. Métodos: Se evaluaron un total de 86 muestras de suero en los tres ensayos: un inmunoensayo de flujo lateral - Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (TRW) - y dos inmunoensayos de quimioluminiscencia: Elecsys Anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA) y Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Resultados: Las sensibilidades diagnósticas estimadas de las pruebas serológicas en la evaluación de muestras de suero de la encuesta epidemiológica fueron: WRT 59% [intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%: 43,4%-72,9%], ECLIA 66,7% (51%-79,4%) y CMIA-IgG 61,5% (47,1%-73%). Mientras tanto, la especificidad diagnóstica estimada fue para WRT 78,7% (95% CI 65,1%-88%), ECLIA 72,3% (58,2%-83,1%) y CMIA-IgG 76,6% (74%-95,5%). Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron más bajos que los declarados por los fabricantes. Aunque el 16,2% (14/86) de los resultados fueron discordantes entre los tres ensayos serológicos del Sars-CoV-2, el grado de concordancia del índice kappa fue adecuado: WRT/CMIA-IgG [0,757 (IC del 95%: 0,615-0,899)], WRT/ECLIA [0,715 (0,565-0,864)] y ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0,858 (0,748-0,968)]. Conclusión: La prueba serológica puede ser una herramienta diagnóstica útil, lo que refuerza su evaluación cuidadosa, así como el momento adecuado para usarla.

RESUMO Introdução: Em função da urgência e demanda de uma resposta à pandemia do novo coronavírus (Covid-19), vários testes de detecção de anticorpos para a síndrome respiratória aguda grave do coronavírus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) têm sido desenvolvidos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do teste rápido utilizado em um inquérito epidemiológico para Sars-CoV-2 em comparação com outros ensaios sorológicos. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 86 amostras de soro em três ensaios sorológicos: um imunoensaio de fluxo lateral - Wondfo Sars-CoV-2 Antibody Test (TRW) - e dois imunoensaios de quimioluminescência: Elecsys anti-Sars-CoV-2 (ECLIA) e Sars-CoV-2 IgG (CMIA-IgG). Resultados: As sensibilidades diagnósticas estimadas dos testes sorológicos na avaliação dessas amostras foram: TRW 59% [95% intervalo de confiança (IC) 43,4%-72,9%], ECLIA 66,7% (51%-79,4%) e CMIA-IgG 61,5% (47,1%-73%). Enquanto isso, a especificidade diagnóstica estimada para TRW foi 78,7% (95% CI 65,1%-88%), ECLIA 72,3% (58,2%-83,1%) e CMIA-IgG 76,6% (74%-95,5%). Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram inferiores aos afirmados pelos fabricantes. Embora 16,2% (14/86) dos resultados tenham sido discordantes entre os três ensaios serológicos para Sars-CoV-2, o grau de concordância pelo índice Kappa foi adequado: TRW/CMIA-IgG [0,757 (95% IC 0,615-0,899)], TRW/ECLIA [0,715 (0,565-0,864)] e ECLIA/CMIA-IgG [0,858 (0,748-0,968)]. Conclusão: O teste sorológico pode ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica útil, o que reforça sua avaliação criteriosa, bem como o momento correto de sua utilização.

CD4/CD8 Ratio and KT Ratio Predict Yellow Fever Vaccine Immunogenicity in HIV-Infected Patients.

BACKGROUND: HIV-infected individuals have deficient responses to Yellow Fever vaccine (YFV) and may be at higher risk for adverse events (AE). Chronic immune activation-characterized by low CD4/CD8 ratio or high indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO) activity-may influence vaccine response in this population. METHODS: We prospectively assessed AE, viremia by the YFV virus and YF-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAb) in HIV-infected (CD4>350) and -uninfected adults through 1 year after vaccination. The effect of HIV status on initial antibody response to YFV was measured during the first 3 months following vaccination, while the effect on persistence of antibody response was measured one year following vaccination. We explored CD4/CD8 ratio, IDO activity (plasma kynurenine/tryptophan [KT] ratio) and viremia by Human Pegivirus as potential predictors of NAb response to YFV among HIV-infected participants with linear mixed models. RESULTS: 12 HIV-infected and 45-uninfected participants were included in the final analysis. HIV was not significantly associated with AE, YFV viremia or NAb titers through the first 3 months following vaccination. However, HIV-infected participants had 0.32 times the NAb titers observed for HIV-uninfected participants at 1 year following YFV (95% CI 0.13 to 0.83, p = 0.021), independent of sex, age and prior vaccination. In HIV-infected participants, each 10% increase in CD4/CD8 ratio predicted a mean 21% higher post-baseline YFV Nab titer (p = 0.024). Similarly, each 10% increase in KT ratio predicted a mean 21% lower post-baseline YFV Nab titer (p = 0.009). Viremia by Human Pegivirus was not significantly associated with NAb titers. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection appears to decrease the durability of NAb responses to YFV, an effect that may be predicted by lower CD4/CD8 ratio or higher KT ratio.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Predicts Yellow Fever Vaccine-Induced Antibody Titers in Virologically Suppressed HIV-Infected Patients.

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever vaccine (YFV) induces weaker immune responses in HIV-infected individuals. However, little is known about YFV responses among antiretroviral-treated patients and potential immunological predictors of YFV response in this population. METHODS: We enrolled 34 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected and 58 HIV-uninfected adults who received a single YFV dose to evaluate antibody levels and predictors of immunity, focusing on CD4(+) T-cell count, CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, and Human Pegivirus (GBV-C) viremia. Participants with other immunosuppressive conditions were excluded. RESULTS: Median time since YFV was nonsignificantly shorter in HIV-infected participants than in HIV-uninfected participants (42 and 69 months, respectively, P = 0.16). Mean neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers was lower in HIV-infected participants than HIV-uninfected participants (3.3 vs. 3.6 log10mIU/mL, P = 0.044), a difference that remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and time since vaccination (P = 0.024). In HIV-infected participants, lower NAb titers were associated with longer time since YFV (rho: -0.38, P = 0.027) and lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio (rho: 0.42, P = 0.014), but not CD4(+) T-cell count (P = 0.52). None of these factors were associated with NAb titers in HIV-uninfected participant. GBV-C viremia was not associated with difference in NAb titers overall or among HIV-infected participants. CONCLUSIONS: ART-treated HIV-infected individuals seem to have impaired and/or less durable responses to YFV than HIV-uninfected individuals, which were associated with lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, but not with CD4(+) T-cell count. These results supports the notion that low CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, a marker linked to persistent immune activation, is a better indicator of functional immune disturbance than CD4(+) T-cell count in patients with successful ART.

Better CD4+ T cell recovery in Brazilian HIV-infected individuals under HAART due to cumulative carriage of SDF-1-3'A, CCR2-V64I, CCR5-D32 and CCR5-promoter 59029A/G polymorphisms.

Polymorphisms of chemokines and chemokine-receptors genes have been shown to influence the rate of progression to AIDS; however, their influence on response to HAART remains unclear. We investigated the frequency of the SDF-1-3'A, CCR2-64I, CCR5-D32 and CCR5-Promoter-59029-A/G polymorphisms in Brazilian HIV-1-infected and uninfected individuals and their influence on CD4+ T-cell evolution HIV-1 infected individuals before and during HAART. Polymorphism detection was done in a transversal study of 200 HIV-1-infected and 82 uninfected individuals. The rate of CD4+ T cell increase or decrease was studied in a cohort of 155 HIV-1 infected individuals on pre and post-HAART. Polymorphisms were determined by PCR associated with RFLP. The rate of CD4+ T-cell decline or increase was also determined. HIV-1 infected and uninfected subjects showed, respectively, frequencies of 0.193 and 0.220 for SDF-1-3'A, of 0.140 and 0.110 for CCR2-V64I, of 0.038 and 0.055 for CCR5-D32, and of 0.442 and 0.390 for CCR5-P-59029-A/G. HIV-1-infected subjects carrying one, two or three of these four polymorphisms showed better CD4+ T-cell recovery than HIV-1-infected subjects carrying the four wild-type alleles (+2.7, +1.6, +3.5, and -0.9 lymphocytes/microl/month, respectively). Regression logistic analysis showed that the CCR5-D32/CCR2-V64I association was predictor of positive CD4+ T cell slope after HAART. The distribution of polymorphisms did not differ between HIV-1-infected and uninfected individuals, but differed from more homogenous ethnic groups probably reflecting the miscegenation of the Brazilian population. We add further evidence of the role of these polymorphisms by showing that the CD4 gain was influenced by carriage of one or more of the polymorphisms studied here. These results highlight the possibility that these genetic traits can be useful to identify patients at risk for faster progression to AIDS or therapeutic failure.

IL-2 and IFN-gama, but not IL-4 secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are related to CD4+ T cells and clinical status in brazilian HIV-1-infected subjects

E relatado que a producao de IL-2 e IFN-gama, conhecidas como citoquinas T-auxiliador tipo 1, pelas celulas mononucleares do sangue periferico fica deprimida no decorrer da infeccao HIV. Por outro lado, a producao de IL-4 e IL-10, chamada padrao T-auxiliador tipo 2, aumenta com o avanco da doenca (AIDS). Nesse estudo, foram avaliados 55 individuos infectados pelo HIV-1 em acompanhamento no Ambulatorio da Imunodeficiencias Secundarias do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo. Celulas mononucleares foram estimulados "in vitro" com fitohemaglutina (PHA) por 24 horas e o sobrenadante foi utilizado para a dosagem de citoquinas atraves de kits de ELISA disponiveis comercialmente. Foi observado que a producao de IFN-y pelos individuos assintomaticos HIV+ esta aumentada quando comparada aos controles nao infectados pelo HIV, enquanto os pacientes com AIDS tiveram producao similar aos controles...

Prevalence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections among HIV-1-infected asymptomatic individuals in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Individuos infectados pelo virus da imunodeficiencia humana (HIV-1) geralmente apresentam infeccoes por multiplos patogenos, dentre eles, os HTLV-I e HTLV-II. Estes foram descritos com frequencia variavel em pacientes com AIDS e portadores assintomaticos do HIV-1, tanto na Europa como no Japao. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar a prevalencia de infeccao HTLV-I e -II em portadores assintomaticos do HIV-1 da cidade de Sao Paulo, e comparar os resultados obtidos com os descritos em literatura e os por nos anteriormente publicados. Foi detectada infeccao HTLV em 1,5 por cento dos 266 portadores assintomaticos do HIV-1 e 14 por cento dos 28 casos de AIDS analisados. Com base em dados epidemiologicos foi confirmado como sendo o principal fator de risco para adquirir a coinfeccao HIV/HTLV, o uso de injetaveis