Exploring the decision-making process of female genital cosmetic procedures in Iranian women and constructing and validating a results-based logic model for a healthy public policy: a study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Female genital cosmetic procedures have grown rapidly in most parts of the world. Professional organizations have issued warnings about the complications and long-term consequences of these practices. To be able to adopt the right health policies, it is necessary to know why women decide to perform these procedures. Therefore, the present study will be aim to discover the decision-making process involved in performing female genital cosmetic procedures for Iranian women and construct and validate a results-based logic model for healthy public policy. METHODS: The present study was conducted in three phases. In the initial phase, a qualitative study will be conducted with the Corbin and Strauss ground theory approach. The participants in the study will be healthy women who desire or have undergone female genital cosmetic procedures without medical indications. In this phase, purposive and theoretical sampling will guide recruitment and data collection. The data will be collected via semi-structured interviews, field notes and observations of individual interactions. The data will be analysed using the approach of Corbin and Strauss (2015). MAXQDA 2007 software was used for managing the process of data analysis. In the second phase, the development of a results-based logic model for a healthy public policy is performed based on the findings of the first phase of the study, interviews with key informants and a review of the results of the literature in this field. Finally, validation of the designed program will be performed by the nominal group technique with the presence of a group of experts in the third phase. DISCUSSION: The findings of this study, by identifying women's main concerns related to the studied phenomenon, the existing context, participants' reactions and the consequences of the adopted reactions, can be very important in designing a program that fits Iran's cultural characteristics. In this research, a program using a logical model will be presented that is suitable for policymakers, planners and healthcare service providers to be implemented in the social-cultural context of the study.

Female genital cosmetic procedures refer to a group of cosmetic procedures that change the structure and healthy appearance of the female external genitalia to improve sexual performance or body image. The desire to perform these techniques has become popular in most parts of the world. However, scientific societies have warned about the efficiency, effectiveness and side effects of these techniques. According to these points, the present study aims to discover the decision-making process of performing FGCPs for Iranian women and to construct and validate a program for healthy public policy. This study will be performed in three stages. First, a qualitative study and interviews with healthy women who desire or have undergone female genital cosmetic procedures will be performed. In the following, based on the findings of the first stage, interviews with key informants and a review of literature, a program will be presented to reduce or prevent these procedures, and then this program will be validated. Using the designed program, healthcare practitioners will be able to provide women with more effective advice and guidance to make correct and informed decisions. In addition, this program will enable planners and policymakers to take steps to reduce the demand for these actions and make informed decisions by women by changing and adjusting the conditions and context.

The challenges of physicians' participation in hospital accreditation programs: a qualitative study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Due to the increasing pressure on hospitals to enhance the quality of services, the participation of physicians in accreditation programs has become more important than ever. The present study was conducted to describe challenges of physicians' participation in hospital accreditation programs in Iran using a qualitative approach. METHODS: We conducted interviews with 11 managers, 9 physicians and 8 experts in the field of hospital accreditation. Interviewees were selected through purposive snowball sampling. In-depth unstructured and semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection. The data obtained were analyzed in ATLAS.ti using the conceptual framework method. RESULTS: The results of this study extracted 3 main themes including: cultural, organizational and behavioral factors. Also, this study found 12 sub-themes and 57 items. Sub-themes in the cultural domain were motivation, patient demand, mutual trust and evaluation system. The organizational domain consisted of seven sub-themes, including high workload, understanding the role of quality management unit, unrealistic accreditation, nature of accreditation, empowerment of physicians in the field of quality, effective communication, resource constraint. Sub-themes in the behavioral dimension were ambiguity in the role and uncertainty about how to participate in accreditation program. CONCLUSION: Physicians' participation in accreditation programs can be increased through culture building and proper training about accreditation activities in the medical community.

Quality assessment of services provided by health centers in Mashhad, Iran: SERVQUAL versus HEALTHQUAL scales.

BACKGROUND: Primary health care is the entry point to the health-care system and regarded as an essential step to achieving universal health coverage. The present study aimed at evaluating the quality of health-care services provided in health centers in Mashhad, Iran. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study implemented among 200 health service users who were referring to four health centers in Mashhad during January to June 2019. The quality of services in health centers was evaluated with the SERVQUAL and HEALTHQUAL models. Data was analyzed by employing paired t-test and independent sample t-test using SPSS version 16 software. The Levene test was used for examining the equality of variance (homogeneity). Significance level of all the tests was considered when p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: According to the results of SERVQUAL questionnaire, the average scores of health service users' expectations and perceptions were 4.97 and 3.26, respectively, and the quality gap in the provided services was equal to - 1.7. Based on HEALTHQUAL questionnaire, the average scores of health service users' perception and expectations were 4.72 and 3.25, respectively, and the quality gap in the provided services was equal to - 1.16. Empathy was the highest quality dimension (- 2.019) based on SERVQUAL model, and efficiency dimension was the highest based on HEALTHQUAL model (- 1.761). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study showed a negative gap between the service users' expectations and perceptions in both models. Therefore, the results of this study helps the health managers and policymakers to plan effective interventions for improving the provided services emphasizing the dimensions with the wider gaps.