The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the brain mapping and behavioral performance of children with ADHD: a double-blinded randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the common neurodevelopmental diseases that are accompanied with EEG pattern changes and Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Neurofeedback provides a feedback signal to alleviate brain wave abnormalities and offers an alternative therapy for ADHD. This study aimed to investigate the concomitant effects of Vitamin D3 supplementation and Neurofeedback on children with ADHD. METHOD: This study was implemented on children with an established diagnosis of ADHD who received multisession Neurofeedback therapy. The intervention and control groups received 50000 IU vitamin D3 capsules and placebo respectively once a week for 2 months. The background rhythm was measured using quantitative EEG both before and at the end duration of the therapy. RESULTS: All of the vitamin D3 treated children showed a significant increase in the 25(OH)D (46 ± 18, 28 ± 10 (ng/ml), p = 0.001) and serum calcium level (9.5 ± 0.5, 9.8 ± 0.3 (mg/dl), p = 0.003) compared to the baseline. There were a statistically significant decrease in the treatment group about theta relative power, theta/beta, and theta/alpha power ratios within two eyes conditions (p = 0.004). All the changes were significant within eye open state in the treatment group (2.4 ± 1.2, 1.7 ± 0.5, p = 0.01). There is a significant relationship between Connors scores and some brain waves improvement (in relative theta (r = 0.998) and theta-to-beta power difference score (r = 0.56) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Concomitant use of vitamin D3 supplementation and neurofeedback, increases the serum level of this vitamin and reveal favorable electrophysiological results in children with ADHD.Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT20200922048802N1..

Effects of cinnamon supplementation on body weight and composition in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of cinnamon on body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat mass including the maximum number of studies. METHODS: Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library were searched with no limitation from inception up to August 2019 for relevant randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). The RCTs' risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration's tool. Random-effects model was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-one RCTs with 1,480 participants were included. The meta-analysis showed that cinnamon supplementation significantly reduces BMI [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.40 kg/m2 , 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.57, -0.22 kg/m2 , p < .001, I2 = 78.9%], body weight (WMD = -0.92 kg; 95% CI: -1.51, -0.33 kg; p = .002; I2 = 84.2%), and WHR (WMD = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.038, -0.018; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%). Cinnamon supplementation did not significantly affect the WC (WMD = -1.76 cm, 95% CI: -3.57, -0.045 cm; p = .056; I2 = 90.8%) and body fat mass (WMD = -0.87%, 95% CI: -1.87, 0.025%; p = .057; I2 = 78.6%). CONCLUSION: Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduces body weight, BMI, and WHR. Future high-quality long-term RCTs are recommended to confirm these results.