HER2/neu expression status of post BCG recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinomas in relation to their primary ones.

BACKGROUND: Transurethral resection (TUR) followed by adjuvant therapy is still the treatment of choice of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (NMIBUC). However, recurrence is one of the most troublesome features of these lesions. Early second resection and adjuvant BCG therapy has been shown to improve the outcome. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of C-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) expression status in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma cases, before and after intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG immunotherapy). MATERIALS AND METHODS: HER2/neu expression was studied in 120 (Ta-T1) Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma cases. The expression was evaluated and compared to the expression after Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy. RESULTS: HER2/neu expression in low and high grade of the Non- Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma was (38%) and (83%) respectively. The difference of the expression rates by tumor grade was statistically significant. In recurring lesions post BCG therapy, C-erbB-2 expression was markedly decreased (31.6%) when compared to its expression before therapy (65%). CONCLUSIONS: The HER2/neu expression increased as the tumor grade rose. The reduction in expression following BCG treatment in Non-Invasive transitional cell carcinoma cases could reflect a reduction of the potential malignancy of the tumor.

Complications of percutaneous nephrostomy in a district general hospital.

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) is one of the commonest procedures performed. There are currently no European recommendations on the accepted rate of complications. The aim of the present study is to report the complication rate of PCN with the specific emphasis on sepsis and septic shock, the causative organisms, sensitivities to antibiotics, and associated risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospectively collected data on patients undergoing acute or elective PCN at the Department of Radiology, Countess of Chester Hospital (COCH), in the UK between January 2014 and December 2016 were analyzed after the study was approved by Local Audit Department at COCH. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients underwent 90 acute or elective PCNs. Three patients developed major post-PCN complication (two patients developed septic shock and the third suffered a hemorrhagic episode requiring blood transfusion). Nephrostomy tube complications (blockage, leaking, fracturing and kinking of the catheter) occurred in 4 patients. Complications were more common when the PCN was performed out of working hours (71.4% [10/14], and 17.3% [9/52] for PCNs performed within, and out of working hours, respectively: p<0.001). The age of the patients did not seem to correlate with the development of complications (p<0.001). Of all 25 patients, in whom septicemia was diagnosed prior to PCN tube insertion, 12 developed septic shock and 13 had signs of sepsis for longer than 24 h. Fifteen patients had positive urine cultures. The most common organism isolated was Escherichia coli. Blood culture isolates included: Escherichia coli, Eggerthella lenta, Enterococcus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Our complication rates were within United States proposed target ranges. Our data may help to serve as a baseline for outcome targets in the European centres.

Is magnetic resonance imaging helpful in detecting significant prostate cancer in patients with haematospermia, normal prostate specific antigen level and digital rectal examination. A single institution, observational, and retrospective study in a United Kingdom hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Haematospermia is an uncommon clinical condition that may be associated with prostate cancer. The optimal investigation of haematospermia is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate haematospermia as a presenting symptom of significant pathology and to assess the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patient and treatment parameters were collected from a practice cohort of men referred to a urology center presenting with haematospermia. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to test the independent significance of MRI in detecting prostate cancer (PCa) after adjusting for other known predictors of PCa detection. RESULTS: A total of 125 men (median age 58 years) were evaluated between 2012-2015. In the univariate and multivariate logistic regression model MRI was a significant predictor of PCa diagnosis after adjusting for age, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) results (Odds Ratio (OR) 14.15, p = 0.001). Of 107 patients who underwent MRI prostate imaging, 31 (28.9%) had reports suspicious of PCa. In 26 patients, other benign conditions were detected on MRI. PCa was detected in 12 (25.5%) of the 47 men (median age 61 years; range 43 to 85) who underwent prostate biopsies. Eight (17%) of these patients had Gleason ≥7 grade cancer. The persistence of haematospermia was not an independent predictor of cancer diagnosis (OR 0.20, p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: PCa is not commonly associated with haematospermia. MRI seems to be improving detection rate of a significant PCa, particularly in patients presenting with haematospermia and normal PSA levels and DRE examination. Duration of haematospermia does not predict the presence of PCa.