International Expert Consensus on US Lexicon for Thyroid Nodules.

Multiple US-based systems for risk stratification of thyroid nodules are in use worldwide. Unfortunately, the malignancy probability assigned to a nodule varies, and terms and definitions are not consistent, leading to confusion and making it challenging to compare study results and craft revisions. Consistent application of these systems is further hampered by interobserver variability in identifying the sonographic features on which they are founded. In 2018, an international multidisciplinary group of 19 physicians with expertise in thyroid sonography (termed the International Thyroid Nodule Ultrasound Working Group) was convened with the goal of developing an international system, tentatively called the International Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System, or I-TIRADS, in two phases: (phase I) creation of a lexicon and atlas of US descriptors of thyroid nodules and (phase II) development of a system that estimates the malignancy risk of a thyroid nodule. This article presents the methods and results of phase I. The purpose herein is to show what has been accomplished thus far, as well as generate interest in and support for this effort in the global thyroid community.

Radioiodine-Induced Salivary Gland Damage Detected by Ultrasonography in Patients Treated for Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Radioactive Iodine Activity and Risk.

Background: An important side effect of radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy in patients treated for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is chronic sialadenitis. Neck ultrasonography (US) easily recognizes radioiodine-induced salivary gland abnormalities. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of US-detected sialadenitis caused by RAI and to identify the risk factors associated with this damage. Methods: This nonconcurrent cohort study includes all PTC-operated patients who were treated with RAI between 2007 and 2017 and were systematically evaluated with preoperative and follow-up neck US that included targeted exploration of the major salivary glands. Patients with pre-existing salivary gland diseases were excluded. The anatomical damage (diminished glandular volume, wavy contours, hypoechogenicity, and heterogeneity) was qualitatively assessed and compared with the preoperative study. RAI activity, sex, age, and preparation method were evaluated as risk factors using univariate and multivariate analyses with logistic regression. Results: Enrolled in this study were 570 patients who received a median RAI activity of 3700 MBq (100 mCi). On US, we found 143 patients (25.1%) with damage in at least one of their salivary glands: all had parotid damage (77 bilaterally) and 14 (9.8%) also had submandibular gland damage (7 of them bilaterally). The multivariate analysis indicated that the risk of sialadenitis was significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with both RAI activity and sex (14.1% of males vs. 28.5% of females). However, the main risk factor was RAI activity; no injury was detected in 156 patients who received 1110 MBq (30 mCi) and 1850 MBq (50 mCi) of RAI. In the groups of patients receiving 3700 MBq (100 mCi), 5550 MBq (150 mCi) and ≥7400 MBq (≥200 mCi), atrophy was found in 21%, 46.9%, and 77.7% of patients, respectively. Age and preparation method were not related to an increased risk of atrophy in this study. Conclusions: Chronic sialadenitis is common and affects approximately one fourth of patients who receive 3700 MBq (100 mCi) or higher RAI activity. The main risk factor for this injury is the total RAI activity administered. By using the lowest effective activity possible, irreversible anatomical damage in salivary glands can be minimized. US is an excellent tool to diagnose post-RAI atrophy.

A Thyroid Genetic Classifier Correctly Predicts Benign Nodules with Indeterminate Cytology: Two Independent, Multicenter, Prospective Validation Trials.

Background: Although most thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology are benign, in most of the world, surgery remains as the most frequent diagnostic approach. We have previously reported a 10-gene thyroid genetic classifier, which accurately predicts benign thyroid nodules. The assay is a prototype diagnostic kit suitable for reference laboratory testing and could potentially avoid unnecessary diagnostic surgery in patients with indeterminate thyroid cytology. Methods: Classifier performance was tested in two independent, ethnically diverse, prospective multicenter trials (TGCT-1/Chile and TGCT-2/USA). A total of 4061 fine-needle aspirations were collected from 15 institutions, of which 897 (22%) were called indeterminate. The clinical site was blind to the classifier score and the clinical laboratory blind to the pathology report. A matched surgical pathology and valid classifier score was available for 270 samples. Results: Cohorts showed significant differences, including (i) clinical site patient source (academic, 43% and 97% for TGCT-1 and -2, respectively); (ii) ethnic diversity, with a greater proportion of the Hispanic population (40% vs. 3%) for TGCT-1 and a greater proportion of African American (11% vs. 0%) and Asian (10% vs. 1%) populations for TGCT-2; and (iii) tumor size (mean of 1.7 and 2.5 cm for TGCT-1 and -2, respectively). Overall, there were no differences in the histopathological profile between cohorts. Forty-one of 155 and 45 of 115 nodules were malignant (cancer prevalence of 26% and 39% for TGCT-1 and -2, respectively). The classifier predicted 37 of 41 and 41 of 45 malignant nodules, yielding a sensitivity of 90% [95% confidence interval; CI 77-97] and 91% [95% CI 79-98] for TGCT-1 and -2, respectively. One hundred one of 114 and 61 of 70 nodules were correctly predicted as benign, yielding a specificity of 89% [95% CI 82-94] and 87% [95% CI 77-94], respectively. The negative predictive values for TGCT-1 and TGCT-2 were 96% and 94%, respectively, whereas the positive predictive values were 74% and 82%, respectively. The overall accuracy for both cohorts was 89%. Conclusions: Clinical validation of the classifier demonstrates equivalent performance in two independent and ethnically diverse cohorts, accurately predicting benign thyroid nodules that can undergo surveillance as an alternative to diagnostic surgery.

Thyroid Microcalcifications in the Absence of Identifiable Nodules and Their Association With Thyroid Cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To determine ultrasound (US) and clinical findings of thyroid microcalcifications in the absence of a nodule and their association with the risk of malignancy. METHODS: The Institutional Review Board approved a 5-year retrospective study. Twenty-one patients with clustered or scattered thyroid microcalcifications in the absence of nodules on US images who underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) were included. Demographic and clinical data, US findings, and pathologic results were registered. Patients with a suspicion of malignancy or papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) on FNAB underwent thyroidectomy. Patients with benign results on FNAB underwent clinical and US surveillance. RESULTS: The mean age of the 21 patients was 33.2 years (29.5 years in patients with PTC patients and 39.4 years in those with benign findings; P = .034). Eleven of 21 patients had clustered microcalcifications (9 had cancer), and 10 of 21 patients had scattered microcalcifications (4 of 10 had cancer; P = 0.063). Sixty-two percent of the patients had FNAB findings that were suspicious for cancer or had a diagnosis of cancer. Eleven of 13 patients had surgical thyroidectomy performed in our institution; in all cases, Hashimoto thyroiditis was confirmed. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that only age was significant (odds ratio, 0.9; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the presence of thyroid microcalcifications without a nodule is suspicious for PTC. We found that both patterns were suspicious for PTC, particularly in young patients. Special concern arises for those clustered microcalcifications on a background of Hashimoto thyroiditis.

A 10-Gene Classifier for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: Development and Multicenter Accuracy Study.

BACKGROUND: In most of the world, diagnostic surgery remains the most frequent approach for indeterminate thyroid cytology. Although several molecular tests are available for testing in centralized commercial laboratories in the United States, there are no available kits for local laboratory testing. The aim of this study was to develop a prototype in vitro diagnostic (IVD) gene classifier for the further characterization of nodules with an indeterminate thyroid cytology. METHODS: In a first stage, the expression of 18 genes was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in a broad histopathological spectrum of 114 fresh-tissue biopsies. Expression data were used to train several classifiers by supervised machine learning approaches. Classifiers were tested in an independent set of 139 samples. In a second stage, the best classifier was chosen as a model to develop a multiplexed-qPCR IVD prototype assay, which was tested in a prospective multicenter cohort of fine-needle aspiration biopsies. RESULTS: In tissue biopsies, the best classifier, using only 10 genes, reached an optimal and consistent performance in the ninefold cross-validated testing set (sensitivity 93% and specificity 81%). In the multicenter cohort of fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples, the 10-gene signature, built into a multiplexed-qPCR IVD prototype, showed an area under the curve of 0.97, a positive predictive value of 78%, and a negative predictive value of 98%. By Bayes' theorem, the IVD prototype is expected to achieve a positive predictive value of 64-82% and a negative predictive value of 97-99% in patients with a cancer prevalence range of 20-40%. CONCLUSIONS: A new multiplexed-qPCR IVD prototype is reported that accurately classifies thyroid nodules and may provide a future solution suitable for local reference laboratory testing.

Prospective validation of the ultrasound based TIRADS (Thyroid Imaging Reporting And Data System) classification: results in surgically resected thyroid nodules.

OBJECTIVE: To assess performance of TIRADS classification on a prospective surgical cohort, demonstrating its clinical usefulness. METHODS: Between June 2009 and October 2012, patients assessed with pre-operative ultrasound (US) were included in this IRB-approved study. Nodules were categorised according to our previously described TIRADS classification. Final pathological diagnosis was obtained from the thyroidectomy specimen. Sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive values and likelihood ratios were calculated. RESULTS: The study included 210 patients with 502 nodules (average: 2.39 (±1.64) nodules/patient). Median size was 7 mm (3-60 mm). Malignancy was 0 % (0/116) in TIRADS 2, 1.79 % (1/56) in TIRADS 3, 76.13 % (185/243) in TIRADS 4 [subgroups: TIRADS 4A 5.88 % (1/17), TIRADS 4B 62.82 % (49/78), TIRADS 4C 91.22 % (135/148)], and 98.85 % (86/87) in TIRADS 5. With a cut-off point at TIRADS 4-5 to perform FNAB, we obtained: sensitivity 99.6 % (95 % CI: 98.9-100.0), specificity 74.35 % (95 % CI: 68.7-80.0), PPV 82.1 % (95 % CI: 78.0-86.3), NPV 99.4 % (95 % CI: 98.3-100.0), PLR 3.9 (95 % CI: 3.6-4.2) and an NLR 0.005 (95 % CI: 0.003-0.04) for malignancy. CONCLUSION: US-based TIRADS classification allows selection of nodules requiring FNAB and recognition of those with a low malignancy risk. KEY POINTS: • TIRADS classification allows accurate selection of thyroid nodules requiring biopsy (TIRADS 4-5). • The recognition of benign/possibly benign patterns can avoid unnecessary procedures. • This classification and its sonographic patterns are validated using surgical specimens.

Hamartoma mioide, serie de casos y revisión de la literatura / Myoid hamartoma: a case series and literature review

Abstract: Myoid hamartoma is a rare entity, and was first described by Davies and Riddell in 1973. It is pathologically defined as the mixture of fatty glandular tissue and fibrous connective tissue, associated with a widespread focus of fusiform muscle cells. Six cases of HM diagnosed in seven patients are presented, with emphasis on imaging findings and characteristics of their respective core biopsies. The importance of biopsy in these lesions is required to differentiate malignant diseases. There is no need for excisional biopsy, because this is not associated with high-risk lesions or carcinomas.

Resumen: El hamartoma mioide es una lesión infrecuente; fue descrita por primera vez por Davies y Riddell en el año 1973; se define histológicamente como la mezcla de tejido glandular adiposo y conjuntivo fibroso, asociado a extensos focos de células musculares fusiformes. Se presentan 7 casos de HM diagnosticados en 7 pacientes, haciendo énfasis en las características imagenológicas y los hallazgos de las respectivas biopsias core. La importancia de realizar biopsia en estas lesiones radica en la necesidad de diferenciarla de patologías malignas; así mismo no existe necesidad de biopsia excisional, ya que se trata de una entidad que no se asocia a lesiones de alto riesgo o con cáncer.

Etapificación pre-operatoria con TC de pacientes con cáncer mamario. Alternativa a la RM en un hospital público / Preoperative CT staging of breast cancer patients. Alternative to MRI in a public hospital

The preoperative study in search of multifocality, multicentricity and bilaterality is essential for the proper therapeutic management of breast cancer. The reference standard to accomplish this is breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Based on the literature, we adapted the thorax CT protocol for the study of the breast. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of CT with emphasis on the breast, as an alternative to preoperative MRI in places where it is not available. Pre-operative CT was performed in all patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer between August 2013 and September 2014...

El estudio preoperatorio en búsqueda de multifocalidad, multicentricidad y bilateralidad es fundamental para el adecuado manejo terapéutico del cáncer (CA) mamario. El estándar de referencia para realizarlo es la resonancia magnética (RM) mamaria. Basados en la literatura, adaptamos el protocolo de TC de tórax para el estudio de la mama. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar la factibilidad de la TC con énfasis en mama como método alternativo a la RM pre-operatoria, en lugares donde ésta no está disponible. Se realizaron TC pre-operatorias en todas las pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de CA mamario entre agosto de 2013 y septiembre de 2014...

Parallel artery and vein: sign of benign nature of breast masses.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the parallel artery and vein sign at color Doppler breast ultrasound as a predictor of the benign nature of breast masses. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed to identify evidence of a parallel artery and vein in breast lesions consecutively biopsied with a 14-gauge needle under ultrasound guidance. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratios, and 95% CIs for the parallel artery and vein sign were calculated. RESULTS: The parallel artery and vein sign was identified in 142 of the 1074 masses (13.2%). The specificity for benignity was 99.3% (CI 95%, 98.3-100.0%); sensitivity, 17.6% (CI 95%, 15.0-20.3%); positive predictive value, 99.0% (CI 95%, 96.7-100); negative predictive value, 30.0% (CI 95%, 27.0-32.9); positive likelihood ratio, 24.7 (CI 95%, 21.2-28.7); and negative likelihood ratio, 0.83 (CI 95%, 0.80-0.86). Among masses found to have the parallel artery and vein sign, all BI-RADS ultrasound category 3 and 95.1% of BI-RADS 4 lesions were determined to be benign. CONCLUSION: Although the parallel artery and vein sign is an uncommon finding, it has a significant association with benign pathologic results (96.5%) with a positive likelihood ratio of 24.7. The presence of this color Doppler ultrasound finding in breast masses in BI-RADS ultrasound categories 3 and 4 reinforces the benign nature and may allow follow-up rather than biopsy in the care of some patients.

Cáncer mamario triple negativo: ¿cómo se ve en imágenes? / Triple receptor-negative breast cancer: how is it seen on imaging findings?

Introduction. Triple-negative cancers (TNC) refers to any breast cancer that does not express the genes for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) or human epidermal grow factor, receptor type 2. Herceptin (HER2). They tend to be more aggressive; often being diagnosed in young patients, sometimes as interval cancers, they can grow to be large in size and patients frequently present initially with axillary metastases. They show a worse prognosis compared to other breast cancer tumors, with an increased risk of distant recurrence and death, especially in the first 5 years after diagnosis. Patients and methods. We conducted a descriptive, retrospective observational study of TNC cases diagnosed at our institution between March 2005 and June 2012 in order to identify their imaging features. Results. TNC may not be seen on mammography (Mx) if the parenchyma is dense (ACR types 3 and 4), mainly because they appear as masses or focal asymmetries without microcalcifications. Both on mammography and ultrasound (US) they can evoke a benign lesion. On US studies they frequently manifest as a solid single nodule, markedly hypoechoic with posterior acoustic enhancement and well-defined contours. They appear hypo/ avascular on color Doppler examinations (or vascularized in the periphery without central vessels) and various afferent pedicles may be present. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clearly identifies suspicious lesions with some characteristic features: mass preferably with posterior and prepectoral location, markedly hyperintense on T2- weighted images with a ring-like pattern of contrast agent uptake, presenting washout curve, sometimes with septa increased uptake in the lesion center. Conclusion. Triple receptor-negative cancers often exhibit imaging features that distinguish them from other types of tumors.

Introducción. Los cánceres triple negativo (CTN) son aquellos que no presentan receptores de estrógeno, progesterona ni human epidermal grow factor, receptor type 2. Herceptin (HER2). Tienden a ser más agresivos; a menudo se diagnostican en pacientes jóvenes, a veces como cánceres de intervalo, llegan a ser de gran tamaño y más frecuentemente presentan metástasis axilares al momento del diagnóstico. Su pronóstico es peor que otros cánceres mamarios, existiendo una mayor probabilidad de recurrencia a distancia y de muerte, especialmente en los primeros 5 años. Pacientes y métodos. Se efectuó una revisión retrospectiva descriptiva de los casos de CTN diagnosticados en nuestra institución (periodo entre marzo de 2005 y junio de 2012) con el fin de identificar sus características imaginológicas. Resultados. Los CTN pueden quedar ocultos en mamografía (Mx) si el parénquima es denso (tipo ACR 3 y 4), puesto que aparecen principalmente como masas o asimetrías focales, sin microcalcificaciones. Tanto en Mx como en ultrasonido (US) pueden evocar una lesión de morfología benigna. En US se manifiestan frecuentemente como un nódulo sólido único, marcadamente hipoecogénico con refuerzo posterior, de contornos bastante circunscritos y que aparece hipo/avascular al Doppler color (o vascularizado en la periferia sin vasos centrales) y varios pedículos aferentes. La resonancia magnética (RM) identifica hallazgos claramente sospechosos con algunos elementos característicos: masa cuya localización es preferentemente posterior, pre-pectoral, marcadamente hiperintensa en T2 que capta el contraste en anillo y presenta curva de lavado, a veces con septos hipercaptantes en el centro de la lesión. Conclusión. Los CTN presentan a menudo características en imágenes que los diferencian de otros tipos de tumores.

¿Es concordante el tamaño tumoral medido en resonancia magnética mamaria y el de la biopsia quirúrgica en pacientes con cáncer de mama, tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante? / Is breast MRI concordant with pathologic tumor size in breast cancer patients treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy?

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is a treatment used in those breast cancers initially inoperable due to their size, and also in operable breast cancers where NACT could increase the rate of conservative breast surgery. To assess tumor response to treatment, clinical examination, mammography, ultrasound, and breast MRI are used, the latter being the modality that yields the best correlation with histologic tumor volume. We evaluated the correlation of tumor sizes as measured by MRI versus surgical pathological specimen in breast cancers treated with NACT. Eighteen patients underwent MRI to monitor NACT; in 15 (83 percent) of them the final biopsy was obtained. In this group a very good correlation was observed, with a mean difference between MRI and histology of 4 mm regarding tumor volumen, which has allowed an adequate management of patients in our daily practice.

La quimioterapia neoadyuvante (QTNA) es un tratamiento usado en aquellos cánceres mamarios cuyo tamaño los hace inoperables al momento del diagnóstico y en cánceres mamarios operables, pero cuyo uso podría permitir una cirugía conservadora. Para evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento, se ha utilizado el examen clínico, la mamografía, el ultrasonido y la resonancia magnética mamaria, siendo ésta última la que mejor correlación tiene con el tamaño tumoral histológico. Quisimos evaluar la concordancia del tamaño tumoral medido en resonancia magnética con el de la biopsia quirúrgica, en cánceres mamarios tratados con QTNA. Dieciocho pacientes se realizaron resonancia magnética para monitorización de QTNA, en 15 (83 por ciento) de ellas se obtuvo la biopsia definitiva. En este grupo observamos una muy buena correlación, con una diferencia promedio de 4 mm, entre el tamaño de la resonancia y el de la histología, lo que permitió en nuestro medio un adecuado manejo de las pacientes.

Signo de rueda de carreta en los nódulos tiroídeos: ¿Sinónimo de benignidad? / The spoke wheel sign in thyroid nodules: synonym of benignity?

Thyroid nodular disease is a highly prevalent condition. Most nodules are asymptomatic and only identifiable on images. We have established a relationship between the particular spoke wheel pattern of thyroid masses and a benign histology. A review of our institutional database of thyroid punctured under ultrasound guidance, histologically studied between 2003 and 2011, was performed. Node selection criteria included: mixed /solid, round /oval, surrounded by a halo, with radial structures converging toward a central point, with or without calcifications, and with peripheral vessels along with others oriented toward the center of the thyroid masses. Seventy-nine (2.5 percent) out of 3.204 punctured masses exhibited this sign. Average size: 28.3 mm. Fifty-eight masses were benign colloid nodules as diagnosed on FNA biopsy. Remaining masses corresponded to Lesion Follicular (4 benign, surgically treated; 7 under follow-up, stable; 10 with no information). Despite being a rare radiologic finding, the spoke wheel sign may be another element contributing to ultrasonographic discrimination between benignity and malignancy, especially in large thyroid masses.

La patología nodular tiroidea es altamente prevalente. La mayoría de los nódulos son asintomáticos y solo identificados en imágenes. Hemos establecido la relación entre una morfología especial del nódulo en rueda de carreta e histología benigna. Se realizó una revisión de la base de datos de nódulos puncionados bajo US y estudiados histológicamente entre 2003 y 2011. Criterios de selección: nódulos mixtos/sólidos, redondos/ovales, rodeados por un halo, presentando estructuras convergentes hacia un punto central con o sin calcificaciones y vasos periféricos con otros orientados hacia el centro del nódulo. De 3.204 nódulos puncionados 79 (2,5 por ciento) presentaron el signo. Tamaño promedio: 28,3 mm. Cincuenta y ocho resultaron nódulos coloideos benignos en PAAF. El resto fueron informados como lesiones foliculares (4 operados benignos, 7 en seguimiento y estables, 10 sin información). Este signo es poco frecuente, pero puede ser un elemento más que colabore en la discriminación ecográfica de benignidad/malignidad, especialmente en nódulos tiroideos de gran tamaño.

Resonancia magnética mamaria preoperatoria: la gran polémica / Preoperative breast MRI: the great controversy

Preoperative examination intended to detect multifocality, multicentricity and bilaterality-once considered the strongest indication of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-is currently being strongly questioned in medical literature. This paper aims at evaluating, based on our experience at Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile, breast MRI ability to improve preoperative radiological tumour staging by conventional methods, as well as to determine the proportion of patients in which this diagnostic procedure generated changes in the surgical management. We retrospectively reviewed preoperative MRI studies carried out between January 2009 and June 2010. Classification: Group 1: MRI provided no new information. Group 2: by detecting additional lesions, MRI improved radiological staging without changing the type of surgery planned. Group 3: MRI showed new benign lesions and caused unnecessary surgery. Group 4: MRI successfully changed the type of surgery planned based on conventional studies. A total of 419 breast MRI scans were performed during a 18-month period; 39 percent of them were carried out preoperatively. For the analysis, 128 patients were enrolled and distributed in the following categories: Group 1 (66 percent), Group 2 (20 percent), Group 3 (2 percent) and Group 4 (12 percent). In 95.3 percent of the patients, a single surgery with clear margins was performed. This work demonstrated the usefulness of preoperative MRI in our practice, i.e., it allowed for a better radiological staging in one third of the patients and even successfully changed the surgical approach in 12 percent of cases.

El estudio preoperatorio en búsqueda de multifocalidad, multicentricidad y bilateralidad -antes considerada la indicación más sólida de la resonancia magnética (RM) mamaria- hoy se encuentra fuertemente cuestionada en la literatura. En este trabajo nos propusimos evaluar la capacidad de la RM mamaria en nuestro centro para mejorar la etapificación radiológica preoperatoria realizada por métodos convencionales y determinar la proporción de las pacientes en que genera cambio en el enfoque quirúrgico. Hemos revisado retrospectivamente las RM preoperatorias entre enero de 2009 y junio de 2010. Clasificación: Grupo1: la RM no aportó información nueva. Grupo 2: al detectar lesiones adicionales, mejoró la etapificación radiológica, sin cambiar el tipo de la cirugía planificada. Grupo3: demostró nuevas lesiones no malignas y causó cirugía inútil. Grupo 4: cambió correctamente el tipo de cirugía planeada en base a los estudios convencionales. En los 18 meses se realizaron 419 RM mamarias, el 39 por ciento de ellas en preoperatorio. Para el análisis se han reclutado 128 pacientes con la siguiente distribución en los grupos predeterminados: Grupo 1(66 por ciento), Grupo 2(20 por ciento), Grupo 3(2 por ciento) y Grupo 4(12 por ciento). En el 95,3 por ciento de las pacientes se logró realizar una sola cirugía con márgenes libres. Este trabajo demostró la utilidad de la RM preoperatoria en nuestra práctica: permite una mejor etapificación radiológica en el tercio de las pacientes e incluso cambia correctamente el enfoque quirúrgico en el 12 por ciento de los casos.

Doppler color en el estudio de la mama: ¿Cómo lo hacemos nosotros? / Color doppler in the study of the braest: how do we perform it?

The contribution of color Doppler sonography in the study of breast cancer remains a topic of discussion. However, in the daily clinical practice it has become an indispensable instrument, and an integral part of the breast ultrasound (US). The aim of this paper is to demonstrate its utility based on the available evidence as well as on our experience. We describe the technical considerations necessary to conduct a good study, the Doppler signs of benignity/malignancy in focal lesions of the breast and the benefits of its routine use in day-to-day practice. In our experience, it is a useful tool for this purpose. Neverthless, its diagnostic impact as described in the literature is variable. To evaluate its real usefulness, prospective studies along with standardization of the evaluation technique would be required.

La contribución del Doppler color en el estudio de la mama sigue siendo un tema en discusión. No obstante, en la práctica clínica diaria se ha convertido en un instrumento indispensable, formando parte integral del Ultrasonido (US) mamario. El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar su utilidad según la evidencia disponible y a través de nuestra experiencia. Se describen las consideraciones técnicas indispensables para realizar un buen estudio, los signos Doppler de benignidad / malignidad en lesiones focales de la mama y las ventajas de su uso rutinario en la práctica diaria. En nuestra experiencia es una herramienta útil para este propósito, sin embargo su impacto diagnóstico descrito en la literatura es variable. Para evaluar su real utilidad, se requiere de la realización de estudios prospectivos y de la estandarización la técnica.

An ultrasonogram reporting system for thyroid nodules stratifying cancer risk for clinical management.

CONTEXT: There is a high prevalence of thyroid nodules on ultrasonographic (US) examination. However, most of them are benign. US criteria may help to decide cost-effective management. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to develop a standardized US characterization and reporting data system of thyroid lesions for clinical management: the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS). DESIGN: This was a prospective study using the TIRADS, which is based on the concepts of the Breast Imaging Reporting Data System of the American College of Radiology. MATERIALS: A correlation of the US findings and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) results in 1959 lesions biopsied under US guidance and studied histologically during an 8-yr period was divided into three stages. In the first stage, 10 US patterns were defined. In the second stage, four TIRADS groups were defined according to risk. The percentages of malignancy defined in the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System were followed: TIRADS 2 (0% malignancy), TIRADS 3 (<5% malignancy), TIRADS 4 (5-80% malignancy), and TIRADS 5 (>80% malignancy). RESULTS: The TIRADS classification was evaluated at the third stage of the study in a sample of 1097 nodules (benign: 703; follicular lesions: 238; and carcinoma: 156). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 88, 49, 49, 88, and 94%, respectively. The ratio of benign to malignant or follicular FNAB results currently is 1.8. CONCLUSIONS: The TIRADS has allowed us to improve patient management and cost-effectiveness, avoiding unnecessary FNAB. In addition, we have established standard codes to be used both for radiologists and endocrinologists.

¿Existen nódulos coloidos tiroideos que no requieren punción diagnóstica? / Are there any colloid thyroid nodules which do not require diagnostic punctures?

Depending on age, sex, and geographic area, 19 to 67% of the general population is found to have thyroid nodules when submitted to ultrasonica-lly-guided diagnostic puncture. Being benign in more than a 80%, most of them corresponds to colloid nodules. Indiscriminate fine-needle aspiration not only increases health costs but also generates anxiety in patients. The echographic-histological correlation of thyroid nodules made it possible to define five typical patterns (colloid patterns 1, 2, 3; neoplastic type, and malignant pattern). Thirty three percent of colloid nodules may appear as follicular neoplasms or malign nodules, being puncture the only means for recognizing and establishing the difference between them. Nevertheless, 67% of nodules presents a typical appearance that corresponds to colloid patterns 1, 2, and 3, which show a weak association to cancer risk(0%, 0% and 1,5%, respectively). On this basis, ultrasound follow-up is advised to recognize them in order to significantly diminish unnecessary diagnostic histological punctures.

En el 19 al 67%> de la población general se diagnostican nodulos tiroideos mediante ultra-sonografía, dependiendo de la edad, sexo y área geográfica. En más del 80% su naturaleza es benigna y la gran mayoría corresponde a nodulos coloideos. Su punción indiscriminada aumenta costos y genera ansiedad. La correlación ultrasonográfica-histológica de los nodulos tiroideos permitió definir cinco patrones característicos (patrón coloideo típico tipos 1 a 3, patrón neoplásico y patrón maligno). El 33%> de los nodulos coloideos simula la apariencia de nodulos de tipo neoplasia folicular o de aspecto maligno y sólo con punción se puede diferenciar entre ellos. No obstante, el 67%> de los nodulos tiene aspecto típico y corresponden a patrones coloideos Tipo 1, 2 y 3, con una baja asociación con cáncer (0%, 0%y 1,5% en los tres grupos respectivamente), lo que autoriza su seguimiento ultrasonográfico. Al reconocerlos como tal, se puede disminuir en forma significativa las punciones diagnósticas innecesarias.