ABSTRACT
An anti-glare luminaire design is proposed to reduce the effect of glare and the multi-shadow while preserving high optical efficiency, high illumination uniformity and low unified glare rating (UGR). Comparison to the traditional direct light emitting diode (LED) luminaire in optical simulations showed an enhancement of the illumination uniformity from 64.9% to 80.0%. The optical efficiency was 79.5%, and the UGR value was controlled under 18.8. For the actual measurement, the finished product had an illumination uniformity of 77.0%, optical efficiency of 76.0%, UGR value of 19.0, and efficacy of 81.4 lm/w. Through this design, the lighting performance was greatly enhanced.
ABSTRACT
Growth and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) are severely affected by salinity. Understanding the mechanisms that protect rice and other important cereal crops from salt stress will help in the development of salt-stress-tolerant strains. In this study, rice seedlings of the same genetic species with various salt tolerances were studied. We first used 2DE to resolve the expressed proteome in rice roots and leaves and then used nanospray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to identify the differentially expressed proteins in rice seedlings after salt treatment. The 2DE assays revealed that there were 104 differentially expressed protein spots in rice roots and 59 in leaves. Then, we identified 83 proteins in rice roots and 61 proteins in rice leaves by MS analysis. Functional classification analysis revealed that the differentially expressed proteins from roots could be classified into 18 functional categories while those from leaves could be classified into 11 functional categories. The proteins from rice seedlings that most significantly contributed to a protective effect against increased salinity were cysteine synthase, adenosine triphosphate synthase, quercetin 3-O-methyltransferase 1, and lipoxygenase 2. Further analysis demonstrated that the primary mechanisms underlying the ability of rice seedlings to tolerate salt stress were glycolysis, purine metabolism, and photosynthesis. Thus, we suggest that differentially expressed proteins may serve as marker group for the salt tolerance of rice.
Subject(s)
Oryza/physiology , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Proteins/analysis , Plant Roots/metabolism , Proteome/drug effects , Sodium Chloride/pharmacology , Chromatography, Liquid , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional , Oryza/chemistry , Oryza/metabolism , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Plant Roots/chemistry , Proteome/analysis , Proteome/chemistry , Proteomics/methods , Salt Tolerance/physiology , Stress, Physiological/drug effects , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
RATIONALE: Ubiquitination of proteins plays an important role in regulating a myriad of physiological functions in plants such as xylogenesis, senescence, cell cycle control, and stress response. However, only a limited number of proteins in plants have been identified as being ubiquitinated in response to salt stress. The relationships between ubiquitination and salt-stress responses in plants are not clear. METHODS: Rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings from the same genetic background with various salt tolerances exposed to salt stress were studied. The proteins of roots were extracted then analyzed using western blotting against ubiquitin. Differentially expressed ubiquitinated proteins were identified by nanospray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC/MS/MS) and quantified by label-free methods based on the Exponentially Modified Protein Abundance Index (emPAI) and on the peak areas of XIC spectra derived from ubiquitinated peptides. In addition, we performed a gel-based shotgun proteomic analysis to detect the ubiquitinated proteome that may be involved in response to salt stress. RESULTS: The expressions of ubiquitination on pyruvate phosphate dikinase 1, heat shock protein 81-1, probable aldehyde oxidase 3, plasma membrane ATPase, cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit 4 [UDP-forming] and cyclin-C1-1 were identified and compared before and after salt treatment. The functions of those ubiquitinated proteins were further discussed for defence against salt stress. In addition, a large number of ubiquitinated proteins were successfully identified as well in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The ubiquitination of proteins affected the protective mechanisms in rice seedlings to resist the salt stress during the initial phase. The findings in the present study also demonstrate that the regulated mechanisms through protein ubiquitination are important for rice seedlings against salt stress.
Subject(s)
Oryza/chemistry , Plant Proteins/analysis , Salt-Tolerant Plants/chemistry , Ubiquitinated Proteins/analysis , Amino Acid Sequence , Blotting, Western , Chromatography, Liquid , Molecular Sequence Data , Oryza/enzymology , Oryza/genetics , Oryza/metabolism , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plant Roots/chemistry , Plant Roots/physiology , Proteome/metabolism , Proteomics/methods , Salt Tolerance , Salt-Tolerant Plants/enzymology , Salt-Tolerant Plants/genetics , Salt-Tolerant Plants/metabolism , Sodium Chloride , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Ubiquitinated Proteins/chemistry , Ubiquitinated Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Profile GT files have been redesigned and are now marketed as GTX nickel-titanium rotary files. METHODS: A double-digital radiographic technique was used to compare apical transportation (AT) and change in working length (CWL) between Profile GT and GTX rotary files. Mesiobuccal canals of 40 extracted mandibular molars were instrumented by either rotary system. The central axes of preoperative (15 K) and master apical rotary file (30/.04) were digitally superimposed. AutoCAD was used to measure AT at 0, 1, and 3 mm from WL. The distance from the file tip to the set WL indicated any CWL. Analysis of variance test showed no significant differences between groups in AT. RESULTS: CWL in GTX (-0.25 +/- 0.42) group was significantly greater than in Profile GT group (0.17 +/- 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: The AT results indicate that the newly designed GTX rotary instruments are as effective as the older Profile GT instruments.