In situ Blending For Co-Deposition of Electron Transport and Perovskite Layers Enables Over 24% Efficiency Stable Inverted Solar Cells.

Simplifying the manufacturing processes of multilayered high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is yet of vital importance for their cost-effective production. Herein, an in situ blending strategy is presented for co-deposition of electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite absorber by incorporating (3-(7-butyl-1,3,6,8-tetraoxo-3,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo- [lmn][3,8]phenanthrolin-2(1H)-yl)propyl)phosphonic acid (NDP) into the perovskite precursor solutions. The phosphonic acid-like anchoring group coupled with its large molecular size drives the migration of NDP toward indium tin oxide (ITO) surface to form a distinct ETL during perovskite film forming. This strategy circumvents the critical wetting issue and simultaneously improves the interfacial charge collection efficiencies. Consequently, n-i-p PSCs based on in situ blended NDP achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.01%, which is one of the highest values for PSCs using organic ETLs. This performance is notably higher than that of ETL-free (21.19%) and independently spin-coated (21.42%) counterparts. More encouragingly, the in situ blending strategy dramatically enhances the device stability under harsh conditions by retaining over 90% of initial efficiencies after 250 h in 100 °C or 65% humidity storage. Moreover, this strategy is universally adaptable to various perovskite compositions, device architectures, and electron transport materials (ETMs), showing great potential for applications in diverse optoelectronic devices.

Necroptosis enhances 'don't eat me' signal and induces macrophage extracellular traps to promote pancreatic cancer liver metastasis.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating cancer with dismal prognosis due to distant metastasis, even in the early stage. Using RNA sequencing and multiplex immunofluorescence, here we find elevated expression of mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudo-kinase (MLKL) and enhanced necroptosis pathway in PDAC from early liver metastasis T-stage (T1M1) patients comparing with non-metastatic (T1M0) patients. Mechanistically, MLKL-driven necroptosis recruits macrophages, enhances the tumor CD47 'don't eat me' signal, and induces macrophage extracellular traps (MET) formation for CXCL8 activation. CXCL8 further initiates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and upregulates ICAM-1 expression to promote endothelial adhesion. METs also degrades extracellular matrix, that eventually supports PDAC liver metastasis. Meanwhile, targeting necroptosis and CD47 reduces liver metastasis in vivo. Our study thus reveals that necroptosis facilitates PDAC metastasis by evading immune surveillance, and also suggest that CD47 blockade, combined with MLKL inhibitor GW806742X, may be a promising neoadjuvant immunotherapy for overcoming the T1M1 dilemma and reviving the opportunity for radical surgery.

Ferroptosis-related lncRNA NRAV affects the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma via the miR-375-3P/SLC7A11 axis.

Ferroptosis has important value in cancer treatment. It is significant to explore the new ferroptosis-related lncRNAs prediction model in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the potential molecular mechanism of ferroptosis-related lncRNAs. We constructed a prognostic multi-lncRNA signature based on ferroptosis-related differentially expressed lncRNAs in HCC. qRT-PCR was applied to determine the expression of lncRNA in HCC cells. The biological roles of NRAV in vitro and in vivo were determined by performing a series of functional experiments. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were used to confirm the interaction of NRAV with miR-375-3P. We identified 6 differently expressed lncRNAs associated with the prognosis of HCC. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed the high-risk lncRNAs signature associated with poor prognosis of HCC. Moreover, the AUC of the lncRNAs signature showed utility in predicting HCC prognosis. Further functional experiments show that the high expression of NRAV can strengthen the viciousness of HCC. Interestingly, we found that NRAV can enhance iron export and ferroptosis resistance. Further study showed that NRAV competitively binds to miR-375-3P and attenuates the inhibitory effect of miR-375-3P on SLC7A11, affecting the prognosis of patients with HCC. In conclusion, We developed a novel ferroptosis-related lncRNAs prognostic model with important predictive value for the prognosis of HCC. NRAV is important in ferroptosis induction through the miR-375-3P/SLC7A11 axis.

A Novel Trojan Horse Nanotherapy Strategy Targeting the cPKM-STMN1/TGFB1 Axis for Effective Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is characterized by its dense fibrotic microenvironment and highly malignant nature, which are associated with chemotherapy resistance and very poor prognosis. Although circRNAs have emerged as important regulators in cancer biology, their role in ICC remains largely unclear. Herein, a circular RNA, cPKM is identified, which is upregulated in ICC and associated with poor prognosis. Silencing cPKM in ICC cells reduces TGFB1 release and stromal fibrosis, inhibits STMN1 expression, and suppresses ICC growth and metastasis, moreover, it also leads to overcoming paclitaxel resistance. This is regulated by the interactions of cPKM with miR-199a-5p or IGF2BP2 and by the ability of cPKM to stabilize STMN1/TGFB1 mRNA. Based on these findings, a Trojan horse nanotherapy strategy with co-loading of siRNA against cPKM (si-cPKM) and paclitaxel (PTX) is developed. The siRNA/PTX co-loaded nanosystem (Trojan horse) efficiently penetrates tumor tissues, releases si-cPKM and paclitaxel (soldiers), promotes paclitaxel sensitization, and suppresses ICC proliferation and metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, it alleviates the fibrosis of ICC tumor stroma and reopens collapsed tumor vessels (opening the gates), thus enhancing the efficacy of the standard chemotherapy regimen (main force). This novel nanotherapy provides a promising new strategy for ICC treatment.

Efficient and Stable ß-CsPbI3 Solar Cells through Solvent Engineering with Methylamine Acetate Ionic Liquid.

CsPbI3, an all-inorganic perovskite material with suitable band gap and excellent thermal stability, has garnered significant attention for its potential in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, CsPbI3 is susceptible to phase changes from photoactive to photoinactive in humid environments. Hence, it is crucial to achieve controllable growth of CsPbI3 perovskite thin films with the desired ß-crystal phase and compact morphology for efficient and stable PSCs. Herein, MAAc was used as a solvent for the CsPbI3 precursor to fabricate ß-CsPbI3 perovskite. An intermediate compound of CsxMA1-xPbIxAc3-x was initially formed in the MAAc solution, and during annealing, the MA+ and Ac- ions were replaced by Cs+ and I- ions, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of strong C═O···Pb coordination stabilized the black-phase ß-CsPbI3 and facilitated the growth of crystals with a narrow vertical orientation and large grain size. As a result, the PSCs with an efficiency of 18.9% and improved stability (less than 10% decay after 2000 h of storage in N2 and less than 30% decay after 500 h of storage in humid air without any encapsulation) were achieved.

Analyzing molecular typing and clinical application of immunogenic cell death-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered one of the most common cancers, characterized by low early detection and high mortality rates, and is a global health challenge. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is defined as a specific type of regulated cell death (RCD) capable of reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment by releasing danger signals that trigger immune responses, which would contribute to immunotherapy. METHODS: The ICD gene sets were collected from the literature. We collected expression data and clinical information from public databases for the HCC samples in our study. Data processing and mapping were performed using R software to analyze the differences in biological characteristics between different subgroups. The expression of the ICD representative gene in clinical specimens was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the role of the representative gene in HCC was evaluated by various in vitro assays, including qRT-PCR, colony formation, and CCK8 assay. Lasso-Cox regression was used to screen prognosis-related genes, and an ICD-related risk model (ICDRM) was constructed. To improve the clinical value of ICDRM, Nomograms and calibration curves were created to predict survival probabilities. Finally, the critical gene of ICDRM was further investigated through pan-cancer analysis and single-cell analysis. RESULTS: We identified two ICD clusters that differed significantly in terms of survival, biological function, and immune infiltration. As well as assessing the immune microenvironment of tumors in HCC patients, we demonstrate that ICDRM can differentiate ICD clusters and predict the prognosis and effectiveness of therapy. High-risk subpopulations are characterized by high TMB, suppressed immunity, and poor survival and response to immunotherapy, whereas the opposite is true for low-risk subpopulations. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the potential impact of ICDRM on the tumor microenvironment (TME), immune infiltration, and prognosis of HCC patients, but also a potential tool for predicting prognosis.

Perovskite solar cells based on screen-printed thin films.

One potential advantage of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the ability to solution process the precursors and deposit films from solution1,2. At present, spin coating, blade coating, spray coating, inkjet printing and slot-die printing have been investigated to deposit hybrid perovskite thin films3-6. Here we expand the range of deposition methods to include screen-printing, enabled by a stable and viscosity-adjustable (40-44,000 cP) perovskite ink made from a methylammonium acetate ionic liquid solvent. We demonstrate control over perovskite thin-film thickness (from about 120 nm to about 1,200 nm), area (from 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 to 5 × 5 cm2) and patterning on different substrates. Printing rates in excess of 20 cm s-1 and close to 100% ink use were achieved. Using this deposition method in ambient air and regardless of humidity, we obtained the best efficiencies of 20.52% (0.05 cm2) and 18.12% (1 cm2) compared with 20.13% and 12.52%, respectively, for the spin-coated thin films in normal devices with thermally evaporated metal electrodes. Most notably, fully screen-printing devices with a single machine in ambient air have been successfully explored. The corresponding photovoltaic cells exhibit high efficiencies of 14.98%, 13.53% and 11.80% on 0.05-cm2, 1.00-cm2 and 16.37-cm2 (small-module) areas, respectively, along with 96.75% of the initial efficiency retained over 300 h of operation at maximum power point.

Induced expression of CCL19 promotes the anti-tumor ability of CAR-T cells by increasing their infiltration ability.

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cell (CAR-T) therapy has shown promising potential for anti-cancer treatment. However, for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the lack of infiltrative ability of these CAR-T cells leads to sub-optimal treatment outcome. Methods: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19), the expression of which is regulated by the nuclear factor of activated T cell pathway, was transfected into targeting mesothelin CAR-T cells (mesoCAR-N19) using NFAT regulating element. It was expressed in activated CAR-T cells by OKT3 or mesothelin+ tumor cells but not in inactive cells. The migratory ability of these CAR-T cells was then measured. Subsequently, functional identification of these CAR-T cells was performed in vivo. In addition, the tumor lytic activity and proliferation of the CAR-T cells were measured in vitro. The degree of CAR-T cell infiltration and distribution into the PDAC tumors was examined using the immunohistochemical staining of hCD3 and the detection of CAR gene copy number by quantitative PCR. Finally, the functional assessment of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 knock-out was performed in the CAR-T cells. Results: Through in vitro Transwell assays, it was demonstrated that mesoCAR-N19 can be specifically expressed in CAR-T cells activated by tumor cells compared with conventional mesothelin CAR-T (mesoCAR) cells. We also observed that upregulating the expression of CCL19 can increase the recruitment of additional T cells. In vivo studies subsequently revealed that this highly specific recruitment of T cell infiltration is associated with enhanced tumor-suppressive activities downstream. Conclusion: Induced expression of CCL19 can promote the anti-tumor ability of CAR-T cells by increasing their infiltrative ability. This study potentially uncovered novel method of activating CAR-T cells to enhance their infiltrative capacities, which offers a novel direction for PDAC treatment.

Ivermectin synergizes sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting multiple oncogenic pathways.

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) results in generally poor clinical outcomes and necessitates better therapeutic strategies. Ivermectin, which is an existing anti-parasitic drug, has been recently identified as a novel anti-cancer drug. In line with previous efforts, this work demonstrates the translational potential of ivermectin to treat advanced HCC. We demonstrated that ivermectin at clinically relevant concentrations was active against growth and survival in multiple HCC cell lines. We showed that ivermectin had the potential to inhibit metastasis and target HCC stem cell functions. Mechanism studies correlated well with cellular phenotypes observed in ivermectin-treated cells, and demonstrated inhibition of mTOR/STAT3 pathway, suppression of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and reduced expression of stem cell markers. We further demonstrated that ivermectin inhibited tumor formation and growth in HCC xenograft mouse model, without causing significant toxicity in the mice. Using combination index (CI), we showed that ivermectin and sorafenib were synergistic in HCC in vitro, and this was further confirmed in vivo. Our work demonstrates the potent anti-HCC activities of ivermectin and its multiple targets on essential oncogenic pathways. Our findings provide preclinical evidence to initialize clinical trial using ivermectin and sorafenib for treating advanced HCC.

SRSF3-mediated regulation of N6-methyladenosine modification-related lncRNA ANRIL splicing promotes resistance of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine.

Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3) regulates mRNA alternative splicing of more than 90% of protein-coding genes, providing an essential source for biological versatility. This study finds that SRSF3 expression is associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. We also find that SRSF3 regulates ANRIL splicing and m6A modification of ANRIL in pancreatic cancer cells. More importantly, we demonstrate that m6A methylation on lncRNA ANRIL is essential for the splicing. Moreover, our results show that SRSF3 promotes gemcitabine resistance by regulating ANRIL's splicing and ANRIL-208 (one of the ANRIL spliceosomes) can enhance DNA homologous recombination repair (HR) capacity by forming a complex with Ring1b and EZH2. In conclusion, this study establishes a link between SRSF3, m6A modification, lncRNA splicing, and DNA HR in pancreatic cancer and demonstrates that abnormal alternative splicing and m6A modification are closely related to chemotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer.

Circular RNA circ-MTHFD1L induces HR repair to promote gemcitabine resistance via the miR-615-3p/RPN6 axis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer is the main reason for the poor treatment effect of pancreatic cancer patients. Exploring chemotherapy resistance-related genes has been a difficult and hot topic of oncology. Numerous studies implicate the key roles of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the development of pancreatic cancer. However, the regulation of circRNAs in the process of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) chemotherapy resistance is not yet fully clear. METHODS: Based on the cross-analysis of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the data of our center, we explored a new molecule, hsa_circ_0078297 (circ-MTHFD1L), related to chemotherapy resistance. QRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in human PDAC tissues and their matched normal tissues. The interaction between circ-MTHFD1L and miR-615-3p/RPN6 signal axis was confirmed by a series of experiments such as Dual-luciferase reporter assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. RESULTS: Circ-MTHFD1L was significantly increased in PDAC tissues and cells. And in PDAC patients, the higher the expression level of circ-MTHFD1L, the worse the prognosis. Mechanism analysis showed that circ-MTHFD1L, as an endogenous miR-615-3p sponge, upregulates the expression of RPN6, thereby promoting DNA damage repair and exerting its effect on enhancing gemcitabine chemotherapy resistance. More importantly, we also found that Silencing circ-MTHFD1L combined with olaparib can increase the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine. CONCLUSION: Circ-MTHFD1L maintains PDAC gemcitabine resistance through the miR-615-3p/RPN6 signal axis. Circ-MTHFD1L may be a molecular marker for the effective treatment of PDAC.

In Situ Polymer Network in Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled Superior Moisture and Thermal Resistance.

Perovskite decomposition arising from water permeation and heat induced crystal expansion is a major obstacle restricting the long-term durability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a polymerizable methyl acrylate (MCE) was employed as dopants in the deposition of perovskite thin films. Owing to the in situ formed polymer network, the environment moisture can be retained on the perovskite surface as the formation of a thin layer of perovskite monohydrate to prevent their deep penetration and transverse spread, and the heat tolerance of the perovskite was also improved because of the anchor structure between Pb2+ and -C═O groups and the agglomeration effect of the polymerized MCE. Moreover, MCE can coordinate with Pb2+ ions and some of them were volatilized during crystallization, resulting in preferred crystal orientations and suppressed nonradiative recombination. As a result, an excellent efficiency up to 21% with improved stability of MAPbI3 PSC was achieved.

Unraveling the Role of Chloride in Vertical Growth of Low-Dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskites for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells.

Recently, low-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper (LDRP) perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) have been extensively studied because of their robust stability. However, because of the poor conductivity of the organic spacer, the charge transport across the spacers in the LDRP perovskite is considerably poor, and thus regulation of the growth orientation of LDRP cells is of primary importance. So far, the key role of organic cations in controlling the growth orientation of LDRP films has been widely studied, but the impact of halogens has not been sufficiently investigated. Herein, we demonstrate the important role of halogens in determining the characteristics of benzylamine (BZA)-based LDRP perovskite films, where different BZAX salts (X = Cl, Br, I) are adopted. Compared to Br and I, Cl is shown to prominently enlarge the grain size, promote the vertical orientation, reduce the trap state density, and prolong the carrier lifetime of LDRP film, and all these merits effectively accelerate the carrier transport within the film. As a result, a PSC device based on BZACl delivers a champion PCE of 17.25% with much improved device stability. This work unravels the vital role of Cl in regulating the crystallization process of LDRP films, which provides a facile approach for boosting the performance of LDRP-based PSCs.

In Situ Interfacial Passivation of Sn-Based Perovskite Films with a Bi-functional Ionic Salt for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance.

Environment-friendly Tin (Sn)-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have lately made significant development, showing tremendous promise in addressing the hazardous problems associated with Pb-based PSCs. However, even in N2 atmospheres, the thermodynamic stability of Sn-based perovskite films and long-term stability of Sn-based PSCs are demonstrated to be poor due to the presence of interfacial defect trap states. Here, we demonstrate the post-treatment of Sn-based perovskite films with ethylenediamine formate (EDAFa2) ion salt, serving as a bi-functional interface layer to in situ passivate the interfacial defect and improve the stability of Sn2+ by creating a thermodynamic chemical environment pathway. Moreover, the presence of EDAFa2 is shown to promote the interfacial energy level alignment, which is beneficial for the charge extraction at the interface. As a result, PSC devices with a bi-functional interface achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 9.40% and enhanced stability, retaining ∼95% of the original PCE stored in a N2 environment after ∼1960 h without encapsulation. This work highlights the significant role of an interfacial design in efficient and stable Sn-based PSCs.

CLK1/SRSF5 pathway induces aberrant exon skipping of METTL14 and Cyclin L2 and promotes growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Both aberrant alternative splicing and m6A methylation play complicated roles in the development of pancreatic cancer (PC), while the relationship between these two RNA modifications remains unclear. METHODS: RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed using 15 pairs of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues and corresponding normal tissues, and Cdc2-like kinases 1 (CLK1) was identified as a significantly upregulated alternative splicing related gene. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting were applied to determine the CLK1 levels. The prognostic value of CLK1 was elucidated by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses in two independent PDAC cohorts. The functional characterizations and mechanistic insights of CLK1 in PDAC growth and metastasis were evaluated with PDAC cell lines and nude mice. SR-like splicing factors5250-Ser (SRSF5250-Ser) was identified as an important target phosphorylation site by phosphorylation mass spectrometry. Through transcriptome sequencing, Methyltransferase-like 14exon10 (METTL14exon10) and Cyclin L2exon6.3 skipping were identified as key alternative splicing events regulated by the CLK1-SRSF5 axis. RIP assays, RNA-pulldown and CLIP-qPCR were performed to confirm molecular interactions and the precise binding sites. The roles of the shift of METTL14exon 10 and Cyclin L2exon6.3 skipping were surveyed. RESULTS: CLK1 expression was significantly increased in PDAC tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. High CLK1 expression was associated with poor prognosis. Elevated CLK1 expression promoted growth and metastasis of PC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CLK1 enhanced phosphorylation on SRSF5250-Ser, which inhibited METTL14exon10 skipping while promoted Cyclin L2exon6.3 skipping. In addition, aberrant METTL14exon 10 skipping enhanced the N6-methyladenosine modification level and metastasis, while aberrant Cyclin L2exon6.3 promoted proliferation of PDAC cells. CONCLUSIONS: The CLK1/SRSF5 pathway induces aberrant exon skipping of METTL14 and Cyclin L2, which promotes growth and metastasis and regulates m6A methylation of PDAC cells. This study suggests the potential prognostic value and therapeutic targeting of this pathway in PDAC patients.

SHCBP1 interacting with EOGT enhances O-GlcNAcylation of NOTCH1 and promotes the development of pancreatic cancer.

O-GlcNAcylation is important in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The glycosyltransferase EGF domain-specific O-linked GlcNAc transferase (EOGT) acts as a key participant in glycosylating NOTCH1. High-throughput sequencing of specimens from 30 advanced PDAC patients identified SHCBP1 and EOGT as factors of poor prognosis. We hypothesized that they could mediate PDAC progression by influencing NOTCH1 O-GlcNAcylation. Thus, 186 PDAC tissue specimens were immunostained for EOGT and SHCBP1. Pancreatic cancer cell lines and nude mouse models were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments. Respectively, The protein expression of EOGT and SHCBP1 was significantly elevated and correlated with worse prognosis in PDAC patients. In vitro, SHCBP1 overexpression promoted pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, while knocking down SHCBP1 and EOGT inhibited these malignant processes. In vivo data showed that SHCBP1 overexpression promoted xenograft growth and lung metastasis and shortened survival in mice, whereas knocking down either EOGT or SHCBP1 expression suppressed xenograft growth and metastasis and prolonged survival. We further clarified the molecular mechanisms by which EOGT and SHCBP1 enhance the O-GlcNAcylation of NOTCH1, Subsequently promoting the nuclear localization of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and inhibiting the transcription of E-cadherin and P21 in pancreatic cancer cells.

Overriding sorafenib resistance via blocking lipid metabolism and Ras by sphingomyelin synthase 1 inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The survival benefit of sorafenib, the most used drug for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is unsatisfactory due to the development of adaptive resistance. Exploring the mechanisms underlying sorafenib resistance is important to develop sensitizing strategy. Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) plays a critical role in sphingolipid metabolism which is involved in oncogenesis and drug resistance. METHODS: SMS1 and SMS2 levels in HCC cells in response to prolonged chemotherapy were analyzed using ELISA. mRNA and protein levels of SMS in HCC and adjacent normal tissues were analyzed by ELISA and real-time PCR. The roles of SMS and its downstream targets were investigated using cellular and biochemical assays and mass spectrometry. RESULTS: SMS1, but not SMS2, was upregulated in HCC in response to sorafenib treatment, although HCC displayed similar RNA and protein level of SMS1 compared to adjacent normal liver tissues. Overexpression of SMS1 promoted HCC growth and migration, and alleviated sorafenib's toxicity. SMS1 inhibition via genetic and pharmacological approaches consistently resulted in inhibition of growth and migration, and apoptosis induction in sorafenib-resistance HCC cells. SMS1 inhibition also augmented the efficacy of sorafenib in sensitive HCC cells. SMS1 inhibition disrupted sphingolipid metabolism via accumulating ceramide and decreasing sphingomyelin, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and decreasing Ras activity in resistant cells. Overexpression of constitutively active Ras reversed the inhibitory effects of SMS1 inhibition. Although SMS1 overexpression did not affect Ras expression and activity, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis of SMS1 and Ras expression demonstrated that there was positive correlation between SMS1 and RAS (NRAS, R = 0.55, p < 0.01; KRAS, R = 0.44, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our work is the first to suggest that SMS1 plays a more important role in sorafenib resistance than tumorigenesis, and provides preclinical evidence to overcome sorafenib resistance with SMS1 inhibition in HCC.

Fc-mediated effector function contributes to the in vivo antiviral effect of an HIV neutralizing antibody.

Treatment of HIV infection with either antiretroviral (ARV) therapy or neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NAbs) leads to a reduction in HIV plasma virus. Both ARVs and NAbs prevent new rounds of viral infection, but NAbs may have the additional capacity to accelerate the loss of virus-infected cells through Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-mediated effector functions, which should affect the kinetics of plasma-virus decline. Here, we formally test the role of effector function in vivo by comparing the rate and timing of plasma-virus clearance in response to a single-dose treatment with either unmodified NAb or those with either reduced or augmented Fc function. When infused into viremic simian HIV (SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques, there was a 21% difference in slope of plasma-virus decline between NAb and NAb with reduced Fc function. NAb engineered to increase FcγRIII binding and improve antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro resulted in arming of effector cells in vivo, yet led to viral-decay kinetics similar to NAbs with reduced Fc function. These studies show that the predominant mechanism of antiviral activity of HIV NAbs is through inhibition of viral entry, but that Fc function can contribute to the overall antiviral activity, making them distinct from standard ARVs.

Single-cell transcriptional landscapes reveal HIV-1-driven aberrant host gene transcription as a potential therapeutic target.

Understanding HIV-1-host interactions can identify the cellular environment supporting HIV-1 reactivation and mechanisms of clonal expansion. We developed HIV-1 SortSeq to isolate rare HIV-1-infected cells from virally suppressed, HIV-1-infected individuals upon early latency reversal. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of HIV-1 SortSeq+ cells revealed enrichment of nonsense-mediated RNA decay and viral transcription pathways. HIV-1 SortSeq+ cells up-regulated cellular factors that can support HIV-1 transcription (IMPDH1 and JAK1) or promote cellular survival (IL2 and IKBKB). HIV-1-host RNA landscape analysis at the integration site revealed that HIV-1 drives high aberrant host gene transcription downstream, but not upstream, of the integration site through HIV-1-to-host aberrant splicing, in which HIV-1 RNA splices into the host RNA and aberrantly drives host RNA transcription. HIV-1-induced aberrant transcription was driven by the HIV-1 promoter as shown by CRISPR-dCas9-mediated HIV-1-specific activation and could be suppressed by CRISPR-dCas9-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 5' long terminal repeat. Overall, we identified cellular factors supporting HIV-1 reactivation and HIV-1-driven aberrant host gene transcription as potential therapeutic targets to disrupt HIV-1 persistence.

Activation Dynamics and Immunoglobulin Evolution of Pre-existing and Newly Generated Human Memory B cell Responses to Influenza Hemagglutinin.

Vaccine-induced memory B cell responses to evolving viruses like influenza A involve activation of pre-existing immunity and generation of new responses. To define the contribution of these two types of responses, we analyzed the response to H7N9 vaccination in H7N9-naive adults. We performed comprehensive comparisons at the single-cell level of the kinetics, Ig repertoire, and activation phenotype of established pre-existing memory B cells recognizing conserved epitopes and the newly generated memory B cells directed toward H7 strain-specific epitopes. The recall response to conserved epitopes on H7 HA involved a transient expansion of memory B cells with little observed adaptation. However, the B cell response to newly encountered epitopes was phenotypically distinct and generated a sustained memory population that evolved and affinity matured months after vaccination. These findings establish clear differences between newly generated and pre-existing memory B cells, highlighting the challenges in achieving long-lasting, broad protection against an ever-evolving virus.