Intravascular ultrasonography assisted carotid artery stenting for treatment of carotid stenosis: Two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), the gold standard of cerebrovascular disease diagnosis, is limited in its diagnostic ability to evaluate arterial diameter. Intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) has advantages in assessing stenosis and plaque nature and improves the evaluation and effectiveness of carotid artery stenting (CAS). CASE SUMMARY: Case 1: A 65-year-old man presented with a five-year history of bilateral lower limb weakness due to stroke. Physical examination showed decreased strength (5-/5) in both lower limbs. Carotid artery ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed a right proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (70%-99%), acute cerebral infarction, and severe right ICA stenosis, respectively. We performed IVUS-assisted CAS to measure the stenosis and detected a low-risk plaque at the site of stenosis prior to stent implantation. Post-stent balloon dilatation was performed and postoperative IVUS demonstrated successful expansion and adherence. CTA six months postoperatively showed no significant increase in in-stent stenosis. Case 2: A 36-year-old man was admitted with a right common carotid artery (CCA) dissection detected by ultrasound. Physical examination showed no positive neurological signs. Carotid ultrasound and CTA showed lumen dilation in the proximal CCA with an intima-like structure and bulging in the proximal segment of the right CCA with strip-like low-density shadow (dissection or carotid web). IVUS-assisted DSA confirmed right CCA dissection. CAS was performed and intraoperative IVUS suggested a large residual false lumen. Post-stent balloon dilatation was performed reducing the false lumen. DSA three months postoperatively indicated good stent expansion with mild stenosis. CONCLUSION: IVUS aids decision-making during CAS by accurately assessing carotid artery wall lesions and plaque nature preoperatively, dissection and stenosis morphology intraoperatively, and visualizing and confirming CAS postoperatively.

Clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up outcomes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease in Han Chinese participants.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. This study aimed to delineate the clinical manifestations, imaging features, and long-term outcomes in Chinese patients with MOGAD and analyze the recurrence-associated factors. The phenotypic and neuroimaging characteristics of 15 Han Chinese patients with MOGAD were retrospectively analyzed. Demyelinating attacks, MOG antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid/serum, response to immunotherapy, follow-up outcomes, and recurrence-associated factors were recorded. The median age at disease onset was 34 years (range, 4-65 years). The most common initial presentations included vision loss (10/15, 66.7%) and seizures (5/15, 33.3%). Serum MOG-Ab titers in 14/15 cases were higher than those in the cerebrospinal fluid and were detected in 3/6 relapsed patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging during acute attacks showed lesions in 10/15 patients (66.7%), mostly in the cortex/subcortical white matter (5/15, 33.3%). Recurrence occurred in 6/15 patients (40.0%); in 4 patients, recurrence occurred shortly after immunotherapy discontinuation. Residual neurological deficits were present in 5/15 patients (33.3%), including visual impairment, incapacitation, cognitive impairment, and speech reduction. Optic neuritis was the most common clinical manifestation of MOGAD. magnetic resonance imaging findings were heterogeneous and the cerebral cortex/subcortical white matter was the most susceptible brain region. Although patients in the acute phase responded well to methylprednisolone pulse therapy, the long-term recurrence rate was high. Consistently detected serum MOG antibodies and inappropriate maintenance immunotherapy may be associated with recurrence, and residual neurological deficits should not be ignored.

Clinical and radiological characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 before and after the Omicron outbreak: a multi-center study.

Introduction: The emergence of the Omicron variant has seen changes in the clinical and radiological presentations of COVID-19 in pediatric patients. We sought to compare these features between patients infected in the early phase of the pandemic and those during the Omicron outbreak. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 68 pediatric COVID-19 patients, of which 31 were infected with the original SARS-CoV-2 strain (original group) and 37 with the Omicron variant (Omicron group). Clinical symptoms and chest CT scans were examined to assess clinical characteristics, and the extent and severity of lung involvement. Results: Pediatric COVID-19 patients predominantly had normal or mild chest CT findings. The Omicron group demonstrated a significantly reduced CT severity score than the original group. Ground-glass opacities were the prevalent radiological findings in both sets. The Omicron group presented with fewer symptoms, had milder clinical manifestations, and recovered faster than the original group. Discussion: The clinical and radiological characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 patients have evolved with the advent of the Omicron variant. For children displaying severe symptoms warranting CT examinations, it is crucial to weigh the implications of ionizing radiation and employ customized scanning protocols and protective measures. This research offers insights into the shifting disease spectrum, aiding in the effective diagnosis and treatment of pediatric COVID-19 patients.

Synthesis of α-allenic aldehydes/ketones from homopropargylic alcohols using a visible-light irradiation system.

A visible-light irradiation tandem oxidative aryl migration/carbonyl formation reaction, mediated by K2S2O8 and visible-light photoredox catalysis, has been discovered. The presented transformation provides a straightforward access to important α-allenic aldehyde/ketone derivatives from readily available homopropargylic alcohol derivatives in a regioselective manner of 1,4-aryl shift concomitant with carbonyl formation. The operational simplicity and broad substrate scope demonstrate the great potential of this method for the synthesis of highly functional α-allenic aldehyde/ketone derivatives.

The metabolic score of insulin resistance is positively correlated with bone mineral density in postmenopausal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with osteoporosis (OP) is increasing yearly. Early prevention, detection and treatment of OP are important in postmenopausal patients with T2DM. This study aimed to explore the correlation between insulin resistance and bone mineral density (BMD), and OP in postmenopausal patients with T2DM. In this study, postmenopausal patients with T2DM who visited our hospital from January 2021 to March 2022 were divided into the OP group (n = 91) and non-OP group (n = 119) according to whether they were complicated with OP or not. The general data of patients, BMD, blood routine, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, liver and kidney function indexes were collected, and the homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR), the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and the metabolic score for IR (METS-IR) were calculated. A weighted multivariate linear regression model assessed the correlation between insulin resistance (IR) related indexes and lumbar spine, femoral neck, and hip BMD. A weighted logistic regression model assessed the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association between the IR-related indexes and OP risk. The nonlinear relationship was also evaluated by smooth curve fitting (SCF) and a weighted generalized additive model (GAM). Moreover, the Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive efficiency of METS-IR in postmenopausal patients with T2DM with OP. HOMA-IR, TyG, and METS-IR in the OP group were lower than those in the non-OP group (all P < 0.05). Weighted multiple linear regression after adjusting covariates showed that METS-IR was positively correlated with the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and hip BMD (ßMETS-IR = 0.006,0.005,0.005, all P < 0.001). The results of weighted Logistic regression and GAM showed that when METS-IR < 44.5, each unit of increased METS-IR value was associated with a decreased OP risk of 12% (P = 0.002). When METS-IR ≥ 44.5, there was no significant correlation between METS-IR and the risk of OP (OR = 1.00, P = 0.934). Similar trends were not observed in HOMA-IR and TyG. The ROC suggested helpful discriminative power of the METS-IR index for T2DM. We confirmed that METS-IR, as a novel alternative marker of IR, had a positive association with BMD in postmenopausal patients with T2DM, and METS-IR was a protective factor for OP in a specific range.

Comparison of Lycium barbarum fruits polysaccharide from different regions of China by acidic hydrolysate fingerprinting-based HILIC-ELSD-ESI-TOF-MS combined with chemometrics analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Lycium barbarum is an edible fruit widely used in herbal medicines and as a functional food. Polysaccharide is one of the most important active ingredients. Only L. barbarum grown in the Ningxia region of China are officially recognised as suitable for use in traditional Chinese medicine, but the systematic comparison of L. barbarum polysaccharide between Ningxia and the other growing regions of China has been rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference of L. barbarum polysaccharide from different grown regions of China. METHODS: A chemical fingerprint of L. barbarum polysaccharide hydrolysates was established based on controlled acidolysis combined with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection-electrospray ionisation-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HILIC-ELSD-ESI-TOF-MS). Then, it was employed for the comparison of L. barbarum samples from different geographical origins of China combined with chemometrics analysis. RESULTS: Six monosaccharides [rhamnose (Rha), xylose (Xyl), arabinose (Ara), mannose (Man), glucose (Glu), galactose (Gal)] were qualitatively and quantitatively determined and four glycoconjugates were preliminarily identified from the hydrolysates. Content determination for the polysaccharide and monosaccharide indicated obvious geographical features. The HILIC-ELSD fingerprint combined with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was able to differentiate L. barbarum samples from Ningxia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Qinghai regions with 89.19% classification accuracy. Orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was able to differentiate between samples from Ningxia and those from the other three growing regions, polysaccharide and Ara were the potential chemical markers. CONCLUSIONS: These findings form the basis of a reliable method to trace the region of origin of L. barbarum sample and thereby, improve the quality control of L. barbarum therapeutic polysaccharides.

RNA adenosine modifications related to prognosis and immune infiltration in osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: RNA adenosine modifications, which are primarily mediated by "writer" enzymes (RMWs), play a key role in epigenetic regulation in various biological processes, including tumorigenesis. However, the expression and prognostic role of these genes in osteosarcoma (OS) remain unclear. METHODS: Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were used to construct the RMW signature for OS using Target datasets. RMW expression in OS tissue was detected by qPCR analysis. Xcell and GSVA were used to determine the relationship between RMWs and immune infiltration. The DGIdb and CMap databases were used for drug prediction. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that strophanthidin elicited antitumor activity against OS. RESULTS: A 3-RMW (CSTF2, ADAR and WTAP) prognostic signature in OS was constructed using the Target dataset and verified using GEO datasets and 63 independent OS tissues via qPCR analysis. High-risk OS patients had poor overall survival, and the prognostic signature was an independent prognostic factor for OS. Functional studies showed that tumour-, metabolism-, cell cycle- and immune-related pathways were related to high risk. Next, we found that RMW-derived high-risk patients exhibited increased infiltration of M2 macrophages and cDCs. Furthermore, we predicted the potential drugs for OS using the DGIdb and CMap databases. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that strophanthidin elicited antitumor activity against OS by repressing cell growth and inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. CONCLUSION: The 3-RWM-based prognostic signature established in this study is a novel gene signature associated with immune infiltration, and strophanthidin was identified as a candidate therapy for OS by repressing OS cell growth and the cell cycle.

An arabinogalactan from Lycium barbarum attenuates DSS-induced chronic colitis in C57BL/6J mice associated with the modulation of intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an incurable chronic inflammation of the enteric tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of arabinogalactan from Lycium barbarum on DSS-induced chronic colitis. A homogeneous arabinogalactan was isolated and purified from L. barbarum, named LBP-3, which mainly consisted of arabinose and galactose with a molar ratio of 1.00 : 0.82. LBP-3 treatment remarkably alleviated body weight loss, histopathological damage and the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes in UC mice. Additionally, the intestinal barrier integrity was partially recovered by the up-regulated expression of MUC2 and tight junction proteins. Moreover, the gut microbiota shift was reversed by LBP-3 administration by enriching potential probiotic bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcaceae) and inhibiting the proliferation of harmful bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae). Furthermore, SCFAs, as major metabolites of LBP-3 fermentation by gut microbiota, were also promoted so as to maintain relatively favorable intestinal homeostasis. Overall, our findings suggested LBP-3 from L. barbarum could be a potential therapeutic candidate against UC via improving intestinal barrier function and partially restoring gut microbiota and its metabolites.

Mixed polysaccharides derived from shiitake mushroom, Poriacocos, Ginger, and Tangerine peel prevent the H1N1 virus infections in mice.

The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus spread globally and posed one of the most serious global public health challenges. The traditional Chinese medicine is served as a complementary treatment strategy with vaccine immunization. Here, we demonstrated that the mixed polysaccharides (MPs) derived from shiitake mushroom, poriacocos, ginger, and tyangerine peel prevent the H1N1 virus infections in mice. MP pretreatment attenuated H1N1 virus-induced weight loss, clinical symptoms, and death. The lymphocytes detection results showed that the CD3+, CD19+, and CD25+ cell proportions were upregulated in thymus under MP pretreatment. Besides, MP pretreatment reduced the inflammatory cell infiltration and increased the cell proportions of CD19+, CD25+, and CD278+ in lung. However, MP treatment have no effective therapeutic effect after H1N1 virus challenge. The current study suggested that pretreatment with MPs could attenuate H1N1 virus-induced lung injury and upregulate humoral and cellular immune responses in nonimmunized mice.

Correction: MicroRNA-126 inhibits tumor proliferation and angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma by down-regulating EGFL7 expression.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11877.].

The function and mechanism of the miR-210-3p/KRAS axis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell from patients with osteoporosis.

The disturbance of homeostasis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) adipogenesis and osteogenesis could result in pathologic consequences that plays a critical role in osteoporosis pathogenesis. In the present study, we demonstrated that miR-210-3p was abnormally upregulated within the femur of osteoporosis patients and abnormally downregulated in osteogenically differentiated BMSCs. The predicted targets of candidate miRNAs were enriched in the Pluripotent stem cell differentiation signaling. KRAS, as a vital factor of the KRAS/MAPK/ERK signaling, was upregulated in osteogenically differentiated BMSCs. In osteoporosis-BMSCs, the expression level of KRAS showed to be decreased, whereas the expression level of miR-210-3p showed to be increased. Within normal-BMSCs, miR-210-3p overexpression or KRAS silencing significantly inhibited the osteogenic differentiation and the activation of the MAPK signaling. miR-210-3p directly targeted KRAS and inhibited KRAS expression. The effects of miR-210-3p overexpression upon KRAS expression, MAPK signaling, and BMSC osteogenic differentiation were significantly reversed by KRAS overexpression. Altogether, miR-210-3p suppresses normal BMSC osteogenic differentiation through targeting KRAS and suppressing the MAPK signaling; KRAS overexpression could reverse the suppressive effects of miR-210-3p overexpression.

Prediction of air traffic delays: An agent-based model introducing refined parameter estimation methods.

We propose an agent-based model for predicting individual flight delays in an entire air traffic network. In contrast to previous work, more detailed parameter estimation methods were incorporated into the agent-based model, acting on the state transitions of agents. Specifically, a conditional probability model was proposed for modifying the expected departure time, which was used to indicate whether a flight had experienced the necessary waiting due to Ground Delay Programs (GDPs) or carrier-related reasons. Additionally, two random forest regression models were presented for estimating the turnaround time and the elapsed time of flight agents in the agent-based delay prediction model. The parameter models were trained and fitted using the flight data for 2017 in the United States. The performance of the delay prediction model was tested for thirty days with three types of delay levels (low, medium, and high), which were randomly selected from 2018. The experimental results showed that the average absolute error in the test days was 6.8 min, and the classification accuracy with a 15 min threshold for a two-hour forecast horizon was 89.5%. The performance of our model outperformed that of existing research. Additionally, the positive effect of introducing parameter models and the negative impact of increasing the prediction horizon on the prediction performance were further studied.

LncRNA-ROR/microRNA-185-3p/YAP1 axis exerts function in biological characteristics of osteosarcoma cells.

AIM: The co-expression network of long non-coding RNA ROR (lncRNA-ROR) and microRNA-185-3p (miR-185-3p) has not been focused on osteosarcoma. Therein, this work was initiated to uncover lncRNA-ROR and miR-185-3p functions in osteosarcoma. METHODS: LncRNA-ROR, miR-185-3p and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) expression in osteosarcoma tissues and cells were detected. The screened cells (MG63 and U2OS) were transfected with decreased and/or increased lncRNA-ROR and miR-185-3p to explore osteosarcoma progression. Tumor growth was detected by tumor xenografts in mice. RESULTS: Up-regulated lncRNA-ROR and YAP1 and down-regulated miR-185-3p were found in osteosarcoma. LncRNA ROR knockdown or miR-185-3p overexpression inhibited osteosarcoma cell progression while lncRNA ROR elevation or miR-185-3p inhibition presented the opposite effects. Function of lncRNA ROR was rescued by miR-185-3p and regulated the growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells via modulating YAP1, the target gene of miR-185-3p. CONCLUSION: This work illustrates that lncRNA-ROR down-regulation or miR-185-3p up-regulation inhibits osteosarcoma progression via YAP1 repression.

lncRNA Xist Regulates Osteoblast Differentiation by Sponging miR-19a-3p in Aging-induced Osteoporosis.

The switch between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) plays a key role in aging-induced osteoporosis. In this study, miR-19a-3p was obviously downregulated in BMSCs from aged humans and mice. Overexpressed miR-19a-3p evidently reduced aging-induced bone loss in mice and promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, while silenced miR-19a-3p manifestly increased aging-induced bone loss in mice and repressed osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Hoxa5 was significantly downregulated in the BMSCs from aged mice and contribute to miR-19a-3p-induced osteoblast differentiation as a direct target gene of miR-19a-3p. Furthermore, lncRNA Xist was found as a sponge of miR-19a-3p to repress BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, our study reveals the critical role of the lncRNA Xist/miR-19a-3p/Hoxa5 pathway in aging-induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, indicating the potential therapeutic target for osteoporosis.

Cinnamaldehyde Treatment of Prostate Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Prevents Their Inhibitory Effect on T Cells Through Toll-Like Receptor 4.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote tumor progression; thus, drugs that can modify CAFs need to be identified. METHODS: To test the effect of cinnamaldehyde on prostate CAFs, the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay was used to determine their survival. When spleen cells were treated with CAF supernatant, the proliferation of T cells was inhibited as determined by flow cytometry. After cinnamaldehyde treatment, this immunosuppressive function of CAFs was partially reversed. To explore the molecular mechanism, Western blotting and the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were applied, and TLR4-dependent signaling pathway-related protein and mRNA levels were quantified. RESULTS: Cinnamaldehyde acted on the TLR4-dependent signaling pathway, altering the function of CAFs such that its supernatant no longer inhibited the proliferation of T cells. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that cinnamaldehyde can modify the functions of CAFs, which may be helpful for treating tumors. Cinnamaldehyde can suppress CAF T-cell inhibition.

Network Pharmacology to Uncover the Biological Basis of Spleen Qi Deficiency Syndrome and Herbal Treatment.

Spleen qi deficiency (SQD) syndrome is one of the basic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes related to various diseases including chronic inflammation and hypertension and guides the use of many herbal formulae. However, the biological basis of SQD syndrome has not been clearly elucidated due to the lack of appropriate methodologies. Here, we propose a network pharmacology strategy integrating computational, clinical, and experimental investigation to study the biological basis of SQD syndrome. From computational aspects, we used a powerful disease gene prediction algorithm to predict the SQD syndrome biomolecular network which is significantly enriched in biological functions including immune regulation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. From clinical aspects, SQD syndrome is involved in both the local and holistic disorders, that is, the digestive diseases and the whole body's dysfunctions. We, respectively, investigate SQD syndrome-related digestive diseases including chronic gastritis and irritable bowel syndrome and the whole body's dysfunctions such as chronic fatigue syndrome and hypertension. We found innate immune and oxidative stress modules of SQD syndrome biomolecular network dysfunction in chronic gastritis patients and irritable bowel syndrome patients. Lymphocyte modules were downregulated in chronic fatigue syndrome patients and hypertension patients. From experimental aspects, network pharmacology analysis suggested that targets of Radix Astragali and other four herbs commonly used for SQD syndrome are significantly enriched in the SQD syndrome biomolecular network. Experiments further validated that Radix Astragali ingredients promoted immune modules such as macrophage proliferation and lymphocyte proliferation. These findings indicate that the biological basis of SQD syndrome is closely related to insufficient immune response including decreased macrophage activity and reduced lymphocyte proliferation. This study not only demonstrates the potential biological basis of SQD syndrome but also provides a novel strategy for exploring relevant molecular mechanisms of disease-syndrome-herb from the network pharmacology perspective.

A sulfur, nitrogen dual-doped porous graphene nanohybrid for ultraselective Hg(ii) separation over Pb(ii) and Cu(ii).

Two-dimensional (2D) porous graphene is attractive as a high-permeability membrane for ionic and molecular separation. Here, we propose a sulfur, nitrogen dual-doped 2D porous graphene (SNPG) nanohybrid by adopting a facile one-step process. The resulting sandwich-like porous nanohybrid features uniform ion-gated nanopores for efficient transport of target heavy metal ions while blocking undesired ions, as well as abundant multi-binding ligands for selectively chelating permeated heavy metal ions. We show from systematic experiments that this SNPG nanohybrid exhibits outstanding selectivity and ability to separate Hg(ii) ions in mixtures with eight other metal ions. An excellent uptake capability (803 mg g-1) and high removal ability (>99%) within the entire pH range of 2-10 can be obtained. Given the specific 2D porous nanostructure and specific binding ligands, SNPG exhibits an ultrahigh separation factor towards Hg(ii) that is up to four orders of magnitude higher than those of Pb(ii), Cd(ii) and Cu(ii) ions, significantly higher than those of most reported adsorbents. These findings provide a new opportunity to develop selective materials and devices for applications such as efficient recognition, extraction and separation of target metal ions in complex aqueous environments.

WTAP promotes osteosarcoma tumorigenesis by repressing HMBOX1 expression in an m6A-dependent manner.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulators are involved in the progression of various cancers via regulating m6A modification. However, the potential role and mechanism of the m6A modification in osteosarcoma remains obscure. In this study, WTAP was found to be highly expressed in osteosarcoma tissue and it was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in osteosarcoma. Functionally, WTAP, as an oncogene, was involved in the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma in vitro and vivo. Mechanistically, M6A dot blot, RNA-seq and MeRIP-seq, MeRIP-qRT-PCR and luciferase reporter assays showed that HMBOX1 was identified as the target gene of WTAP, which regulated HMBOX1 stability depending on m6A modification at the 3'UTR of HMBOX1 mRNA. In addition, HMBOX1 expression was downregulated in osteosarcoma and was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in osteosarcoma patients. Silenced HMBOX1 evidently attenuated shWTAP-mediated suppression on osteosarcoma growth and metastasis in vivo and vitro. Finally, WTAP/HMBOX1 regulated osteosarcoma growth and metastasis via PI3K/AKT pathway. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the critical role of the WTAP-mediated m6A modification in the progression of osteosarcoma, which could provide novel insights into osteosarcoma treatment.

Acidic hydrolysate fingerprints based on HILIC-ELSD/MS combined with multivariate analysis for investigating the quality of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides.

In this preliminary study, the acidic hydrolysate fingerprints of polysaccharides based on hydrophilic-interaction chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection-electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HILIC-ELSD/ESI-TOF/MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis was developed and applied to investigate the quality of Ganoderma lucidum from different regions. Projection-to-latent-structure discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) could distinguish samples of Zhejiang regions from those of other regions. Orthogonal-projection-to-latent-structure discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) provided clear discrimination between G. lucidum samples cultivated in Zhejiang and that from other regions, in which Polysaccharides and D-galactose could be considered as candidate biomarkers. In addition, the intraspecific differentiation of G. lucidum was preliminarily investigated with samples from Shaanxi region. They were classified into four groups by PCA and PLS-DA, in which L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and mannose were considered as potential chemical markers. These preliminary results contributed to our understanding of the variance of polysaccharides in Ganoderma spp. from different geographic origins and the intraspecific differentiation from the same region, which suggest great potential in the quality control of Ganoderma spp.