ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Saikosaponin a (SSa), a triterpene saponin derived from Radix bupleuri, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) using a murine model. The mice were given SSa 1 h after intranasal instillation of LPS. Then, lung histopathological examination, the wet/dry (W/D) ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected in this study. The results showed that SSa reduced lung pathological injury induced by LPS. Furthermore, LPS-induced lung W/D ratio, MPO activity, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß in BALF were significantly inhibited by SSa. In addition, SSa suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation and NLRP3 inflammasome expression. In conclusion, we found that SSa played a critical anti-inflammatory effect through inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways and protected against LPS-induced ALI.
Subject(s)
Acute Lung Injury/prevention & control , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Lipopolysaccharides , Lung/drug effects , Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Saponins/pharmacology , Acute Lung Injury/chemically induced , Acute Lung Injury/metabolism , Acute Lung Injury/pathology , Animals , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry , Caspase 1/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Lung/metabolism , Lung/pathology , Male , Mice, Inbred BALB C , NF-kappa B/metabolism , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects , Oleanolic Acid/pharmacology , Pulmonary Edema/metabolism , Pulmonary Edema/pathology , Pulmonary Edema/prevention & control , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Heparin saline (HS) is theoretically superior to normal saline (NS) for maintaining the patency of central venous catheters (CVCs), but the comparative efficacy of them remains controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of NS versus HS in the maintenance of the patency of CVCs in adult patients. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the use of NS vs. HS to maintain the permeability of CVCs among adult patients were included in our meta-analysis. References of relevant papers were reviewed manually. No language restriction was applied. Non-human studies were excluded. Pooled relative risk (RR) was calculated using a Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model. We also performed subgroup analysis examining the effect of the duration of catheter placement on the outcome. All statistical tests were two-sided using a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Ten RCTs involving 7875 subjects (with analysis at patient, catheter, lumen and line access level) were included in this meta-analysis. Whether in terms of pooled or local analysis (RR with 95% confidence interval spans 1), NS can be equally, if not more effective, in keeping the CVCs open. Of studies reporting secondary outcomes (maneuver needed, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, haemorrhage, central venous thrombosis and catheter-related bloodstream infection), heparinised saline was shown not to be superior to non-heparinised solution. Subgroup analysis in patients with short vs long term CVC placement was consistent with the main outcome partly and in particular for maintenance of catheter patency in patients with a long-term placement i.e. >30 days, the RR was 0.97 (n = 6589; 95% CI = 0.76 to 1.23; P = 0.796). However, for patients in whom the catheter was in place for <30 days, the RR was 1.52 (n = 1286; 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.27; P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this meta-analysis, HS is not superior to NS in reducing CVCs occlusion. But in the short term, the use of HS is slightly superior to NS for flushing catheters from a statistical point of view.
