Understanding thrombosis: the critical role of oxidative stress.

Thrombosis, a leading contributor to global health burden, is a complex process involving the interplay of various cell types, including vascular endothelial cells, platelets, and red blood cells. Oxidative stress, characterized by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), can significantly impair the function of these cells, thus instigating a cascade of events leading to thrombus formation. In this review, we comprehensively explore the role of oxidative stress within these cells, and its mechanistic contribution to thrombogenesis, and the application of oxidative therapy in inhibiting thrombosis. By dissecting the intricacies of oxidative stress and its impact on thrombosis, we underscore its potential as a viable therapeutic target. Therefore, further research in this direction is warranted to enhance our understanding and management of thrombotic disorders.

Risk factors associated with immunoprophylaxis failure against mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis B vaccination status in Yunnan province, China.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the risk factors associated with immunoprophylaxis failure against mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B vaccination status in Yunnan province, China. METHODS: Multicenter cluster sampling was used to select pregnant women who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). HBV immunoprophylaxis was carried out for the newborns. Blood samples were collected and tested for HBV markers from 7 to 10 month old infants. The factors were analyzed by univariate and logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 2765 mothers and their infants were enrolled. The failure rate of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) was 4.12%. The rate of timely HepB1 vaccination within 24h was 98.04%, the rate of three-dose vaccination was 92.30% and the rate of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) administration was 68.97%. Place of residence, maternal education, gestational age and birth weight were related to administration of HBV immunoprophylaxis. It was remarkable that the rate of HBIG administration of infants was only 63.89% with whose mothers were both HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive. Further analysis showed that there were three risk factors associated with HBV immunoprophylaxis failure: mothers who were positive for HBsAg and HBeAg, maternal HBVDNA level, and HBIG administration or not. CONCLUSIONS: PMTCT of HBV was well implemented in Yunnan. However, in order to achieve optimal prevention of vertical HBV transmission, it is mandatory to make additional efforts to improve the implementation of regulatory HBV immunoprophylaxis, especially for HBsAg-positive pregnant women.

[Evaluation on the efficacy of prevention programs and relevant factors targeting mother-to-infant transmission on hepatitis B virus in Yunnan province].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of prevention programs and relevant factors targeting mother-to-infant transmission of HBV in Yunnan province. METHODS: In Yunnan province, we selected HBsAg positive pregnant women that delivered in hospital from January 1st through June 30th, 2011. Newborns of these pregnant women were under PMTCT (prevention of mother to child treatment) program and followed. Every infant was drawn 2 ml venous blood and questionnaire survey was carried out when the baby was 7-12 month-old and completed the vaccination processes. Serum samples of them were then collected and detected on the 5 serological indicators of HBV. RESULTS: were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: There were 2 765 infants in the study program. The success rate of PMTCT was 95.88% . Rates of coverage on both timely-birth dose and 3 doses of HepB were 97.03% and 92.30% respectively. The overall vaccinated rate and timely-birth vaccinated rate on hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) were 68.97% and 94.49% respectively. The success rate of PMTCT was 97.16% after administration of passive-active immune-prophylaxis (HepB and HBIG), compared to the rate as 93.01% when vaccinated with HepB only. Significant differences were seen in the successful rates of PMTCT between combined and non-combined immunization. Either the combined or non-combined immunization, there were significant differences seen in the success rates of PMTCT regardless the positivity status of HBsAg or HBeAg, among the infected mothers. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of passive-active immune-prophylaxis program seemed to be better than the one without combined immunization. It was vitally important for the infants whose mothers' HBsAg and HBeAg status were positive, to receive regular and timely combined immunization. In order to promote the PMTCT in Yunnan province, vaccinated rate on HBIG should be further improved.

[Study on the influencing factors of hepatitis B vaccine timely birth dose for infants born at hospitals].

OBJECTIVE: To study the coverage of timely birth dose of HepB vaccine (HepB1) and reasons contributed to the non-timely of HepB1 for the infants delivered in the hospital of remote and poverty areas in Yunnan province, and to bring forword the special strategies to improve the coverage of HepB of infants born at those hospitals. METHODS: According to the reported coverage and the estimated coverage of HepB1 vaccine, the HepB coverage of infants born at hospitals was investigated by sampling in Zhaotong and Xishuangbanna in 2007. RESULTS: The average coverage of HepB1 of infants born at the local hospitals was 67.19%, and the HepB1 coverage of infant was higher in county hospitals than in township hospitals. Infants with premature, low birth weight and asphyxia and the shortage of HepB vaccine were the mainly reasons to the non-timely HepB1 of infants born at hospitals. CONCLUSION: The HepB1 coverage of infants was still keep at low level in the local hospital; and to assure enough HepB vaccine in the village hospitals and to grasp immunization contraindication correctly were the two key strategies to promote the HepB1 coverage for infants born at the local hospitals.