Impact of dry eye disease treatment on patient quality of life.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common multifactorial disease affecting a substantial proportion of the population worldwide. Objective tests and subjective symptoms evaluation are necessary to assess DED. Although various treatments have been introduced, accurately evaluating the efficacy of those treatments is difficult because of the disparity between diagnostic tests and patient-reported symptoms. We reviewed the questionnaires used to evaluate DED and the improvements of quality of life with various treatments. In addition, we highlighted the importance of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) assessments for evaluating the effect of DED treatments. Given that the assessment of DED treatment effectiveness substantially relies on individual ocular experiences, acquiring qualitative PRO data is essential for comprehensive evaluation and optimal treatment management. Clinicians should not only focus on improving objective symptoms but also prioritize the well-being of patients in clinical management.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in Sebastes schlegelii: Genome-wide identification and ThermoTRP expression analysis under high-temperature.

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, essential for sensing environmental stimuli, are widely distributed. Among them, thermosensory TRP channels play a crucial role in temperature sensing and regulation. Sebastes schlegelii, a significant aquatic economic species, exhibits sensitivity to temperature across multiple aspects. In this study, we identified 18 SsTRP proteins using whole-genome scanning. Motif analysis revealed motif 2 in all TRP proteins, with conserved motifs in subfamilies. TRP-related domains, anchored repeats, and ion-transmembrane domains were found. Chromosome analysis showed 18 TRP genes on 11 chromosomes and a scaffold. Phylogenetics classified SsTRPs into four subfamilies: TRPM, TRPA, TRPV, and TRPC. In diverse organisms, four monophyletic subfamilies were identified. Additionally, we identified key TRP genes with significantly upregulated transcription levels under short-term (30 min) and long-term (3 days) exposure at 24 °C (optimal elevated temperature) and 27 °C (critical high temperature). We propose that genes upregulated at 30 min may be involved in the primary response process of temperature sensing, while genes upregulated at 3 days may participate in the secondary response process of temperature perception. This study lays the foundation for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of TRPs responses to environmental stimuli in S. schlegelii and other fishes.

Tooth intentional replantation from 1964 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: There is no thorough overview of intentional tooth replantation techniques. We performed a bibliometric analysis of the development of intentional tooth replantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases was conducted in February 2023. Original articles and reviews of human studies with "intentional replantation" or synonyms in the titles, abstracts, or keywords were included. A descriptive analysis of bibliographic data, co-occurrence analysis, and coupling of publications was performed. Multivariate analysis was used to explore the bibliometric parameters associated with the citation counts. RESULTS: The study included 171 papers, which were co-authored by 500 individuals affiliated with 217 institutions from 28 countries/regions. The USA contributed the greatest number of publications, followed by China, and Japan. The USA had 694 citations, followed by Japan (210), and Turkey (210). The Journal of Endodontics and Dental Traumatology contributed the most citations. Five directions for future research were identified based on the coupling relationships of publications, including "managing vertical root fractures with adhesive resin using the intentional replantation technique," "intentional replantation for periodontally hopeless or endodontically compromised teeth," "intentional replantation for treating abnormalities of morphological development," "outcomes and prognosis factors of intentional replantation," and "treating root replacement resorption by intentional replantation." Multivariate analysis showed that the publication year, Journal Citation Reports ranking of journals, study design, and disease type were predictors of citation counts. CONCLUSIONS: This bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive description of the intentional replantation technique. The USA published the greatest volume of papers and generated the most citations. The Journal of Endodontics and Dental Traumatology are considered the most influential. The Journal Citation Reports journal ranking (Q1, Q2), study design (case reports, cohort studies), and disease type (crown root fractures) were associated with the citation counts.

Clinical applications and outcomes of the surgical tooth extrusion technique: A bibliometric analysis from 1982 to 2023.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The surgical extrusion technique has been advocated for severely damaged teeth as well as for intruded and unerupted teeth. However, a quantitative literature analysis is lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this bibliometric analysis was to provide a comprehensive overview of surgical extrusion, assess the applications and outcomes, and evaluate topics for future research. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic search was conducted in leading databases in April 2023. Human studies with surgical tooth extrusion or synonyms in titles or abstracts were included. A bibliographic analysis, co-occurrence analysis, and coupling of publications were performed. The analysis of variance was used to assess the characteristics of the subgroups based on indications. The survival rate was evaluated by using the Kaplan-Meier method in the R software program (α=.05). RESULTS: Fifty-one studies from 1982 to 2023 were included. The Journal of Dental Traumatology and the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry combined published approximately one-third of the papers and acquired the most citations. The burst detection of keywords revealed 4 popular research topics: the Benex extraction system, chlorhexidine for infection control, rigid or semi-rigid splints to decrease the risk of complications, and novel restorative materials to improve esthetics. An overall survival rate of 96.36% was reported among 316 participants with 330 extruded teeth. No significant differences were found in study types, geographic distribution, year of publication, or citation counts among the 4 subgroups (surgical extrusion for subgingival fractures, extensive caries, intruded teeth, and unerupted teeth). A significant difference was observed among the Kaplan-Meier curves of the 4 subgroups (P=.030). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical extrusion may be used to save otherwise nonrestorable teeth, and the procedure has shown promising survival rates when teeth are properly selected and the procedure is well executed. Subgingival fractures and extensive caries near bone level are the predominant indications, as well as intruded and unerupted teeth. Surgical extrusion is a reliable treatment option to facilitate tooth restoration for severely damaged teeth, especially for maxillary anterior teeth.

Genome-Wide Identification of Aqp Family Related to Spermatogenesis in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).

The development and maturation of sperm entails intricate metabolic processes involving water molecules, amino acids, hormones, and various substances. Among these processes, the role of aquaporins (aqps) in the testis is crucial. Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a significant marine flatfish species in China; however, natural egg laying in females is not feasible under cultured conditions. Consequently, artificial insemination becomes necessary, requiring the retrieval of sperm and eggs through artificial methods. In this study, we combined genomic, transcriptomics, RT-qPCR, computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), and immunohistochemistry to investigate the involvement of the aqp family in spermatogenesis in turbot. Through genomic data analysis, we identified 16 aqps genes dispersed across 13 chromosomes, each exhibiting the characteristic major intrinsic protein (MIP) domain associated with AQPs. The results from RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis revealed prominent expression of aqp4, 10, and 12 during the proliferative stage, whereas aqp1 showed primary expression during the mature stage. aqp11 displayed high expression levels during both MSII and MSV stages, potentially contributing significantly to the proliferation and maturation of male germ cells. Conversely, aqp8 showed elevated expression levels during the MSIII, MSIII-IV, and MSIV stages, suggesting its direct involvement in spermiogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis unveiled the predominant localization of AQP1 protein in male germ cells rather than Sertoli cells, specifically concentrated in the head of sperm within cysts. Furthermore, a noteworthy decline in sperm motility was observed when sperm were subjected to treatment with either the AQP1-specific inhibitor (HgCl2) or the AQP1 antibody. However, no direct correlation was found between the expression of Smaqp1 and sperm quality. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the involvement of aqps in teleost spermatogenesis. Moreover, they hold potential for improving techniques related to sperm activation and cryopreservation, offering valuable knowledge for future advancements in this field.

OUTCOMES OF AUTOTRANSPLANTED THIRD MOLARS WITH COMPLETE ROOT FORMATION: A SYSTEMIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

OBJECTIVES: Clear evidence is lacking regarding the outcomes of autogenous tooth transplantation (ATT) of third molars with complete root formation. The current review aims to explore the long-term survival and complication rates. METHODS: A comprehensive search was performed in December 2022 of the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, EBSCO, Ovid, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases. The systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42022337659). The pooled survival, root resorption, and ankyloses rates were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the effects of sample size and 3D techniques. RESULTS: Twelve studies from 5 countries fulfilled the eligibility, with 759 third molars transplanted in 723 patients. Five studies reported 100% survival at 1-year follow-up. After excluding these 5 studies, the pooled survival rate was 93.62% at 1 year. The survival rate of 1 large sample study was significantly higher than that of small ones at 5 years. The complications of studies using 3D techniques were: root resorption 2.06% (95% CI: 0.22, 7.50) and ankyloses 2.81% (95% CI: 0.16, 12.22), compared to those without 3D techniques: root resorption 10.18% (95% CI: 4.50, 17.80) and ankyloses 6.49% (95% CI: 3.45, 10.96). CONCLUSIONS: ATT of third molars with complete root formation is a reliable alternative for replacement of a missing tooth and has a promising survival rate. The use of 3D techniques can reduce complication rates and improve long-term survival.

Clinical and CT diagnosis of 50 cases of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia.

Background: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study aiming to explore the clinical and imaging manifestations of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia (CPP), thus improving its diagnosis, guiding its early clinical treatment, and reducing its mortality rate. Methods: Fifty cases of CPP diagnosed by hospitals across the country with metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) from January 2019 to March 2021 were collected. Its clinical symptoms, laboratory test results, and computed tomography (CT) features were discussed. Results: Forty patients had a history of poultry exposure; 37 experienced respiratory symptoms, 48 had a fever, 14 experienced gastrointestinal symptoms, and 12 experienced neurological symptoms; 34 patients had normal blood cell counts, 49 patients had elevated C-reactive protein, and 24 showed decreased serum sodium. Imaging manifestations: (I) Distribution: lesions were limited to a single lung in 31 patients, lesions were distributed in bilateral lungs in 19 patients; (II) Signs: 37 patients developed the "fine mesh sign". Necrosis, cavity and "tree-in-bud" were not observed. Pleural effusion occurred in 33 patients, mediastinal lymphadenopathy in 18, and splenomegaly in 15 patients. Conclusions: Patients with CPP often have a history of poultry exposure and present with fever and increased C-reactive protein. White blood cells may be slightly increased or completely normal. Hyponatremia may occur in some patients, and multiple systems may be clinically involved. The imaging can show lesions with unilateral or bilateral lung distribution and a rapid progression. Both the lung parenchyma and the interstitium are involved. Fine mesh sign is the most common sign. Necrosis, cavitation, and tree-in-bud signs are not observed. In conclusion, imaging examinations are helpful for the early diagnosis of this disease and the evaluation of the treatment effect.

Prevalence and characteristics of needlestick injuries among dental interns during their first-year clinical training: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Dental interns are vulnerable to needlestick injuries (NSI). The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence and characteristics of NSI exposures among dental interns during their first-year clinical training, assess risk factors, and evaluate reporting behaviours. METHODS: An online survey was conducted among dental interns of Class 2011-2017 at Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSS), China. The self-administrated questionnaire consisted of information on demographic profiles, NSI characteristics, and reporting practices. The outcomes were presented by descriptive statistics. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to assess NSI sources using a forward step-wise approach. RESULTS: A total of 407 dental interns completed the survey (response rate 91.9%, 407/443), and 23.8% sustained at least one NSI. The mean number of NSIs per intern was 0.28 during the first clinical year. More occupation exposures occurred from October to December, between 13:00-15:00. Syringe needles were the most frequent sources, followed by dental burs, suture needles, and ultrasonic chips. The risk of peer-inflicted NSIs in the department of Paediatric Dentistry was 12.1 times higher than that in Oral Surgery (OR 12.1, 95% CI: 1.4-101.4). Appropriately 64.9% NSIs occurred when chairside assistants were absent. Compared to working alone, the risk of peer-inflicted NSIs was 32.3 times higher when providing chairside assistance (OR 32.3, 95% CI: 7.2-145.4). The left-hand index finger was the most commonly injured site. About 71.4% of exposures were reported in paperwork. CONCLUSIONS: Dental interns are susceptible to NSIs during their first-year clinical training. Extra attention should be paid to syringe needles, dental burs, suture needles, and ultrasonic chips. The lack of chairside assistance is hazardous regarding NSIs. The training of chairside assistance of the first-year dental interns should be enhanced. First-year dental interns are required to increase their awareness of ignored behaviors related to NSI exposures.

Total Syntheses of Phleghenrines A and C: A [4 + 2] Cycloaddition and Ring-Expansion Approach.

The first total syntheses of Lycopodium alkaloids phleghenrines A and C have been accomplished in 19 and 18 steps, respectively, relying on three (hetero)-Diels-Alder ([4 + 2]) cycloaddition reactions to forge the cyclic molecular backbone and two ring-expansion reactions to manipulate the ring size. A chiral precursor is synthesized through an auxiliary controlled Diels-Alder reaction, rendering the asymmetric synthesis accessible. The established strategy provides a general approach to the relevant novel Lycopodium alkaloids.

Molecular characterization of TRPA1 and its function in temperature preference in Eriocheir sinensis.

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an economically important aquaculture species, and its growth and development are regulated by temperature, but the molecular mechanisms of the responses to temperature remain unclear. Herein, we identified TRPA1 from E. sinensis, a member of the TRP family of heat receptor potential channels, performed RACE cloning and bioinformatics analysis, and investigated the effect of TRPA1 on temperature responses and molting by real-time PCR and RNA interference (RNAi). The open reading frame of Es-TRPA1 is 3660 bp, and the encoded protein has a molecular weight of 136.91 kDa, and is expressed in embryos and juveniles. RNAi-mediated silencing decreased Es-TRPA1 expression in juvenile crabs, molting rate was decreased, mortality was increased, and crabs avoided cold areas (4 °C) much less than control juvenile crabs. The results suggest that Es-TRPA1 is involved in regulating temperature adaptation and molting processes in E. sinensis. The findings lay a foundation for further exploration of temperature regulation mechanisms in E. sinensis and other crustaceans.

Severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci genotype E/B strain circulating among geese in Lishui city, Zhejiang province, China.

Between November 2021 and January 2022, four patients of community-acquired pneumonia were admitted to the hospitals in Lishui city, Zhejiang province, China. Their main clinical manifestations were fever and dry cough as well as radiographic infiltrate, but the empiric antimicrobial therapy or traditional Chinese medicine was not effective for their illness. Clinical specimens from the patients as well as environmental and poultry specimens were collected for the determination of the causative pathogen. The ompA gene and seven housekeeping genes of Chlamydia psittaci were successfully amplified from all the patients, and the sequences of each gene were identical to one another, suggesting that they were infected by the same strain of C. psittaci. A novel strain of C. psittaci (LS strain) was isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patient 2 and its whole genome was obtained. Phylogenetic analyses based on the whole-genome sequences showed that the isolate is most closely related to the strain (WS/RT/E30) identified as genotype E/B. In addition, The ompA gene and four housekeeping genes of C. psittaci were also amplified from two of four faeces samples of geese at the home of patient 2, and the sequences from geese were 100% identical to those from the patients. Accordingly, these cases could be attributed to a circulating C. psittaci strain of genotype E/B in the local geese. Therefore, there is an urgent need to strengthen the regional surveillance on C. psittaci among poultry and humans for prevention and control of the outbreak of psittacosis in the city.

Apocrine Hidrocystoma with IgG4 Plasma Cell Infiltration Presenting as Recurrent Chalazion: A Case Report.

Apocrine hidrocystomas are benign cystic tumors resulting from apocrine sweat glands' proliferation. They typically present as solitary, slow-growing nodules at the head and neck, especially in the periorbital cutaneous region. We present a case of periorbital apocrine hidrocystoma in a 22-year-old woman that was treated as chalazion previously. Besides the hallmark histopathological findings of apocrine hidrocystoma, IgG4 plasma cell infiltration of the cystic wall was also found. The ratio of IgG4-to-IgG-positive plasma cells was high, whereas serum IgG4 was within the standard limit. This is, to date, the only probable IgG4-related ophthalmic disease associated with apocrine hidrocystoma.

Microinjection-based CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in the decapoda crustaceans Neocaridina heteropoda and Eriocheir sinensis.

CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been applied to many arthropods. However, application of this technology to crustaceans remains limited because of the unique characteristics of embryos. Our group has developed a microinjection system to introduce the CRISPR/Cas9 system into Neocaridina heteropoda embryos (one-cell stage). Using the developed method, we mutated the target gene Nh-scarlet (N. heteropoda scarlet), which functions in eye development and pigmentation. The results showed that both eye color and shape were altered in individuals in which Nh-scarlet was knocked out. Furthermore, this system was also successfully applied to another decapod crustacean, Eriocheir sinensis. DNA sequencing revealed that the zoeae with red eyes had an edited version of Es-scarlet. This study provides a stable microinjection method for freshwater crustaceans, and will contribute to functional genomics studies in various decapods.

Epidemiology of needlestick injury exposures among dental students during clinical training in a major teaching institution of China: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Dental students are particularly vulnerable for needlestick injuries (NSI). However, the epidemiology of NSI exposures among Chinese dental students was rarely reported. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of NSI among dental students in a major teaching institution of China, and to identify associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A self-administrated online questionnaire was developed based on previously published studies, and distributed to dental students of Class 2011-2015 recruited from Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight dental students including 38.8% of males and 61.2% of females (response rate of 90.0%) completed the survey. Approximately 36.2% of the respondents had sustained at least one NSI. A total of 112 NSI cases were reported. The majority of NSIs were related to the procedures of local anesthesia administration (15.2%) and tooth cleaning or scaling (15.2%). Syringe needles, dental burs and ultrasonic chips were the most notorious devices. Statistical analysis showed significant distribution in NSI occurrence between July-September and October-December. The main cause was lapse in concentration (67.9%), followed by fatigue (22.3%). Up to 66.1% of the exposures occurred when the student was working alone, while only 10.7% with assisting. Unfortunately, 26.8% of the incidents were under-reported. CONCLUSION: Dental students are prone to needlestick injuries. The present study clearly reveals a need for increased awareness of NSI prevention among dental students. The quality of infection control education at dental teaching institutions is crucial and indispensable for reducing NSI exposures.

Reshaping the murine immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoire with bovine DH genes.

Having a limited number of VH segments, cattle rely on uniquely long DH gene segments to generate CDRH3 length variation (3-70 aa) far greater than that in humans or mice. Bovine antibodies with ultralong CDRH3s (>50 aa) possess unusual structures and abilities to bind to special antigens. In this study, we replaced most murine endogenous DH segments with bovine DH genes, generating a mouse line termed B-DH. The use of bovine DH genes significantly increased the length variation of CDRH3 and consequently the Ig heavy chain repertoire in B-DH mice. However, no ultralong CDRH3 was observed in B-DH mice, suggesting that other factors, in addition to long DH genes, are also involved in the formation of ultralong CDRH3. The B-DH mice mounted a normal humoral immune response to various antigens, although the B-cell developmental paradigm was obviously altered compared with wild-type mice. Additionally, B-DH mice are not predisposed to the generation of autoantibodies despite the interspecies DH gene replacement. The B-DH mice reported in this study provide a unique model to answer basic questions regarding the synergistic evolution of DH and VH genes, VDJ recombination and BCR selection in B-cell development.

Phage Selective Pressure Reduces Virulence of Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Through Mutation of the wzc Gene.

Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp), one of the major community-acquired pathogens, can cause invasive infections such as liver abscess. In recent years, bacteriophages have been used in the treatment of K. pneumoniae, but the characteristics of the phage-resistant bacteria produced in the process of phage therapy need to be evaluated. In this study, two Podoviridae phages, hvKpP1 and hvKpP2, were isolated and characterized. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the virulence of the resistant bacteria was significantly reduced compared with that of the wild type. Comparative genomic analysis of monoclonal sequencing showed that nucleotide deletion mutations of wzc and wcaJ genes led to phage resistance, and the electron microscopy and mucoviscosity results showed that mutations led to the loss of the capsule. Meanwhile, animal assay indicated that loss of capsule reduced the virulence of hvKp. These findings contribute to a better understanding of bacteriophage therapy, which not only can kill bacteria directly but also can reduce the virulence of bacteria by phage screening.

A case of tick-transmitted Q fever in Lishui, China diagnosed by next-generation sequencing.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. Most patients have non-specific symptoms at onset. In addition, routine diagnostic tests for C. burnetii are not sensitive, and the bacterium cannot grow in general culture medium. The diagnosis of Q fever therefore poses a challenge. This case study describes a man with a clear history of tick bite who had recurrent fever, pneumonia, and liver damage. Routine tests and bacterial cultures failed to clarify the pathogeny, but laboratory and imaging data suggested infection. After routine tests were exhausted, we detected the presence of C. burnetii in a whole blood sample using next-generation sequencing (NGS). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Q fever associated with Coxiella burnetii detected directly from blood samples in Lishui, China. NGS has revolutionized the diagnosis of infectious diseases, especially those caused by rare or newly discovered pathogens, and patient responses have finally proved its substantial benefits. NGS has important clinical significance for the early diagnosis of chronic Q fever. This proof-of-concept study is worthy of promotion in clinical practice.

FcRn is not the receptor mediating the transfer of serum IgG to colostrum in pigs.

In contrast to humans or rabbits, in which maternal IgG is transmitted to offspring prenatally via the placenta or the yolk sac, large domestic animals such as pigs, cows and sheep transmit IgG exclusively through colostrum feeding after delivery. The extremely high IgG content in colostrum is absorbed by newborns via the small intestine. Although it is widely accepted that the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is the receptor mediating IgG transfer across both the placenta and small intestine, it remains unclear whether FcRn also mediates serum IgG transfer across the mammary barrier to colostrum/milk, especially in large domestic animals. In this study, using a FcRn knockout pig model generated with a CRISPR-Cas9-based approach, we clearly demonstrate that FcRn is not responsible for the IgG transfer from serum to colostrum in pigs, although like in other mammals, it is involved in IgG homeostasis and mediates IgG absorption in the small intestine of newborns.

Kyphoplasty with intravertebral reduction devices associated with better height restoration and greater kyphosis correction than kyphoplasty with balloons.

Kyphoplasty (KP) with intravertebral reduction devices (IRD) was reported to be associated with better radiological outcomes than KP with balloons (BK) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). However, the mechanical factors that contribute to the radiological benefits of IRDs require further investigation. To probe the mechanical factors, this retrospective matched cohort study was designed, including the older patients with painful OVCFs and treated with KP. We compared the clinical and radiological outcomes between KP with an IRD and BK, where vertebral body height and kyphotic angle of the cemented vertebrae were measured pre- and postoperatively; clinical outcomes were collected by telephone interviews. The restoration and maintenance ratio suggested that IRDs were associated with favorable effects long-term wise in anterior to middle vertebral body and kyphosis than BK in patients. The gathered results concluded the radiological benefits of IRD regarding both its efficient restoration and maintenance in vertebrae.

Nemonoxacin Has Immunoprotective Effects on Reducing Mortality in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mouse Sepsis Model.

Nemonoxacin is a novel non-fluorinated quinolone. The effect of nemonoxacin on modulation of host immune response is not known. We sought to determine whether nemonoxacin has immunoprotective effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse sepsis model. Therefore, mice were challenged with lethal dose LPS (12.5 mg/kg) only or LPS with multi-dose nemonoxacin (40 mg/kg q12h) by intraperitoneal injection, and the results showed nemonoxacin could significantly reduce mortality from 80 to 30% in this model. The effect of nemonoxacin on immune cells in vivo and in vitro was also investigated. Mice were treated with sublethal LPS (5 mg/kg) or LPS + nemonoxacin, the myeloid cell subsets in mouse spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry, and cytokines in mouse serum were measured by ELISA. Additionally, mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS or LPS + nemonoxacin to investigate the immune modulatory effect of nemonoxacin in vitro, and the level of cytokines in cell culture supernatant was determined by ELISA. Analysis of myeloid cell subsets in the spleen showed nemonoxacin pretreatment could significantly inhibit LPS-induced proliferation of macrophages and dendritic cells but have no effect on neutrophils. Nemonoxacin could significantly reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α while increase anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 expression, which were induced by LPS in vivo and in vitro. Finally, the immunomodulation of nemonoxacin in macrophage phagocytosis was also examined. The results displayed nemonoxacin pretreatment could significantly enhance the phagocytic function of macrophage. In conclusion, nemonoxacin has immune modulatory and protective effect on LPS-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro.