Exploring the Origin of Maximum Entropy States Relevant to Resonant Modes in Modern Chladni Plates.

The resonant modes generated from the modern Chladni experiment are systematically confirmed to intimately correspond to the maximum entropy states obtained from the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation for the square and equilateral triangle plates. To investigate the origin of maximum entropy states, the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation is modified to consider the point interaction coming from the driving oscillator. The coupling strength associated with the point interaction is characterized by a dimensionless factor α. The δ potential of the point interaction is numerically modelled by a truncated basis with an upper index N. The asymptotic behavior for the upper index N is thoroughly explored to verify that the coupling strength of α = 1.0 can make the theoretical resonant modes agree excellently with the maximum entropy states as N→∞. It is further authenticated that nearly the same resonant modes can be obtained by using a larger coupling strength α when a smaller upper index N is exploited in the calculation.

Jian-Pi-Yi-Fei granule suppresses airway inflammation in mice induced by cigarette smoke condensate and lipopolysaccharide.

INTRODUCTION: As a chronic, progressive, and lethal pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is lacking effective treatment. Chronic inflammatory processes, including inflammatory cytokines, play an important role with in its pathogenesis. Jianpiyifei (JPYF) granule is a traditional Chinese herbal formula historically used to strengthen the spleen and tonify the lung. JPYF is used clinically to treat stable COPD. However, whether the purported anti-inflammatory effect of JPYF in COPD involves regulation of key inflammatory cytokines is not clear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mice model of pulmonary inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). The influence of JPYF on airway inflammation in vivo was investigated. Mice were divided into three groups: control, model, and treatment groups. In the CSC + LPS model group and JPYF treatment group, intratracheal injection of CSC and LPS was used to induce airway inflammation for 5 days. JPYF group animals were also orally administered 5.5 g/kg JPYF granule for 12 days. RESULTS: The number of neutrophils and total cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the JPYF group were markedly lower than in the model group. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1 ß and IL-6 were lower; tumor necrosis factor-alpha was downregulated, and IL-10 was higher in the JPYF group than the model group. In the JPYF group, histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity and protein expression were restored. CONCLUSION: The anti-inflammatory activity of JPYF involves the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced IL-10 secretion, and the restoration of HDAC2 activity.

Exploring the DBR superlattice effect on the thermal performance of a VECSEL with the finite element method.

The design criterion of thermal conductivity for the GaAs/AlAs distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) superlattice structure was thoroughly investigated to precisely analyze the thermal behaviors of the optically pumped vertically external cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL). A finite element model with detailed configuration of a VECSEL gain chip was constructed to fulfill the analysis. A 1060 nm VECSEL with different pump conditions was further demonstrated to verify the finite element analysis. At the VECSEL thermal rollover point, the analysis results show that the model with the superlattice property predicts more precise temperature values than that using a bulk composite property. It reveals that the accurate determination of the thermal conductivity of the DBR superlattice is significantly important for the VECSEL thermal analysis.

Antitumor effects of concanavalin A and Sophora flavescens lectin in vitro and in vivo.

AIM: Proteins with legume lectin domains are known to possess a wide range of biological functions. Here, the antitumor effects of two representative legume lectins, concanavalin A (ConA) and Sophora flavescens lectin (SFL), on human breast carcinoma cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells and human normal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells were examined. Cell viability was detected using WST-1 and CCK-8 assays. Cell apoptosis was analyzed with Hoechst 33258 staining. Cell cycle was investigated using flow cytometry. The expression of relevant proteins was measured using Western blotting. Breast carcinoma MCF-7 bearing nude mice were used to study the antitumor effects in vivo. The mice were injected with ConA (40 mg/kg, ip) and SFL (55 mg/kg, ip) daily for 14 d. RESULTS: ConA and SFL inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells in dose- and time-dependent manners (IC50 values were 15 and 20 µg/mL, respectively). Both ConA and SFL induced apoptotic morphology in MCF-7 cells without affecting MCF-10A cells. ConA and SFL dose-dependently increased the sub-G1 proportion in MCF-7 cells, while SFL also triggered the G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Both ConA and SFL dose-dependently increased the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and release of cytochrome C from mitochondria into cytoplasm, up-regulated Bax and Bid, and down-regulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL in MCF-7 cells. ConA reduced NF-κB, ERK, and JNK levels, and increased p53 and p21 levels, while SFL caused similar changes in NF-κB, ERK, p53, and p21 levels, but did not affect JNK expression. Administration of ConA and SFL significantly decreased the subcutaneous tumor mass volume and weight in MCF-7 bearing nude mice. CONCLUSION: ConA and SFL exert anti-tumor actions against human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells both in vitro and in vivo.

Exploring the spatio-temporal dynamics of an optically pumped semiconductor laser with intracavity second harmonic generation.

We experimentally observe an intriguing phenomenon of complex spatio-temporal dynamics in a commercial optically pumped semiconductor laser with intracavity second harmonic generation. We numerically verify that the experimental results come from the total mode locking of transverse electromagnetic modes (TEM00) and higher-order modes with significant astigmatism. The scenarios of the spatio-temporal dynamics are quite similar to the phenomena in soft-aperture Kerr-lens mode locked Ti:sapphire lasers.

Extracting photon periodic orbits from spontaneous emission spectra in laterally confined vertically emitted cavities.

We report our observation of the signature of photon periodic orbits in the spontaneous emission spectra of large-aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The high-resolution measurement clearly demonstrates that over a thousand cavity modes with a narrow linewidth can be perfectly exhibited in the spontaneous emission spectrum just below the lasing threshold. The Fourier-transformed spectrum is analyzed to confirm that the spontaneous emission spectra of large-aperture VCSELs can be exploited to analogously investigate the energy spectra of the 2D quantum billiards.

Diode-pumped passively mode-locked multiwatt Nd:GdVO4 laser with a saturable Bragg reflector.

We report a first demonstration, to our knowledge, of a cw passively mode-locked Nd:GdVO4 laser (k = 1063 nm). A relaxed saturable Bragg reflector was used. The laser generates pulses of 9.2 ps at a repetition rate of 119 MHz. As much as 5.4 W of average power was realized with a slope efficiency of 25.7%.