Unveiling the role of inorganic nanoparticles in Earth's biochemical evolution through electron transfer dynamics.

This article explores the intricate interplay between inorganic nanoparticles and Earth's biochemical history, with a focus on their electron transfer properties. It reveals how iron oxide and sulfide nanoparticles, as examples of inorganic nanoparticles, exhibit oxidoreductase activity similar to proteins. Termed "life fossil oxidoreductases," these inorganic enzymes influence redox reactions, detoxification processes, and nutrient cycling in early Earth environments. By emphasizing the structural configuration of nanoparticles and their electron conformation, including oxygen defects and metal vacancies, especially electron hopping, the article provides a foundation for understanding inorganic enzyme mechanisms. This approach, rooted in physics, underscores that life's origin and evolution are governed by electron transfer principles within the framework of chemical equilibrium. Today, these nanoparticles serve as vital biocatalysts in natural ecosystems, participating in critical reactions for ecosystem health. The research highlights their enduring impact on Earth's history, shaping ecosystems and interacting with protein metal centers through shared electron transfer dynamics, offering insights into early life processes and adaptations.

Inorganic Fe-O and Fe-S oxidoreductases: paradigms for prebiotic chemistry and the evolution of enzymatic activity in biology.

Oxidoreductases play crucial roles in electron transfer during biological redox reactions. These reactions are not exclusive to protein-based biocatalysts; nano-size (<100 nm), fine-grained inorganic colloids, such as iron oxides and sulfides, also participate. These nanocolloids exhibit intrinsic redox activity and possess direct electron transfer capacities comparable to their biological counterparts. The unique metal ion architecture of these nanocolloids, including electron configurations, coordination environment, electron conductivity, and the ability to promote spontaneous electron hopping, contributes to their transfer capabilities. Nano-size inorganic colloids are believed to be among the earliest 'oxidoreductases' to have 'evolved' on early Earth, playing critical roles in biological systems. Representing a distinct type of biocatalysts alongside metalloproteins, these nanoparticles offer an early alternative to protein-based oxidoreductase activity. While the roles of inorganic nano-sized catalysts in current Earth ecosystems are intuitively significant, they remain poorly understood and underestimated. Their contribution to chemical reactions and biogeochemical cycles likely helped shape and maintain the balance of our planet's ecosystems. However, their potential applications in biomedical, agricultural, and environmental protection sectors have not been fully explored or exploited. This review examines the structure, properties, and mechanisms of such catalysts from a material's evolutionary standpoint, aiming to raise awareness of their potential to provide innovative solutions to some of Earth's sustainability challenges.

LLGL2 Inhibits Ovarian Cancer Metastasis by Regulating Cytoskeleton Remodeling via ACTN1.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignant tumor. Although debulking surgery, chemotherapy, and PARP inhibitors have greatly improved survival, the prognosis for patients with advanced EOC without HRD is still poor. LLGL2, as a cell polarity factor, is involved in maintaining cell polarity and asymmetric cell division. In the study of zebrafish development, LLGL2 regulated the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells and the formation of cortical F-actin. However, the role of LLGL2 in ovarian cancer has not been described. Our study found, through bioinformatics analysis, that low expression of LLGL2 was significantly associated with a more advanced stage and a higher grade of EOC and a poorer survival of patients. Functional experiments that involved LLGL2 overexpression and knockdown showed that LLGL2 inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of ovarian cancer cells in vitro, without affecting their proliferation. LLGL2-overexpressing mice had fewer metastatic implant foci than the controls in vivo. Mechanistically, immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry analysis suggested that LLGL2 regulated cytoskeletal remodeling by interacting with ACTN1. LLGL2 altered the intracellular localization and function of ACTN1 without changing its protein and mRNA levels. Collectively, we uncovered that LLGL2 impaired actin filament aggregation into bundles by interacting with ACTN1, which led to cytoskeleton remodeling and inhibition of the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells.

Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived PAI-1 promotes lymphatic metastasis via the induction of EndoMT in lymphatic endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is an emerging adaptive process that modulates lymphatic endothelial function to drive aberrant lymphatic vascularization in the tumour microenvironment (TME); however, the molecular determinants that govern the functional role of EndoMT remain unclear. Here, we show that cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-derived PAI-1 promoted the EndoMT of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). METHODS: Immunofluorescent staining of α-SMA, LYVE-1 and DAPI were examined in primary tumour samples obtained from 57 CSCC patients. Assessment of cytokines secreted by CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) was performed using human cytokine antibody arrays. The phenotype of EndoMT in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), gene expression levels, protein secretion and activity of signaling pathways were measured by real-time RT-PCR, ELISA or western blotting. The function of lymphatic endothelial monolayers was examined by transwell, tube formation assay, transendothelial migration assay in vitro. Lymphatic metastasis was measured using popliteal lymph node metastasis model. Furthermore, association between PAI-1 expression and EndoMT in CSCC was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases was used to assess the association of PAI-1 with survival rate in CSCC. RESULTS: CAF-derived PAI-1 promoted the EndoMT of LECs in CSCC. LECs undergoing EndoMT could initiate tumour neolymphangiogenesis that facilitated cancer cell intravasation/extravasation, which in turn promoted lymphatic metastasis in CSCC. Mechanistically, PAI-1 activated the AKT/ERK1/2 pathways by directly interacting with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1), thereby leading to elevated EndoMT activity in LECs. Blockade of PAI-1 or inhibition of LRP1/AKT/ERK1/2 abrogated EndoMT and consequently attenuated CAF-induced tumour neolymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, clinical data revealed that increased PAI-1 levels positively correlated with EndoMT activity and poor prognosis in CSCC patients. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that CAF-derived PAI-1 acts as an important neolymphangiogenesis-initiating molecular during CSCC progression through modulating the EndoMT of LECs, resulting in promotion of metastasis ability in primary site. PAI-1 could serve as an effective prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for CSCC metastasis.

Myeloperoxidase: a new target for the treatment of stroke?

Myeloperoxidase is an important inflammatory factor in the myeloid system, primarily expressed in neutrophils and microglia. Myeloperoxidase and its active products participate in the occurrence and development of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, including damage to the blood-brain barrier and brain. As a specific inflammatory marker, myeloperoxidase can be used in the evaluation of vascular disease occurrence and development in stroke, and a large amount of experimental and clinical data has indicated that the inhibition or lack of myeloperoxidase has positive impacts on stroke prognosis. Many studies have also shown that there is a correlation between the overexpression of myeloperoxidase and the risk of stroke. The occurrence of stroke not only refers to the first occurrence but also includes recurrence. Therefore, myeloperoxidase is significant for the clinical evaluation and prognosis of stroke. This paper reviews the potential role played by myeloperoxidase in the development of vascular injury and secondary brain injury after stroke and explores the effects of inhibiting myeloperoxidase on stroke prognosis. This paper also analyzes the significance of myeloperoxidase etiology in the occurrence and development of stroke and discusses whether myeloperoxidase can be used as a target for the treatment and prediction of stroke.

Chemical profiling and quality evaluation of Pogostemon cablin Benth by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis.

Pogostemon cablin Benth (PCB) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for treatment of many ailments for several centuries. In presently, the chemical profiling and quality control study of PCB has mainly concentrated on the volatile fractions. However, the non-volatile chemical profile of PCB was still unclear. In this study, 73 non-volatile constituents (i.e., 33 flavonoids, 21 organic acids, 9 phenylpropanoids, 4 sesquiterpenes, 3 alkaloids, and 3 other types of compounds) were identified and characterized in PCB using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Meanwhile, to assess PCB samples, an established HPLC-Q-TOF-MS fingerprint was combined with multivariate statistical analysis that included similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The PCB samples could be classified into two groups (herbal decoction pieces and processed medicinal materials), and acteoside, isoacteoside, 4',6-Dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone, pachypodol and pogostone were screened as the potential chemical markers that attributed classification. In addition, nine representative components (pachypodol, vicenin-2, apigenin, rhamnocitrin, acteoside, isoacteoside, chlorogenic acid, azelaic acid and pogostone) in PCB were simultaneously determined by using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS). This study is the first to describe the chemical profile of PCB using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, which would improve our understanding of the substance basis of PCB and is helpful to the PCB further quality evaluation.

[A Method for Quantitative Determination of Amino Acids and Organic Acids in Trace Random Urine and Preliminary Application in Research on Vitamin B12 Nutritional Status and Related Metabolism].

Objective To develop a method for the quantification of amino acids and organic acids in trace urine by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Methods Random urine samples(10 µl each)were precipitated by acetonitrile and underwent derivatization with 3 mol/L HCl in n-butanol.The analytes were separated by ACE Excel 2 AQ column(50×2.1 mm,2 µm).Electrospray ionization in positive ion mode was carried out and the analytes were detected in multiple reaction monitoring mode.According to existing guidelines,the method was systematically evaluated in terms of sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,precision,recovery,matrix effect,and stability.Then,the established method was employed to detect 19 target compounds in urine samples from 70 healthy children,27 children with suspected vitamin B12 deficiency,and 3 children with cblC type methylmalonic acidemia.Results The lower limit of quantification of the method for the 19 compounds ranged from 0.01 µmol/L to 1.00 µmol/L,and the calibration curves were linear,R2>0.990.The method showed good accuracy with relative error less than ±15% and the intra-day and intra-day precision less than 15%.The run time was 8 min.No obvious matrix effect was detected except for arginine,and the recovery ranged from 80.20% to 114.97%.The samples were stable after 8 h at room temperature and 3 freeze-thaw cycles.The measured values of the compounds in the urine of healthy children were within the children's reference intervals published by Labcorp.The levels of methylmalonic acid(P=0.030)and homocysteine(P<0.001)in the urine samples of children with suspected vitamin B12 deficiency were higher than those in healthy children.The levels of methylmalonic acid,methylcitric acid,and homocysteine in the urine samples of children with cblC type methylmalonic acidemia were 5.14-76.52 times higher than the median levels of healthy children. Conclusions The method established in this study has small sample demand and short run time,which can accurately quantify the levels of amino acids and metabolites in the urine of children.Moreover,it can provide data support for related studies about the metabolic characteristics of urine amino acids and their metabolites in children with vitamin B12 deficiency.

Efficient soluble deep blue electroluminescent dianthracenylphenylene emitters with CIE y (y ≤ 0.08) based on triplet-triplet annihilation.

It has been challenging to develop deep blue organic molecular fluorescent emitters with CIE y (y ≤ 0.08) based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). Here, we report facilely available dianthracenylphenylene-based emitters, which have a 3,5-di(4-t-butylphenyl)phenyl moiety at the one end and 4-cyanophenyl or 3-pyridyl at the other end, respectively. Both fluorophores show a high glass transition temperature of over 220 °C with a thermal decomposition temperature of over 430 °C at an initial weight loss of 1%. The preliminary characterizations of the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that utilized these nondoped emitters provided high EQEs of 4.6%-5.9% with CIE coordinates (0.15, 0.07-0.08). The analysis of the EL transient decay revealed that TTA contributed to the observed performance. The results show that the new emitters are attractive as a potential TTA-based host to afford stable deep blue fluorescent OLEDs.

Hydrolysis of Phosphate Esters Catalyzed by Inorganic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Acting as Biocatalysts.

Phosphorus ester hydrolysis is one of the key chemical processes in biological systems, including signaling, free-energy transaction, protein synthesis, and maintaining the integrity of genetic material. Hydrolysis of this otherwise kinetically stable phosphoester and/or phosphoanhydride bond is induced by enzymes such as purple acid phosphatase. Here, I report that, as in previously reported aged inorganic iron ion solutions, the iron oxide nanoparticles in the solution, which are trapped in a dialysis membrane tube filled with the various iron oxides, significantly promote the hydrolysis of the various phosphate esters, including the inorganic polyphosphates, with enzyme-like kinetics. This observation, along with those of recent studies of iron oxide, vanadium pentoxide, and molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles that behave as mimics of peroxidase, bromoperoxidase, and sulfite oxidase, respectively, indicates that the oxo-metal bond in the oxide nanoparticles is critical for the function of these corresponding natural metalloproteins. These inorganic biocatalysts challenge the traditional concept of replicator-first scenarios and support the metabolism-first hypothesis. As biocatalysts, these inorganic nanoparticles with enzyme-like activity may work in natural terrestrial environments and likely were at work in early Earth environments as well. They may have played an important role in the C, H, O, S, and P metabolic pathway with regard to the emergence and early evolution of life. Key Words: Enzyme-Hydrolysis-Iron oxide-Nanoparticles-Origin of life-Phosphate ester. Astrobiology 18, 294-310.

Appending triphenyltriazine to 1,10-phenanthroline: a robust electron-transport material for stable organic light-emitting diodes.

There has been an increasing demand for high-performance and cost-effective organic electron-transport materials for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this contribution, we present a simple compound 3-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline through the facile Pd-catalyzed coupling of a triphenyltriazine boronic ester with 3-bromo-1,10-phenanthroline. It shows a high Tg of 112 °C. The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements reveal a deep HOMO level of -6.5 eV. The LUMO level is derived as -3.0 eV, based on the optical bandgap. The low-temperature solid-state phosphorescent spectrum gives a triplet energy of ∼2.36 eV. n-Doping with 8-hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq, 1:1) leads to considerably improved electron mobility of 5.2 × 10-6-5.8 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 at E = (2-5) × 105 V cm-1, in contrast with the triarylphosphine oxide-phenantroline molecular conjugate we reported previously. It has been shown that through optimizing the device structure and hence suppressing polaron-exciton annihilation, introducing this single Liq-doped electron-transport layer could offer high-efficiency and stable phosphorescent OLEDs.

Dibutyl Phthalate Inhibits the Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Rat Granulosa Cells Through Down-Regulation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor.

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is used worldwide in solvents and plasticizers. The cytotoxicity and potential tumorigenic effect of DBP have been reported. DBP has also been shown to impact reproductive function. In this study, to further evaluate the effects of DBP on granulosa cells (GCs), we treated rat GCs in vitro with DBP before evaluation of the biological alterations of these GCs. We found that DBP did not induce significant GC death at the tested concentrations. However, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced KIT ligand (KITLG) expression in GCs was significantly reduced at both mRNA and protein levels by DBP treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The down-regulation of KITLG was due to the down-regulation of expression of FSH receptor (FSHR) in GCs. Down-regulation of FSHR impaired FSH-induced intracellular signaling in GCs, demonstrated by decreased phosphorylation of AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Furthermore, DBP treatment also reduced FSH-induced expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), which is an important signaling component for KITLG expression. Other FSH-induced biological effects, such as production of estradiol and progesterone, as well as GC proliferation, were also suppressed by DBP. Therefore, our study discovered a unique mechanism underlying the toxicity of DBP on GCs. These findings may initiate the development of novel therapeutic interventions for DBP-induced damage to GCs.

Mineral phases and metals in baghouse dust from secondary aluminum production.

Baghouse dust (BHD) is a solid waste generated by air pollution control systems during secondary aluminum processing (SAP). Management and disposal of BHD can be challenging in the U.S. and elsewhere. In this study, the mineral phases, metal content and metal leachability of 78 BHD samples collected from 13 different SAP facilities across the U.S. were investigated. The XRD semi-quantitative analysis of BHD samples suggests the presence of metallic aluminum, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride and its oxides, spinel, elpasolite as well as diaspora. BHD also contains halite, sylvite and fluorite, which are used as fluxes in SAP activities. Total aluminum (Al) in the BHD samples averaged 18% by weight. Elevated concentrations of trace metals (>100 µg L(-1) As; >1000 µg L(-1) Cu, Mn, Se, Pb, Mn and Zn) were also detected in the leachate. The U.S. toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results showed that some samples leached above the toxicity limit for Cd, Pb and Se. Exceeding the TCLP limits in all sample is independent of facilities generating the BHD. From the metal content perspective only, it appears that BHD has a higher potential to exhibit toxicity characteristics than salt cake (the largest waste stream generated by SAP facilities).

Characterization of salt cake from secondary aluminum production.

Salt cake is a major waste component generated from the recycling of secondary aluminum processing (SAP) waste. Worldwide, the aluminum industry produces nearly 5 million tons of waste annually and the end-of-life management of these wastes is becoming a challenge in the U.S. and elsewhere. In this study, the mineral phases, metal content and metal leachability of 39 SAP waste salt cake samples collected from 10 different facilities across the U.S. were determined. The results showed that aluminum (Al), aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride and its oxides, spinel and elpasolite are the dominant aluminum mineral phases in salt cake. The average total Al content was 14% (w/w). The overall percentage of the total leachable Al in salt cake was 0.6% with approximately 80% of the samples leaching at a level less than 1% of the total aluminum content. The extracted trace metal concentrations in deionized water were relatively low (µgL(-1) level). The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was employed to further evaluate leachability and the results indicated that the leached concentrations of toxic metals from salt cake were much lower than the EPA toxicity limit set by USEPA.

Upper airway cough syndrome in children and two inflammatory factors: TRPV1 and TGF-ß2.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) in children and to determine alternative methods to explore the relationships among TRPV1, TGF-ß2, and UACS. METHODS: In 2012, 104 children with adenoid hypertrophy aged 2-13 years who were admitted to the otolaryngology department, Capital Institute of Pediatrics-affiliated children's hospital, were included in this study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies for TRPV1 and TGF-ß2 were performed to understand the relationship between the two inflammatory factors, and the correlations among the indices and UACS. The research was divided into three stages. In stage 1, 72 children (24 UACS and 48 controls) were enrolled in the study, and ELISAs for TRPV1 and TGF-ß2 were performed. In stage 2, 32 children (16 UACS and 16 controls) were enrolled in the study and both ELISA and IHC for TRPV1 and TGF-ß2 were performed. In stage 3, 41 children were enrolled in this research who had thick mucus secretions in the posterior nasal apertures in stage 1 and 2 (23 cases with chief complaint (or history) of chronic cough and 18 cases without). The difference between the TRPV1 and TGF-ß2 serum values and the clinical factors was determined. RESULTS: The levels of TRPV1 and TGF-ß2 were significantly increased in the UACS cases. OSAHS and thick mucus secretions correlated with a diagnosis of UACS. A history of asthma and thick mucus secretions correlated with elevation of the two inflammatory factors. There was no statistical correlation between ELISA and IHC testing. Among the children with thick mucus secretions, some had a higher possibility of chronic coughing including those who had higher levels of the two indices, larger tonsils and a history of chronic tonsillitis. CONCLUSION: The detections of TRPV1 and TGF-ß2 from serum and adenoid body specimens are valuable for UACS auxiliary diagnosis. Tonsil hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis history are independent risk factors of UACS.

[Assessment and application of a molecular diagnostic method on the detection of four types of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli].

OBJECTIVE: To establish and evaluate a molecular diagnostic method for routine monitoring of four types of diarrheagenic Escherichia (E.) coli (DEC)and to study the distribution of four types of DEC isolated from diarrheal patients in Shanghai. METHODS: DEC-PCR standard operation procedure(SOP)had been developed for DEC detection and isolation, using the Statens Serum Institute (SSI) DEC PCR kits with multiplex PCR technique after verification tests on reference strains. Diarrhea specimens from 3 clinical hospitals in Shanghai were tested from June to September, 2012. RESULTS: Specificity of the PCR kit was 100% by verification on the 26 DEC reference strains. A total number of 218 DEC isolates, including 181 fermented lactose and 37 unfermented lactose were identified from the 1887 stool specimens of diarrhea patients, with positive rate as 11.6%. The most common pathogen(54.1%, 118/218)was enteropathogenic E. coli(EPEC), followed by enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC, 41.3%, 90/218), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC, 4.1%, 9/ 218) and Shigatoxin-producing E. coli(STEC, 0.5%, 1/218)in addition to 18 Shigella isolates. ETEC dominated in diarrhea patients with foreign residency, as well as 1/3 were perinatal stage of neonatal ETEC of all diarrhea cases under the age of 5, while EPEC dominated in the Chinese diarrhea patients especially among young kids under the age of 2. CONCLUSION: Data was reliable after assessment on this molecular diagnostics and seperation procedures used for the routine monitoring on four types of DEC, while the diagnosis and reference ability of DEC regarding the laboratories net-working on food-borne pathogens need to be built up and improved.

Nickel-containing nano-sized islands grown on Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) and Ag/Ge(111)-(√3 × âˆš3) surfaces.

The formation of nano-islands on both a Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) surface and an Ag/Ge(111)-(√3 × âˆš3) surface evaporated with 0.1 ML Ni was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We have noticed that at temperatures lower than 670 K, the reaction between Ni and the individual substrate surfaces proceeds to form different structures: flat-topped islands with a 2√7 × 2√7 or a 3 × 3 reconstruction on the Ni/Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) surface vs. islands with a 7 × 7 reconstruction on the Ni/Ag/Ge(111)-(√3 × âˆš3) surface. From this we have inferred that within a temperature range between room temperature and 670 K, the intermediate Ag layer retards mixing between Ni and Ge atoms. As a result, the grown islands are composed of pure Ni atoms. Within a temperature range from 670 to 770 K, most islands produced on the Ag/Ge(111)-(√3 × âˆš3) surface are identical with those formed on the Ni/Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) surface, suggesting that above 670 K, Ni atoms are likely to bind with Ge atoms. However, an essential difference between STM images of the surfaces under study exists in the appearance of large elongated islands on the Ni/Ag/Ge(111)-(√3 × âˆš3) surface. The formation of the latter is explained in terms of a difference in energy for Ni diffusion on the Ge(111)-c(2 × 8) and Ag/Ge(111)-(√3 × âˆš3) surfaces.

[GC-MS analysis of chemical components in seeds oil from Croton tiglium].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the chemical components and their relative content in seeds oil from Croton tiglium. METHODS: The oil obtained by extracting of the seeds of Croton tiglium with petroleum ether was subjected to methyl-esterification or dilution with ethylether. GC-MS were used to identify the components in croton oil,peak area normalization method was used to determine the relative content of these substances in the sample. RESULTS: Seventeen fat acid components were identified from croton oil. The main components were linoleic acid, oleic acid, and eicosenoic acid in methyl-esterified sample, whose quantities accouted for 77.33%. In addition, five aromatic compounds were also found in the sample diluted with ethylether, such as isoborneol, fenchyl alcohol, etc. Phorbol esters, having carcinogenesis and anti-HIV-1 effects, were not been identified. CONCLUSION: There are abundant of linoleic acid, oleic acid and eicosenoic acid in the seeds oil extracted from Chinese Croton tiglium. In contrast, the active component with carcinogenesis and anti-HIV-1 might be very rare in the samples and difficult to be obtained by ordinary separating and extracting methods.

[Rituximab therapy for severe pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the safety and efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody in treatment of severe pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (PSLE). METHOD: The diagnosis of PSLE was made according to the criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus revised by the American College of Rheumatology in 1997. Severe cases with PSLE was selected by the following criteria: age ≤ 16 years, number of important organs involved > 1, SLEDAI score > 10 points and poor response to conventional immunosuppressive treatment. These patients received 2 doses of 375 mg/m(2) rituximab (RTX), 2 weeks apart. Clinical, laboratory findings and drug side effects were recorded at RTX initiation, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months after infusion. RESULT: A total of 20 patients. Male to female ratio was 1:3, were enrolled. They were 5-16 years old. The course of disease was (3.0 ± 2.5) years (range: 1 month-7 years), patients were followed up for 12 - 36 months [median: (27.0 ± 7.8) months]. Delirium and cognitive disorders were significantly improved in 10 cases of lupus encephalopathy after 1 month. Lupus nephritis in children were eased slowly, 14/15 patients with lupus nephritis were improved after 2-3 months. Four cases of lupus pneumonia were significantly improved within 1 month. Decreased blood cells counts were relieved at 1 month in 16/18 cases. Cellular immune function was assessed 2 weeks after application of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody; we found B-cell clearance in 19 patients (95%). B lymphocyte count of 18 patients (90%) was restored within one year. SLEDAI score was reduced obviously. Dose of corticosteroid ranged from (45.0 ± 4.7) mg/m(2) before drug use to (12.0 ± 2.7) mg/m(2) 12 months later (P < 0.001). After the drug use, 5 patients had pneumonia within 6 months; 2 cases who suffered from aspergillus pneumonia and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia respectively were severe. They accepted mechanical ventilation and anti-inflammatory support after being transferred to the intensive care unit, and their conditions improved at last. No death occurred. In 2 patients the disease recurred with B-cell recovery after 15 months and 18 months. Administration of another cycle of rituximab resulted in remission again in one case but not in the other. CONCLUSION: Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody is effective and safe in treatment of severe PSLE. But severe infections may occur in some cases. Focusing on prevention and early treatment can reduce the probability of adverse reactions.

Structure of Co-2 × 2 nanoislands grown on Ag/Ge(111)-√3 × âˆš3 surface studied by scanning tunneling microscopy.

We have found that Co-2 × 2 islands grown on an Ag/Ge(111)-√3 × âˆš3 surface have hcp structure with the (11-20) orientation. The island evolution involves transformation of the unit cell shape from parallelogram into rectangular, which is accompanied by the island shape transformation from hexagonal into stripe-like. Identified are two crystallographic directions for the island growth, the pseudo-[0001] and the pseudo-[1-100]. We have observed the occurrence of a lateral shift between the topmost and the underlying bilayers in the case of the island growth along the pseudo-[0001] direction. In contrast, the topmost and the underlying bilayers are unshifted for the growth along the pseudo-[1-100] direction.

[Clinical features, mutation of the GNAS1 and pathogenesis of progressive osseous heteroplasia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features, mutation of the GNAS1 and pathogenesis of progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH). METHOD: The typical clinical, pathological and radiographic features of a boy with POH were collected and summarized following family survey. The GNAS1 gene sequence of all family members were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the products were sequenced directly to identify the mutations. A literature review and long-term follow up were also conducted. RESULT: The patient was an 11-year-old boy who had the onset in infancy, which indicates a chronic progressive cause of disease. The clinical features include the unsmooth local skin of the right shank where spread many rigid rice-like or irregular slabby uplifts, slabby bone-like sclerosis on the left lower mandible, left masticatory muscles, in lateral subcutaneous site of left hip joint and deep tissue, accompanied by gradually progressive difficulty in opening mouth. Histopathology showed that there were loosened hyperplasia of fibroblast and interstitial edema with punctiformed ossification. Radiographs showed flocculence hyperdense image in the subcutaneous tissues and muscles around left lower mandible, and the left masticatory muscles were obviously involved. The 3-dimensional computed tomography showed dislocations of the left temporomandibular joint. Sheeted hyperdense image with inequable density could be noted in lateral muscles of the left hip. And lamellar hyperdense image parallel to the long axis of the bone could be seen in the subcutaneous dorsum of the left foot and achilles tendon. Macro-thumb and of brachydactylia of the hands and feet were not present. The level of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in the blood were normal. Brother of same father but different mothers was free of the disease and no patient of the same disease was found in maternal line and paternal lines. A mutated allele in exon 7 and a polymorphism in exon 5 were found in GNAS1 gene in both of the patient and his father. CONCLUSION: There is possibility/likelihood/probability that Chinese children could develop POH. Translocated dermal ossification began in infancy and shows a progressive cause in childhood. The disease is characterized by the heterotopic ossification of the skin, deep tissue, muscles and facial surface tissues. The location of the mutation in this study was different from that reported in abroad studies although exist in the same exons.