Isolation, culture, characterization and the functional study of testicular Leydig cells from Hezuo pig.

Testosterone, an important sex hormone, regulates sexual maturation, testicular development, spermatogenesis and the maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics in males. Testicular Leydig cells are the primary source of testosterone production in the body. Hezuo pigs, native to the southern part of Gansu, China, are characterized by early sexual maturity, strong disease resistance and roughage tolerance. This study employed type IV collagenase digestion combined with cell sieve filtration to isolate and purify Leydig cells from the testicular tissue of 1-month-old Hezuo pigs. We also preliminarily investigated the functions of these cells. The results indicated that the purity of the isolated and purified Leydig cells was as high as 95%. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that the isolated cells specifically expressed the 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase antibody. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the testosterone secretion of the Leydig cells cultured in vitro (generations 5-9) ranged between 1.29-1.67 ng/mL. Additionally, the content of the cellular autophagy signature protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 was measured at 230-280 pg/mL. Through this study, we established an in vitro system for the isolation, purification and characterization of testicular Leydig cells from 1-month-old Hezuo pigs, providing a reference for exploring the molecular mechanism behind precocious puberty in Hezuo pigs.

Nanomaterial Delivery Vehicles for the Development of Neoantigen Tumor Vaccines for Personalized Treatment.

Tumor vaccines have been considered a promising therapeutic approach for treating cancer in recent years. With the development of sequencing technologies, tumor vaccines based on neoantigens or genomes specifically expressed in tumor cells, mainly in the form of peptides, nucleic acids, and dendritic cells, are beginning to receive widespread attention. Therefore, in this review, we have introduced different forms of neoantigen vaccines and discussed the development of these vaccines in treating cancer. Furthermore, neoantigen vaccines are influenced by factors such as antigen stability, weak immunogenicity, and biosafety in addition to sequencing technology. Hence, the biological nanomaterials, polymeric nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials, etc., used as vaccine carriers are principally summarized here, which may contribute to the design of neoantigen vaccines for improved stability and better efficacy.

Electrical Transport and Dynamics of Confined DNA through Highly Conductive 2D Graphene Nanochannels.

Confining DNA in nanochannels is an important approach to studying its structure and transportation dynamics. Graphene nanochannels are particularly attractive for studying DNA confinement due to their atomic flatness, precise height control, and excellent mechanical strength. Here, using femtosecond laser etching and wetting transfer, we fabricate graphene nanochannels down to less than 4.3 nm in height, with the length-to-height ratios up to 103. These channels exhibit high stability, low noise, and self-cleaning ability during the long-term ionic current recording. We report a clear linear relationship between DNA length and the residence time in the channel and further utilize this relationship to differentiate DNA fragments based on their lengths, ranging widely from 200 bps to 48.5 kbps. The graphene nanochannel presented here provides a potential platform for label-free analyses and reveals fundamental insights into the conformational dynamics of DNA and proteins in confined space.

Heteroions Radii Matching Produced Intensely Luminescent Bismuth-Ag2S Nanocrystals for through-Skull NIR-II Imaging of Orthotopic Glioma.

Heteroions doped Ag2S nanocrystals (NCs) exhibiting enhanced near-infrared-II emission (NIR-II) hold great promise for glioma diagnosis. Nevertheless, current doped Ag2S NCs paradoxically improved properties via toxic dopants, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes another challenge for orthotopic glioma imaging. Thus, it is urgent to develop biofriendly high-bright Ag2S NCs with active BBB-penetration for glioma-targeted imaging. Herein, bismuth (Bi) was screened to obtain Bi-Ag2S NCs with high absolute PLQY (∼13.3%) for its matched ionic-radius (1.03 Å) with Ag+. The Bi-Ag2S NCs exhibited a higher luminance and deeper penetration (5-6 mm) than clinical indocyanine green. Upon conjugation with lactoferrin, the NCs acquired BBB-crossing and glioma-targeting abilities. Time-dependent NIR-II-imaging demonstrated their effective accumulation in glioma with skull/scalp intact after intravenous injection. Moreover, the toxic-metal-free NCs exhibited negligible toxicity and great biocompatibility. The success of leveraging the ion-radii comparison may unlock the full potential of doped-Ag2S NCs in bioimaging and inspire the development of various doped NIR-II NCs.

Prognostic Value of Preoperative MRI-derived 3D Quantitative Tumor Arterial Burden in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Receiving Transarterial Chemoembolization.

Purpose To investigate the association of tumor arterial burden (TAB) on preoperative MRI with transarterial chemoembolization refractoriness (TACER) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods This retrospective study included patients with HCC who underwent repeated transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatments between January 2013 and December 2020. HCC was confirmed with pathology or imaging, and patients with other tumors, lost follow-up, or with a combination of other treatments were excluded. TACER was defined as viable lesions of more than 50% or increase in tumor number after two or more consecutive TACE treatments, continuous elevation of tumor markers, extrahepatic spread, or vascular invasion. TAB assessed with preoperative MRI was divided into high and low groups according to the median. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the predictors of TACER and PFS. Results A total of 355 patients (median age, 61 years [IQR, 54-67]; 306 [86.2%] men, 49 [13.8%] women) were included. During a median follow-up of 32.7 months, the high TAB group had significantly faster TACER and decreased PFS than the low TAB group (all log-rank P < .001). High TAB was the strongest independent predictor of TACER and PFS in multivariable Cox regression analyses (hazard ratio [HR], 2.23 [95% CI: 1.51, 3.29]; HR, 2.30 [95% CI: 1.61, 3.27], respectively), especially in patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A or a single tumor. The restricted cubic spline plot demonstrated that the HR of TACER and PFS continuously increased with increasing TAB. Conclusion High preoperative TAB at MRI was a risk factor for faster refractoriness and progression in patients with HCC treated with TACE. Keywords: Interventional-Vascular, MR Angiography, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Transarterial Chemoembolization, Progression-free Survival, MRI Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2024.

Changes in liver and kidney function, red blood cell count and hemoglobin levels 1 day after ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for uterine fibroids.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in liver and kidney function, red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (HGB) levels in patients undergoing ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (UPMWA) for uterine fibroids on postoperative day 1. METHODS: The changes in liver and kidney function, RBC count and HGB levels in 181 patients who underwent selective UPMWA in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, China, between August 2017 and January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: All patients underwent UPMWA for uterine fibroids; 179 patients had multiple uterine fibroids and 2 patients had single uterine fibroids. The maximum fibroid diameter ranged from 18 to 140 mm, with an average of 68.3 mm. Ultrasound imaging was used to confirm that the blood flow signal within the mass had disappeared in all patients, indicating that the ablation was effective. Within 24 h, compared with before UPMWA, levels of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase had significantly increased (p < 0.01), whereas levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and urea had significantly decreased (p < 0.01). Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 1 of the 181 patients. The RBC count and HGB levels decreased significantly after UPMWA (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for uterine fibroids can impose a higher detoxification load on the liver and cause thermal damage to and the destruction of RBCs within local circulation, potentially leading to AKI. Protein levels significantly decreased after UPMWA. Therefore, perioperative organ function protection measures and treatment should be actively integrated into clinical practice to improve prognosis and enhance recovery.

Targeted anti-cancer therapy: Co-delivery of VEGF siRNA and Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) via cRGD-modified lipid nanoparticles for enhanced anti-angiogenic efficacy.

Anti-tumor angiogenesis therapy, targeting the suppression of blood vessel growth in tumors, presents a potent approach in the battle against cancer. Traditional therapies have primarily concentrated on single-target techniques, with a specific emphasis on targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor, but have not reached ideal therapeutic efficacy. In response to this issue, our study introduced a novel nanoparticle system known as CS-siRNA/PEITC&L-cRGD NPs. These chitosan-based nanoparticles have been recognized for their excellent biocompatibility and ability to deliver genes. To enhance their targeted delivery capability, they were combined with a cyclic RGD peptide (cRGD). Targeted co-delivery of gene and chemotherapeutic agents was achieved through the use of a negatively charged lipid shell and cRGD, which possesses high affinity for integrin αvß3 overexpressed in tumor cells and neovasculature. In this multifaceted approach, co-delivery of VEGF siRNA and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) was employed to target both tumor vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells simultaneously. The co-delivery of VEGF siRNA and PEITC could achieve precise silencing of VEGF, inhibit the accumulation of HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions, and induce apoptosis in tumor cells. In summary, we have successfully developed a nanoparticle delivery platform that utilizes a dual mechanism of action of anti-tumor angiogenesis and pro-tumor apoptosis, which provides a robust and potent strategy for the delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of DEAD-box RNA helicases in Gossypium hirsutum.

DEAD-box RNA helicases, a prominent subfamily within the RNA helicase superfamily 2 (SF2), play crucial roles in the growth, development, and abiotic stress responses of plants. This study identifies 146 DEAD-box RNA helicase genes (GhDEADs) and categorizes them into four Clades (Clade A-D) through phylogenetic analysis. Promoter analysis reveals cis-acting elements linked to plant responses to light, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), low temperature, and drought. RNA-seq data demonstrate that Clade C GhDEADs exhibit elevated and ubiquitous expression across different tissues, validating their connection to leaf development through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Notably, over half of GhDEADs display up-regulation in the leaves of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) plants of GhVIR-A/D (members of m6A methyltransferase complex, which regulate leaf morphogenesis). In conclusion, this study offers a comprehensive insight into GhDEADs, emphasizing their potential involvement in leaf development.

MdPRX34L, a class III peroxidase gene, activates the immune response in apple to the fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea.

MAIN CONCLUSION: MdPRX34L enhanced resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea by increasing salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) content as well as the expression of related defense genes. The class III peroxidase (PRX) multigene family is involved in complex biological processes. However, the molecular mechanism of PRXs in the pathogen defense of plants against Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea) remains unclear. Here, we cloned the PRX gene MdPRX34L, which was identified as a positive regulator of the defense response to B. dothidea, from the apple cultivar 'Royal Gala.' Overexpression of MdPRX34L in apple calli decreased sensitivity to salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid（ABA). Subsequently, overexpression of MdPRX34L in apple calli increased resistance to B. dothidea infection. In addition, SA contents and the expression levels of genes related to SA synthesis and signaling in apple calli overexpressing MdPRX34L were higher than those in the control after inoculation, suggesting that MdPRX34L enhances resistance to B. dothidea via the SA pathway. Interestingly, infections in apple calli by B. dothidea caused an increase in endogenous levels of ABA followed by induction of ABA-related genes expression. These findings suggest a potential mechanism by which MdPRX34L enhances plant-pathogen defense against B. dothidea by regulating the SA and ABA pathways.

Synergistic interaction between hyperlipidemia and obesity as a risk factor for stress urinary incontinence in Americans.

Urinary incontinence is a common disease among middle-aged and elderly women, which not only affects the physical and mental health of patients, but also brings a great medical burden to society. Obesity is a known risk factor for urinary incontinence and is the most common secondary cause of hyperlipidemia. Most obese patients also suffer from hyperlipidemia in the clinic. However, few studies have explored the role of hyperlipidemia in women with urinary incontinence. Using data from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we aimed to evaluated the independent associations of high body mass index and hyperlipidemia with urinary incontinence in Americans by conducting a weighted multivariate logistic regression model. Additive interactions were also assessed using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributed proportion of interaction (AP) and synergy index (S). This study demonstrated that hyperlipidemia was associated with a higher risk of stress urinary incontinence among women with obesity (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.03-2.25), and there was a significant synergistic effect of hyperlipidemia and obesity on stress urinary incontinence(adjusted RERI: 3.75, 95% CI 0.30-7.20; adjusted AP: 0.67, 95% CI 0.54-0.80; adjusted S: 5.49, 95% CI 4.15-7.27). Moreover, fasting serum triglyceride lipids were the most relevant blood lipid indicator for the risk of stress urinary incontinence, especially among obese women younger than 50 years old, which contributes to the development of more refined lipid control protocols for patients with urinary incontinence in different age groups.

A novel n-UV convertible colour-tunable emitting oxynitride phosphor: Realization based on Ce3+ -Tb3+ energy transfer.

In the present work, a novel n-UV convertible colour-tunable emitting phosphor was obtained based on the efficient Ce3+ -Tb3+ energy transfer in the Y10 Al2 Si3 O18 N4 host. By properly controlling the ratio of Ce3+ /Tb3+ , the colour hue of the obtained powder covered the blue and green regions, under excitation of 365 nm. The steady-state and dynamic-state luminescence measurement was performed to shed light on the related mechanism, which was justified by the electronic dipole-quadrupole dominating the related energy transfer process. Preliminary studies showed that Y10 Al2 Si3 O18 N4 :Ce3+ ,Tb3+ can be promising as an inorganic phosphor for white LED applications.

2.5D UNet with context-aware feature sequence fusion for accurate esophageal tumor semantic segmentation.

Segmenting esophageal tumor from computed tomography (CT) sequence images can assist doctors in diagnosing and treating patients with this malignancy. However, accurately extracting esophageal tumor features from CT images often present challenges due to their small area, variable position, and shape, as well as the low contrast with surrounding tissues. This results in not achieving the level of accuracy required for practical applications in current methods. To address this problem, we propose a 2.5D context-aware feature sequence fusion UNet (2.5D CFSF-UNet) model for esophageal tumor segmentation in CT sequence images. Specifically, we embed intra-slice multiscale attention feature fusion (Intra-slice MAFF) in each skip connection of UNet to improve feature learning capabilities, better expressing the differences between anatomical structures within CT sequence images. Additionally, the inter-slice context fusion block (Inter-slice CFB) is utilized in the center bridge of UNet to enhance the depiction of context features between CT slices, thereby preventing the loss of structural information between slices. Experiments are conducted on a dataset of 430 esophageal tumor patients. The results show an 87.13% dice similarity coefficient, a 79.71% intersection over union and a 2.4758 mm Hausdorff distance, which demonstrates that our approach can improve contouring consistency and can be applied to clinical applications.

Effects of Whole-Plant Corn Silage on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, and Fecal Microorganisms in Hezuo Pigs.

In this study, we investigated the effects of the dietary inclusion of different proportions of whole-plant corn silage on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, and intestinal microorganisms in Hezuo pigs. Thirty-two two-month-old Hezuo pigs (body weight: 7.88 ± 0.81 kg) were randomly divided into four groups of eight pigs (half male, half female) each. The control (CON) group received a basal diet, while the three experimental groups were fed the basal diet, part of which had been replaced with 5%, 10%, and 15% whole-plant corn silage, respectively. The experiment lasted for 127 days, including 7 days of pre-testing and 120 days of formal testing. At the end of the experiment, blood and fecal samples were collected. Compared with the CON group, the feed-to-gain ratio was significantly lower in the 10% test group (p < 0.05), whereas the total protein, albumin, triglyceride, and glucose contents were significantly higher (p < 0.05). No significant differences in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were observed among the groups (p > 0.05). The addition of whole-plant corn silage to the diet significantly increased alpha diversity in the pig gut based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The principal coordinate analysis results showed significant clustering of the different groups (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, the addition of whole-plant corn silage to the diet significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Firmicutes and significantly increased (p < 0.05) that of Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Streptococcus significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing silage supplementation levels, whereas species diversity significantly increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 10% is the recommended inclusion ratio for whole-plant corn silage in the diets of pigs.

Comparison of plasma aldosterone measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in screening test for primary aldosteronism.

Background: Whether chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) measurement can be used interchangeably in primary aldosteronism (PA) screening is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare CLIA to LC-MS/MS for PAC measurement in PA screening. Methods: All participants underwent aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) testing. PA was diagnosed by captopril challenge test or saline infusion test. PAC in screening test was measured with CLIA and LC-MS/MS. Plasma direct renin concentration in screening and confirmatory test was measured with CLIA. The concordance between CLIA and LC-MS/MS for PAC measurement in PA screening was analyzed. Results: Twenty-one healthy volunteers, 61 patients with essential hypertension (EH) and 43 PA patients were enrolled. Median PAC by CLIA was 84.7 % higher than that by LC-MS/MS in screening test (P < 0.001). A positive correlation of PAC was observed between the two assays (Pearson r coefficient 0.770, P < 0.001). When ARR was used in differentiating PA from EH, there was no difference in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve between CLIA and LC-MS/MS for PAC measurement (0.968 vs 0.950, P = 0.249). Conclusion: CLIA and LC-MS/MS for PAC measurement exhibited high and comparable efficacy in PA screening. CLIA is a reliable and feasible alternative in PA screening test.

Application Effect of the China Association For Disaster and Emergency Rescue Medicine - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Automatic Extracorporeal Defibrillation (CADERM-CPR·D) Training in Medical Teaching.

Objective In China, the penetration rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training is not high and the effect of traditional teaching methods is not good. In this study, the case-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation training mode was introduced to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation training to medical students with a certain medical background, using the 2018 technical specifications for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automatic extracorporeal defibrillation of the China Association for Disaster and Emergency Rescue Medicine. Compared with traditional teaching methods, the application effect of this training method in clinical probation teaching was analyzed. Methods 120 medical students with a certain medical background were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, with 60 students in each group. The knowledge, skills, and attitude of the subjects were assessed by questionnaire survey. Results A total of 120 students were included in the study and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The test scores of knowledge, skill, and attitude in the experimental group (38.40±2.775, 19.07±1.118, 14.92±0.962) were significantly higher than those in the control group (32.47±3.615, 14.65±1.338, 12.68±0.930)(P<0.05). Conclusion Case-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation training of the China Association for Disaster and Emergency Rescue Medicine specifications can improve medical students' knowledge and skills of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, enhance their confidence in treatment, and can be further applied in medical teaching.

Radiomics and machine learning based on preoperative MRI for predicting extrahepatic metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization.

Purpose: To develop and validate a radiomics machine learning (Rad-ML) model based on preoperative MRI to predict extrahepatic metastasis (EHM) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients receiving transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment. Methods: A total of 355 HCC patients who received multiple TACE procedures were split at random into a training set and a test set at a 7:3 ratio. Radiomic features were calculated from tumor and peritumor in arterial phase and portal venous phase, and were identified using intraclass correlation coefficient, maximal relevance and minimum redundancy, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator techniques. Cox regression analysis was employed to determine the clinical model. The best-performing algorithm among eight machine learning methods was used to construct the Rad-ML model. A nomogram combining clinical and Rad-ML parameters was used to develop a combined model. Model performance was evaluated using C-index, decision curve analysis, calibration plot, and survival analysis. Results: In clinical model, elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and alpha-fetoprotein were associated with faster EHM. The XGBoost-based Rad-ML model demonstrated the best predictive performance for EHM. When compared to the clinical model, both the Rad-ML model and the combination model performed better (C-indexes of 0.61, 0.85, and 0.86 in the training set, and 0.62, 0.82, and 0.83 in the test set, respectively). However, the combined model's and the Rad-ML model's prediction performance did not differ significantly. The most influential feature was peritumoral waveletHLL_firstorder_Minimum in AP, which exhibited an inverse relationship with EHM risk. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the preoperative MRI-based Rad-ML model is a valuable tool to predict EHM in HCC patients treated with TACE.

Global burden and risk factors of gastritis and duodenitis: an observational trend study from 1990 to 2019.

In recent years, there has been a global trend of aging, which has resulted in significant changes to the burden of gastritis and duodenitis (GD). Using the global burden of disease (GBD) database spanning 1990 to 2019, we evaluated the temporal trends of age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized death rates (ASDR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (AS-DALYs) for GD using estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC). Additionally, we examined the burden of GD across various strata, including social demographic index (SDI), age, and sex. Finally, the risk factors linked to the incidence and mortality of GD, utilizing Pearson correlation analysis. In 2019, there were 31 million GD patients globally, a notable increase of 12 million from 1990, while the ASIR, ASDR, and AS-DALYs for GD all showed a decrease. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative relationship between ASIR and SDI. Factors like hand hygiene and vitamin A deficiency had significant positive correlations with ASIR and ASDR in 2019. Over the past thirty years, the burden of GD has increased alongside global population aging. Future efforts should focus on exploring prevention for GD, with special attention to the elderly population in low SDI regions.

Serum amyloid A facilitates expansion of CD4+ T cell and CD19+ B cell subsets implicated in the severity of myasthenia gravis patients.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a clinically useful inflammatory marker involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to explore the SAA levels in a cohort of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) in relation to disease-related clinical parameters and myasthenic crisis (MC) and elucidate the effects of SAA on immune response. A total of 82 MG patients including 50 new-onset MG patients and 32 MC patients were enrolled in this study. Baseline data and laboratory parameters of all enrolled MG patients were routinely recorded through electronic medical systems. SAA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. CD4+ T and CD19+ B cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. In vitro, human recombinant SAA (Apo-SAA) was applied to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MG patients to observe the effect on T and B cell differentiation. Our results indicated that SAA levels in new-onset MG patients were higher than those in controls and were positively correlated with QMG score, MGFA classification, plasmablast cells, IL-6, and IL-17 levels. Subgroup analysis revealed that SAA levels were increased in generalized MG (GMG) patients than in ocular MG (OMG), as well as elevated in late-onset MG (LOMG) than in early-onset MG (EOMG) and higher in MGFA III/IV compared with MGFA I/II. The ROC curve demonstrated that SAA showed good diagnostic value for MC, especially when combined with NLR. In vitro, Apo-SAA promoted the Th1 cells, Th17 cells, plasmablast cells, and plasma cells differentiation in MG PBMCs. The present findings suggested that SAA was increased in MG patients and promoted expansion of CD4+ T cell and CD19+ B cell subsets, which implicated in the severity of MG patients.