Microplastics in European sea salts - An example of exposure through consumer choice and of interstudy methodological discrepancies.

Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern, not least due to their global presence in marine surface waters. Unsurprisingly, microplastics have been reported in salts harvested from numerous locations. We extracted microplastics from 13 European sea salts through 30% H2O2 digestion and filtration over 5-µm filters. Filters were visually inspected at magnifications to x100. A subsample of potential microplastics was subjected to Raman spectroscopy. Particle mass was estimated, and human dose exposure calculated. After blank corrections, median concentrations were 466 ± 152 microplastics kg-1 ranging from 74 to 1155 items kg-1. Traditionally harvested salts contained fewer microplastics than most industrially harvested ones (t-test, p < 0.01). Approximately 14 µg of microplastics (< 12 particles) may be absorbed by the human body annually, of which a quarter may derive from a consumer choosing sea salt. We reviewed existing studies, showing that targeting different particle sizes and incomplete filtrations hinder interstudy comparison, indicating the importance of method harmonisation for future studies. Excess salt consumption is detrimental to human health; the hazardousness of ingesting microplastics on the other hand has yet to be shown. A portion of microplastics may enter sea salts through production processes rather than source materials.

Food safety issues and children's lunchboxes.

AIM: Approximately 60% of school children in the U.K. eat packed lunches on a regular basis. While extensive research investigating the health and quality of food in these lunchboxes has been conducted, there is very little parallel research into food safety issues. This study set out to examine the food safety issues associated with the daily cycle of lunchbox use among primary school children. In particular, the role of the actual lunchbox as a potential vehicle of cross-contamination was investigated. METHODS: Using a self-completion questionnaire, parental attitudes towards food safety and their awareness of key food safety issues were identified with respect to children's lunchboxes. Using a data logger, temperature measurements were taken of a typical lunchbox over a school term to provide information about the temperature profile throughout the daily cycle of use. A lunchtime observation study provided detail about individual lunchboxes, their visual cleanliness, the types of debris left by children and the microbiology of the lunchbox itself. RESULTS: The study found that while the majority of parents were aware of the potential food safety risks associated with their child's lunchbox, they recognized that poor temperature control during the school day increased the food safety risks but they did not always take appropriate steps to manage this risk. CONCLUSIONS: Despite there being no direct evidence of immediate food safety risks from this study, temperature control was a key food safety issue. The method and frequency of cleaning were also highlighted as areas of particular concern.

Food safety awareness of older people at home: a pilot study.

The UK has an increasingly ageing population with the majority of older people preferring to remain independent and live in their own homes. However, during their lifetime, there have been many changes in areas such as food technology and shopping practices which have had a profound influence on the health and well-being of this vulnerable group. The aim of this pilot study, therefore, was to investigate issues surrounding food safety of older people living at home. A focus group (n = 9) was initially conducted to elucidate areas of potential concern. This was followed up by semi-structured interviews and observations (n = 16) within the home. Results show that most participants had not measured their refrigerator temperature and did not know what it should be. The majority had not adjusted the temperature control/dial and gauged the 'correct' temperature by the feel of goods inside. 'Use by' dates were generally well understood, but not always adhered to due to difficulty in reading the labels. Items were purchased near to the end of this date as they are sometimes cheaper, and although older people appreciated these dates related to food safety, items were often kept for up to a month before consumption. This has major implications, particularly if the refrigerator is not working at the correct temperature. There is a lack of readily available educational material on this topic and most people would like to be better informed. If the Government are to encourage more independent lifestyles of older people, then awareness of food safety should be higher on the agenda. Further research to ascertain food safety needs, and awareness of this group are also required. This should also include an assessment of the impact of situations where food consumed at home is prepared elsewhere, e.g. meals-on-wheels.