Insufficient Sleep and Behavioral Health in the Military: A 5-Country Perspective.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this paper was to highlight the degree to which sleep, behavioral health, and leader involvement were interrelated using data from militaries in five English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the United States. RECENT FINDINGS: Many service members reported sleeping fewer than the recommended 7 h/night: 34.9%, 67.2%, and 77.2% of respondents from New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, respectively. Countries reporting shorter sleep duration also reported fewer insomnia-related difficulties, likely reflecting higher sleep pressure from chronic sleep loss. Across all countries, sleep problems were positively correlated with behavioral health symptoms. Importantly, leader promotion of healthy sleep was positively correlated with more sleep and negatively correlated with sleep problems and behavioral health symptoms. Insufficient sleep in the military is ubiquitous, with serious implications for the behavioral health and functioning of service members. Leaders should attend to these risks and examine ways to promote healthy sleep in service members.

Measurements of variable capacitance using single port radio frequency reflectometry.

A radio frequency (RF) reflectometry technique is presented to measure device capacitances using a probe station. This technique is used to characterize micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) variable capacitor devices that can be connected to create pull-up and pull-down networks used in digital gates for reversible computing. Adiabatic reversible computing is a promising approach to energy-efficient computing that can dramatically reduce heat dissipation by switching circuits at speeds below their RC time constants, introducing a trade-off between energy and speed. The variable capacitors in this study will be measured using single port RF reflectometry achieved with a custom-made RF probe. The RF probe consists of a micromanipulator with an on-board matching network and is calibrated by measuring a capacitive bank that shows a clearly visible frequency shift with the increase in capacitance. The RF probe worked well when measuring static capacitors with no parasitic resistance; however, the frequency shift is masked when measuring the MEMS variable capacitors due to their high in-series parasitic resistance (around 80 kΩ). Therefore, RF reflectometry has the potential to measure MEMS variable capacitors in the range of 0-30 fF when not masked by a high in-series parasitic resistance, creating a fast and versatile method for characterizing variable capacitors that can be used in energy-efficient computing.

Gate reflectometry of single-electron box arrays using calibrated low temperature matching networks.

Sensitive dispersive readouts of single-electron devices ("gate reflectometry") rely on one-port radio-frequency (RF) reflectometry to read out the state of the sensor. A standard practice in reflectometry measurements is to design an impedance transformer to match the impedance of the load to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line and thus obtain the best sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. This is particularly important for measuring large impedances, typical for dispersive readouts of single-electron devices because even a small mismatch will cause a strong signal degradation. When performing RF measurements, a calibration and error correction of the measurement apparatus must be performed in order to remove errors caused by unavoidable non-idealities of the measurement system. Lack of calibration makes optimizing a matching network difficult and ambiguous, and it also prevents a direct quantitative comparison between measurements taken of different devices or on different systems. We propose and demonstrate a simple straightforward method to design and optimize a pi matching network for readouts of devices with large impedance, [Formula: see text]. It is based on a single low temperature calibrated measurement of an unadjusted network composed of a single L-section followed by a simple calculation to determine a value of the "balancing" capacitor needed to achieve matching conditions for a pi network. We demonstrate that the proposed calibration/error correction technique can be directly applied at low temperature using inexpensive calibration standards. Using proper modeling of the matching networks adjusted for low temperature operation the measurement system can be easily optimized to achieve the best conditions for energy transfer and targeted bandwidth, and can be used for quantitative measurements of the device impedance. In this work we use gate reflectometry to readout the signal generated by arrays of parallel-connected Al-AlOx single-electron boxes. Such arrays can be used as a fast nanoscale voltage sensor for scanning probe applications. We perform measurements of sensitivity and bandwidth for various settings of the matching network connected to arrays and obtain strong agreement with the simulations.

Fixated in unfamiliar territory: Mapping estimates across typical and atypical number lines.

Adults (N = 72) estimated the location of target numbers on number lines that varied in numerical range (i.e., typical range 0-10,000 or atypical range 0-7,000) and spatial orientation (i.e., the 0 endpoint on the left [traditional] or on the right [reversed]). Eye-tracking data were used to assess strategy use. Participants made meaningful first fixations on the line, with fixations occurring around the origin for low target numbers and around the midpoint and endpoint for high target numbers. On traditional direction number lines, participants used left-to-right scanning and showed a leftward bias; these effects were reduced for the reverse direction number lines. Participants made fixations around the midpoint for both ranges but were less accurate when estimating target numbers around the midpoint on the 7,000-range number line. Thus, participants are using the internal benchmark (i.e., midpoint) to guide estimates on atypical range number lines, but they have difficulty calculating the midpoint, leading to less accurate estimates. In summary, both range and direction influenced strategy use and accuracy, suggesting that both numerical and spatial processes influence number line estimation.

Selection of procedures in mental subtraction: Use of eye movements as a window on arithmetic processing.

Adults who use mental procedures other than direct retrieval to solve simple arithmetic problems typically make more errors and respond more slowly than individuals who rely on retrieval. The present study examined how this extra time was distributed across problem components when adults (n = 40) solved small (e.g., 5 - 2) and large (e.g., 17 - 9) subtraction problems. Two performance groups (i.e., retrievers and procedure users) were created based on a 2-group cluster analysis using statistics derived from the ex-Gaussian model of reaction time (RT) distributions (i.e., µ and τ) for both small and large problems. Cluster results differentiated individuals based on the frequency with which they used retrieval versus procedural strategies, supporting the view that differences in mu and tau reflected differences in choice of strategies used. Patterns of eye movements over time were also dramatically different across clusters, and provide strong support for the view that individuals were using different mental procedures to solve these problems. We conclude that eye-movement patterns can be used to distinguish fluent individuals who readily use retrieval from those who rely more on procedural strategies, even if traditional self-report methods are unavailable. (PsycINFO Database Record