A Case of Postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a First-Time Father.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a well-recognized psychiatric condition characterized by distressing obsessions and compulsions. While the perinatal period is a known trigger for OCD in women, less attention has been given to its occurrence in men, particularly new fathers. This case report examines the unique presentation of postpartum-onset OCD (ppOCD) in a first-time father. A 33-year-old father presented eight months after the birth of his first child with distressing intrusive thoughts related to harming his eight-month-old daughter. These thoughts were ego-dystonic, causing significant distress, and led to a rapid deterioration in his mental health. Intrusive thoughts included a desire to leave his daughter in a busy street and place her in a hot oven. The patient became severely depressed, experienced significant weight loss, and was unable to perform daily activities of living. He repeatedly denied any intent to act on these thoughts. Following a visit to the ED, the patient was admitted to a psychiatric facility and started on escitalopram and aripiprazole. Approximately one month post-discharge, the patient reported significant symptom improvement, and after two months, his symptoms were well-controlled. He was successfully tapered off aripiprazole due to remission of symptoms and adverse effects. This case report highlights the need for greater awareness and screening of ppOCD in both men and women during the perinatal period. Utilizing existing screening tools and well-established pharmacological treatments for OCD can significantly improve the recognition and management of this distressing disorder in fathers, ultimately improving their quality of life and that of their families. Further research is needed to better understand the prevalence and specific management of male ppOCD.

A look-up-table development to facilitate CT simulation of MR-Linac treatment.

While current MR-Linac (MRL) treatment workflows utilize a large table overlay during CT simulation to convert indexing between the two machines, we developed a look-up-table (LUT) as an alternative approach. After populating the LUT, index conversion factors were verified at three separate table locations. The resultant root-mean-square isocenter shifts on the MRL were 0.04/0.08 cm, 0.08/0.07 cm, and 0.09/0.08 cm with/without using the table overlay during simulation in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions, respectively, which is within registration tolerance. Clinical implementation of the LUT has resulted in a more efficient MRL treatment workflow while maintaining accurate patient setup.

Severe, Complicated Pancreatitis With an Unclear Etiology.

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process. There can be many causes of pancreatitis, which include alcohol or gallstones but can also be due to hypercalcemia, infections, or hypertriglyceridemia. Most cases of pancreatitis are mild and without complications. Severe cases of pancreatitis can cause complications, including organ failure. Pseudocysts are a rare complication of pancreatitis and may require management. We present a patient with severe acute pancreatitis with organ failure admitted to the intensive care unit, stabilized, and required subsequent management of a pseudocyst with cystogastrostomy with a lumen-apposing metal stent. The patient subsequently improved and is doing well today. Herein, we present an acute severe pancreatitis case report with an extensive workup complicated by pseudocyst development. We review pancreatitis causes, including rare causes and management.

Clinical Implementation and Initial Experience With a 1.5 Tesla MR-Linac for MR-Guided Radiation Therapy for Gynecologic Cancer: An R-IDEAL Stage 1 and 2a First in Humans Feasibility Study of New Technology Implementation.

PURPOSE: Magnetic resonance imaging-guided linear accelerator systems (MR-linacs) can facilitate the daily adaptation of radiation therapy plans. Here, we report our early clinical experience using a MR-linac for adaptive radiation therapy of gynecologic malignancies. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Treatments were planned with an Elekta Monaco v5.4.01 and delivered by a 1.5 Tesla Elekta Unity MR-linac. The system offers a choice of daily adaptation based on either position (ATP) or shape (ATS) of the tumor and surrounding normal structures. The ATS approach has the option of manually editing the contours of tumors and surrounding normal structures before the plan is adapted. Here, we documented the duration of each treatment fraction; set-up variability (assessed by isocenter shifts in each plan) between fractions; and, for quality assurance, calculated the percentage of plans meeting the γ-criterion of 3%/3-mm distance to agreement. Deformable accumulated dose calculations were used to compare accumulated versus planned dose for patient treated with exclusively ATP fractions. RESULTS: Of the 10 patients treated with 90 fractions on the MR-linac, most received boost doses to recurrence in nodes or isolated tumors. Each treatment fraction lasted a median 32 minutes; fractions were shorter with ATP than with ATS (30 min vs 42 min, P < .0001). The γ criterion for all fraction plans exceeded >90% (median, 99.9%; range, 92.4%-100%; ie, all plans passed quality assurance testing). The average extent of isocenter shift was <0.5 cm in each axis. The accumulated dose to the gross tumor volume was within 5% of the reference plan for all ATP cases. Accumulated doses for lesions in the pelvic periphery were within <1% of the reference plan as opposed to -1.6% to -4.4% for central pelvic tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The MR-linac is a reliable and clinically feasible tool for treating patients with gynecologic cancer.

Stability of MRI contrast agents in high-energy radiation of a 1.5T MR-Linac.

BACKGROUND: Gadolinium-based contrast is often used when acquiring MR images for radiation therapy planning for better target delineation. In some situations, patients may still have residual MRI contrast agents in their tissue while being treated with high-energy radiation. This is especially true when MRI contrast agents are administered during adaptive treatment replanning for patients treated on MR-Linac systems. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the molecular stability of MRI contrast agents when exposed to high energy photons and the associated secondary electrons in a 1.5T MR-Linac system. This was the first step in assessing the safety of administering MRI contrast agents throughout the course of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two common MRI contrast agents were irradiated with 7 MV photons to clinical dose levels. The irradiated samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to detect degradation products or conformational alterations created by irradiation with high energy photons and associated secondary electrons. RESULTS: No significant change in chemical composition or displacement of gadolinium ions from their chelates was discovered in samples irradiated with 7 MV photons at relevant clinical doses in a 1.5T MR-Linac. Additionally, no significant correlation between concentrations of irradiated MRI contrast agents and radiation dose was observed. CONCLUSION: The chemical composition stability of the irradiated contrast agents is promising for future use throughout the course of patient treatment. However, in vivo studies are needed to confirm that unexpected metabolites are not created in biological milieus.

Online adaptive planning for prostate stereotactic body radiotherapy using a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging-guided linear accelerator.

Recent advances in integrating 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with a linear accelerator (MR-Linac) allow MR-guided stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for prostate cancer. Choosing an optimal strategy for daily online plan adaptation is particularly important for MR-guided radiotherapy. We analyzed deformable dose accumulation on scans from four patients and found that daily anatomy changes had little impact on the delivered dose, with the dose to the prostate within 0.5% and dose to the rectum/bladder mostly less than 0.5 Gy. These findings could help in the choice of an optimal strategy for online plan adaptation for MR-guided prostate SBRT.

Initial Feasibility and Clinical Implementation of Daily MR-Guided Adaptive Head and Neck Cancer Radiation Therapy on a 1.5T MR-Linac System: Prospective R-IDEAL 2a/2b Systematic Clinical Evaluation of Technical Innovation.

PURPOSE: This prospective study is, to our knowledge, the first report of daily adaptive radiation therapy (ART) for head and neck cancer (HNC) using a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging-linear accelerator (MR-linac) with particular focus on safety and feasibility and dosimetric results of an online rigid registration-based adapt to position (ATP) workflow. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Ten patients with HNC received daily ART on a 1.5T/7MV MR-linac, 6 using ATP only and 4 using ATP with 1 offline adapt-to-shape replan. Setup variability with custom immobilization masks was assessed by calculating the mean systematic error (M), standard deviation of the systematic error (Σ), and standard deviation of the random error (σ) of the isocenter shifts. Quality assurance was performed with a cylindrical diode array using 3%/3 mm γ criteria. Adaptive treatment plans were summed for each patient to compare the delivered dose with the planned dose from the reference plan. The impact of dosimetric variability between adaptive fractions on the summation plan doses was assessed by tracking the number of optimization constraint violations at each individual fraction. RESULTS: The random errors (mm) for the x, y, and z isocenter shifts, respectively, were M = -0.3, 0.7, 0.1; Σ = 3.3, 2.6, 1.4; and σ = 1.7, 2.9, 1.0. The median (range) γ pass rate was 99.9% (90.9%-100%). The differences between the reference and summation plan doses were -0.61% to 1.78% for the clinical target volume and -11.74% to 8.11% for organs at risk (OARs), although an increase greater than 2% in OAR dose only occurred in 3 cases, each for a single OAR. All cases had at least 2 fractions with 1 or more constraint violations. However, in nearly all instances, constraints were still met in the summation plan despite multiple single-fraction violations. CONCLUSIONS: Daily ART on a 1.5T MR-linac using an online ATP workflow is safe and clinically feasible for HNC and results in delivered doses consistent with planned doses.

Feasibility of spinal stereotactic body radiotherapy in Elekta Unity® MR-Linac.

The Elekta Unity MR-Linac (MRL) is expected to benefit spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) due to the improved soft tissue contrast available with onboard MR imaging. However, the irradiation geometry and beam configuration of the MRL deviates from the conventional linear accelerator (Linac). The purpose of the study was to investigate the feasibility of spine SBRT on the MRL. Treatment plans were generated for lumbar and thoracic spines. Target and spinal cord doses were measured with two cylindrical ion chambers inserted into an anthropomorphic spine phantom. Our study indicated that the Monaco treatment planning system (TPS) could generate clinical treatment plans for the MRL that were of comparable quality to the RayStation TPS with a conventional Linac. For both Linacs the planned dose within the gross tumor volume agreed with measurements within ±3%. For the spinal cord, while the measured doses from the TrueBeam were 1.8% higher for the lumbar spine plan and 6.9% higher for thoracic spine plan, the measured doses from MRL were 0.6% lower for the lumbar spine plan and 3.9% higher for the thoracic spine plan. In conclusion, the feasibility of spine SBRT in Elekta Unity MRL has been demonstrated, however, more effort is needed for such as optimizing the online plan adaptation method.

Improvements in National Code Red transfusion practice in Scotland after adoption of recommendations from the Scottish National Code Red 2015 review.

AIMS: The Scottish Transfusion and Laboratory Support in Trauma Group (TLSTG) previously reviewed all National Code Red activations between June 1st 2013 and October 31st 2015, generating a number of recommendations to be adopted to optimise the transfusion support given to patients following major trauma in Scotland. A repeat National survey was undertaken for all patients for whom Code Red was activated between 1st November 2015 and 31st December 2017. METHODS: A clinical and transfusion lead for each centre entered anonymised data onto a secure electronic database (REDCap). RESULTS: During the study period there were 66 activations (24 South-East of Scotland, 32 West, 10 East). Mean age was 45 years and 88% were male. Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 28 with 75% blunt trauma. 93% (62/66) of Code Red patients received blood components with a 300% increase in pre-hospital transfusion (48 vs 16 patients; p<0.001). Median time from 999 call to Code Red activation reduced significantly to 37 min from 70 min (p = 0.01) giving the hospital more time to prepare transfusion components. 78% patients received pre-hospital tranexamic acid (TXA; improved from 70%, p = 0.67, ns). Concentrated Red Cell (CRC): Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) ratio was always less than 2:1 and below 1.4:1 at 90 min, compared to 2013-15 when CRC: FFP ratios did not drop to below 2:1 until 150 min after arrival in the ED. Mean time for Full Blood Count (FBC; 46 mins versus 81; p = 0.004) and clotting (53 mins versus 119; p<0.001) result was reduced. Survival to hospital discharge was unchanged (66% versus 63%; p = 1.00 ns). CONCLUSIONS: Code Red practice has improved in several ways since our last survey with earlier Code Red activation, more patients receiving pre-hospital transfusion and improved CRC:FFP ratios. Interventions such as earlier on scene Code Red activation, provision of pre-hospital TXA, Emergency Department (ED) resuscitation room pre-thawed FFP and point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation testing have all contributed to these improvements in transfusion practice in Scotland.

An Innovative Inexpensive Portable Pulmonary Edema Intubation Simulator.

Audience: This pulmonary edema intubation simulator is designed to instruct paramedics, medical students, emergency medicine residents, emergency medical services fellows, and attending physicians. Introduction: Acute pulmonary edema results in respiratory distress and may require endotracheal intubation. On occasion, pulmonary edema can result in copious amounts of pink, frothy sputum in the airway, complicating intubation by hindering the intubator's view. Although airway management skills are frequently taught in a simulation setting, the frothy sputum seen in acute pulmonary edema is not easily replicated. Several articles have been published in reference to simulation model development for difficult airway management due to emesis obscuring the view of the glottic opening.1,2 There is, however, a scarcity of literature describing pulmonary edema airway management simulator construction, with only one other model identified on our review of the literature, which utilized cadavers, baking soda, vinegar, and red food coloring.3In our simulation center, we teach a variety of learners who may be called upon to care for patients in acute pulmonary edema in their clinical practice, including medical students, residents from various specialties, practicing physicians and pre-hospital personnel. We wished to familiarize these trainees with the challenges associated with intubating patients with significant frothy secretions within the hypopharynx by developing a dynamic, realistic, portable and inexpensive model to simulate the airway manifestations associated with acute pulmonary edema. Educational Objectives: By the end of the session, learners will be able to: 1. Discuss the pathophysiology of, and immediate stabilization management steps for, acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. 2. List the indications, contraindications, and risks associated with intubating a patient with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. 3. Demonstrate effective communication and teamwork skills to manage the airway of a simulated patient in respiratory distress due to acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. 4. Successfully and safely intubate a simulated patient with a difficult airway due to visual obstruction from frothy pulmonary edema secretions. Educational Methods: We adapted a previously owned commercial airway task trainer simulator using an aquarium pump, tubing, an air stone, and an endotracheal tube. Pulmonary edema solution was created with glycerin, dish soap, (distilled) water and simulated blood. The solution and air stone are placed in one of the simulator's lungs. Subsequently, turning on the aquarium air pump generates simulated pulmonary edema within the lung itself, which froths up and out of the trachea and into the hypopharynx, mimicking the gross pathophysiological process.Learners complete pre-reading assignments prior to attending a small group didactic-practical session. Following a brief case discussion, led by the instructor, about the management of a patient in respiratory distress due to acute pulmonary edema, learners transition to a hands-on experience intubating the pulmonary edema manikin with the use of direct and video laryngoscopy, aided by a large bore Yankauer for suction and a bougie. Depending on the training level of the learners, the instructor will use judgment and may elect to demonstrate intubating the manikin using video laryngoscopy before the learners attempt the procedure. The authors recommend that the instructor use video laryngoscopy for teaching purposes so that all learners can visualize the intubation techniques (Yankauer, bougie) in the context of copious pulmonary edema fluid obscuring the glottis and surrounding airway structures.The practical portion is dedicated solely to intubation, with one learner assuming the role of the intubator and another assuming the role of a respiratory therapist, while the other leaners observe and/or provide real-time feedback. Learners rotate through these aforementioned roles. To maintain efficiency of the simulation session and maximize the number of intubation attempts each learner receives, the session is designed to begin with a case discussion about the management of a patient with acute pulmonary edema up through the timepoint of successful intubation, followed by a practical portion where the learners perform multiple intubations on the innovative pulmonary edema airway management task trainer. During the practical portion, real-time constructive feedback is given to each learner. At the end of the simulation session, a debriefing is completed.This model can be used to address several ACGME Emergency Medicine Milestones,4 specifically Milestone 9 (General Approach to Procedures - PC9), Level 4 (Performs indicated procedures on any patients with challenging features [eg, poorly identifiable landmarks, at extremes of age or with comorbid conditions], and also Milestone 10 (Airway Management - PC10), Level 4 (Performs airway management in any circumstance taking steps to avoid potential complications). This model can also be used to address ACGME Emergency Medical Services Milestones,5 specifically "Procedures Performed in the Pre-hospital Environment - Patient Care," Level 4 (Performs indicated procedures on any patients, including those with challenging features (eg, poorly identifiable landmarks, at extremes of age or with co-morbid conditions). Research Methods: At the conclusion of the session, verbal feedback is sought from each participant by the instructor: How helpful did you find this simulation experience for learning about airway management in patients with acute pulmonary edema? Did you find the pulmonary edema intubation model to be realistic? Following this simulation experience, how would you rate your personal confidence in terms of managing an airway complicated by acute pulmonary edema? Results: For under fifty dollars, we have been able to adapt one of our previously owned airway management task trainers to build a pulmonary edema intubation simulator. It has been used in a wide variety of settings for different learners, including medical students, residents, fellows and pre-hospital providers. Since the 2016-2017 academic year, two hundred and twenty-six emergency medicine residents (PGY1, PGY2, and PGY3) have successfully used our innovative pulmonary edema airway management task trainer. Qualitatively it has been well-received and felt to be realistic by both our learners and instructors based on verbal feedback received following the simulation sessions. Discussion: We are aware of only one prior report attempting to simulate the frothy sputum seen in acute pulmonary edema. Lipe, et al., described mixing baking soda, vinegar and red food coloring in a cadaver hypopharynx just prior to an intubation attempt.3 This combination creates a fizzy frothy solution that fills the hypopharynx and pushes proximally into the mouth. This model is limited by design, however, in that it was unable to mimic a true in vivo appearance of a continuous flow of pulmonary edema-like fluid from the glottic opening. We feel we were able to overcome this limitation and also believe it is important for the leaner to experience the challenges of intubation when faced with copious secretions originating from within the lower airways. Our model generates the froth from within the lung itself, and it migrates proximally, similar to the dynamic pathophysiological process that occurs in vivo. Since we did not compare these two techniques, it is unknown which is more realistic. Neither the Lipe cadaver model nor our manikin model has been validated in terms of the realistic nature of the simulated pulmonary edema fluid. This would be ripe for future investigation. Nonetheless, informal qualitative feedback from our learners and instructors has been positive.Resident use of our innovative dynamic pulmonary edema airway management task trainer has been incorporated into our Emergency Medicine residency and Emergency Medical Services fellowship Clinical Competency Committee discussions with respect to ACGME Milestone satisfaction. Our model addresses level 4 of Emergency Medicine Milestone 9 (General Approach to Procedures) and Milestone 10 (Airway Management). Additionally, level 4 of Emergency Medical Services Milestone 2 (Procedures Performed in the Pre-hospital Environment - Patient Care) is addressed. Incorporating successful intubation of the dynamic pulmonary edema airway management task trainer has provided the EM and EMS faculty with a more objective measure by which to score the aforementioned milestones during the mid-year and year-end Clinical Competency Committee meetings.Overall, this innovation has met our objectives well. We have added this model to our library of more complicated airway management scenarios, such as vomitus and aspiration. Our emergency medicine residency program hosts a version of the difficult airway course and includes this pulmonary edema simulation station as part of that course. The model is very portable, allowing us to transport it to different sites for use. It is inexpensive, costing less than $50 to construct. Finally, the design is readily adaptable to any standard airway training manikin that has a simulated hollow lung with a detachable connection to a conduit representing a bronchus, which has a direct connection with a simulated trachea into which an endotracheal tube can physically be passed. Topics: Airway management, difficult airway, intubation, obstructed airway, pulmonary edema, video laryngoscopy, visual obstruction.

Investigation of high-pressure planetary ices by cryo-recovery. II. High-pressure apparatus, examples and a new high-pressure phase of MgSO4·5H2O.

An apparatus is described for the compression of samples to ∼2 GPa at temperatures from 80 to 300 K, rapid chilling to 80 K whilst under load and subsequent recovery into liquid nitro-gen after the load is released. In this way, a variety of quenchable high-pressure phases of many materials may be preserved for examination outside the high-pressure sample environment, with the principal benefit being the ability to obtain high-resolution powder diffraction data for phase identification and structure solution. The use of this apparatus, in combination with a newly developed cold-loadable low-temperature stage for X-ray powder diffraction (the PheniX-FL), is illustrated using ice VI (a high-pressure polymorph of ordinary water ice that is thermodynamically stable only above ∼0.6 GPa) as an example. A second example using synthetic epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O) reveals that, at ∼1.6 GPa and 293 K, it undergoes incongruent melting to form MgSO4·5H2O plus brine, contributing to a long-standing debate on the nature of the high-pressure behaviour of this and similar highly hydrated materials. The crystal structure of this new high-pressure polymorph of MgSO4·5H2O has been determined at 85 K in space group Pna21 from the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of a sample recovered into liquid nitro-gen and is found to differ from that of the known ambient-pressure phase of MgSO4·5H2O (pentahydrite, space group ), consisting of corner-sharing MgO6-SO4 ion pairs rather than infinite corner-sharing chains.

Experience of implementing a National pre-hospital Code Red bleeding protocol in Scotland.

INTRODUCTION: The Scottish Transfusion and Laboratory Support in Trauma Group (TLSTG) have introduced a unified National pre-hospital Code Red protocol. This paper reports the results of a study aiming to establish whether current pre-hospital Code Red activation criteria for trauma patients successfully predict need for in hospital transfusion or haemorrhagic death, the current admission coagulation profile and Concentrated Red Cell (CRC): Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) ratio being used, and whether use of the protocol leads to increased blood component discards? METHODS: Prospective cohort study. Clinical and transfusion leads for each of Scotland's pre-hospital services and their receiving hospitals agreed to enter data into the study for all trauma patients for whom a pre-hospital Code Red was activated. Outcome data collected included survival 24h after Code Red activation, survival to hospital discharge, death in the Emergency Department and death in hospital. RESULTS: Between June 1st 2013 and October 31st 2015 there were 53 pre-hospital Code Red activations. Median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 24 (IQR 14-37) and mortality 38%. 16 patients received pre-hospital blood. The pre-hospital Code Red protocol was sensitive for predicting transfusion or haemorrhagic death (89%). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the pre-hospital SBP <90mmHg component were 63%, 33%, 86% and 12%. 19% had an admission prothrombin time >14s and 27% had a fibrinogen <1.5g/L. CRC: FFP ratios did not drop to below 2:1 until 150min after arrival in the ED. 16 red cell units, 33 FFP and 6 platelets were discarded. This was not significantly increased compared to historical data. CONCLUSIONS: A National pre-hospital Code Red protocol is sensitive for predicting transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients and does not lead to increased blood component discards. A significant number of patients are coagulopathic and there is a need to improve CRC: FFP ratios and time to transfusion support especially FFP provision. Training clinicians to activate pre-hospital Code Red earlier during the pre-hospital phase may give blood bank more time to thaw and prepare FFP and may improve FFP administration times and ratios so long as components are used upon their availability.