Observation on the ice crystal formation process of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) and the effect of multiple cryoprotectants pre-soaking treatments on frozen quality.

By observing the formation behavior of ice crystals, the quality of food products under different freezing conditions can be intuitively judged. In this paper, large yellow croaker was taken as the research object, and a novel cryomicroscopic system was developed to directly observe the structure of ice crystals during the freezing process. The cryoprotective effects of 4% sucrose +4% sorbitol (SU + SO), 4% xylo-oligosaccharide (XO), 4% xylo-oligosaccharide + 0.3% tetrasodium pyrophosphate (XO + TSPP) and 0.2% antifreeze protein (AFP) at different freezing temperatures were investigated. And the evaluation indicators, such as cell deformation degree, equivalent diameters, roundness, elongation and fractal dimension were introduced to quantify the damage of ice crystals to muscle tissues and fibers. The results indicate that reducing the freezing temperature and adding cryoprotectants can improve the quality of large yellow croaker. AFP has the best cryoprotective effect, with a reduction in cell deformation degree of 54.78% and 67.83% compared to the Control group at -5 °C and -20 °C, respectively. SU + SO and XO have the equivalent antifreeze effect, which is slightly inferior to XO + TSPP. In addition, physical parameters of large yellow croaker samples were measured to verify the influence of ice crystal structure on product quality. Therefore, direct observation of the ice crystal formation process and evaluation of ice crystal structure can accurately reflect the quality of frozen products, which is of great significance for the development of refrigeration and preservation technology.

Recent advances on air heating system of cabin for pure electric vehicles: A review.

Due to the environmental protection and energy shortage, the electric vehicles (EV) is gradually replacing traditional fuel vehicles. EV generally use more energy for air conditioning system, especially EV have almost no waste heat from engine to be discharged to the passenger compartment to achieve thermal comfort in heating condition. The energy consumption of the heating system for EV will decrease the maximum mileage. Therefore, the energy saving technology for heating system is developing and applied for EV. The article introduced the advance of conventional and emerging heating system for the EV. The positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater is a convenient heating method used in EV, but PTC heater has some defects such as low efficiency. The heat pump (HP) system is gradually replacing PTC. However, HP has various problems to be overcome, such as the heating capacity and efficiency in low temperature environment. In addition, other novel technologies are proposed to reduce the energy consumption. This article reviews the literature of novel heating methods for EV, introduces adsorption air conditioning systems (AAC), fuel combustion (FC), heat storage (HS), waste heat recovery (WHR), thermoelectric effect (TE) and magnetocaloric effect (ME). © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5'-AMP-activated protein kinase-activating transcription factor 1 cascade modulates human monocyte-derived macrophages to atheroprotective functions in response to heme or metformin.

OBJECTIVE: Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) is an important driver of the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Recently, we characterized Mhem as a novel macrophage phenotype that limits the atherogenicity of IPH. Mhem are directed by activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1), which is activated by phosphorylation. A better understanding of the counteratherogenic ATF1-Mhem pathway may facilitate antiatherosclerotic therapies. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We tested the hypothesis that heme in pathologically relevant concentrations activates the ATF1-Mhem pathway via 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and mouse bone marrow macrophages. We found that heme (10 µmol/L) activates AMPK, and downstream ATF1-mediated coinduction of heme oxygenase and liver X receptor that characterize Mhem. Heme increased macrophage phospho-AMPK, phospho-ATF1, and its target genes, and these effects were inhibited by the AMPK antagonist dorsomorphin, or by AMPK-knockdown with small inhibitory ribonucleic acid. The AMPK-activating oral hypoglycemic agent metformin also induced and phosphorylated ATF1 at a clinically relevant concentration (10 µmol/L). Functional effects of heme and metformin were inhibited by AMPK-knockdown and included suppression of macrophage oxidative stress; increased cholesterol export; protection from foam-cell formation; and suppression of macrophage inflammatory activation (human leukocyte antigen type DR expression). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that heme activates the ATF1 pathway in human macrophages via AMPK, and that a similar response occurs after treatment of cells with metformin. Our results suggest an in vitro mechanism that may explain the clinical evidence that metformin has vascular protective effects beyond its role in treating hyperglycemia.

Stable isotope-labelling analysis of the impact of inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin on protein synthesis.

mTORC1 [mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) complex 1] regulates diverse cell functions. mTORC1 controls the phosphorylation of several proteins involved in mRNA translation and the translation of specific mRNAs, including those containing a 5'-TOP (5'-terminal oligopyrimidine). To date, most of the proteins encoded by known 5'-TOP mRNAs are proteins involved in mRNA translation, such as ribosomal proteins and elongation factors. Rapamycin inhibits some mTORC1 functions, whereas mTOR-KIs (mTOR kinase inhibitors) interfere with all of them. mTOR-KIs inhibit overall protein synthesis more strongly than rapamycin. To study the effects of rapamycin or mTOR-KIs on synthesis of specific proteins, we applied pSILAC [pulsed SILAC (stable isotope-labelling with amino acids in cell culture)]. Our results reveal, first, that mTOR-KIs and rapamycin differentially affect the synthesis of many proteins. Secondly, mTOR-KIs inhibit the synthesis of proteins encoded by 5'-TOP mRNAs much more strongly than rapamycin does, revealing that these mRNAs are controlled by rapamycin-insensitive outputs from mTOR. Thirdly, the synthesis of certain other proteins shows a similar pattern of inhibition. Some of them appear to be encoded by 'novel' 5'-TOP mRNAs; they include proteins which, like known 5'-TOP mRNA-encoded proteins, are involved in protein synthesis, whereas others are enzymes involved in intermediary or anabolic metabolism. These results indicate that mTOR signalling may promote diverse biosynthetic processes through the translational up-regulation of specific mRNAs. Lastly, a SILAC-based approach revealed that, although rapamycin and mTOR-KIs have little effect on general protein stability, they stabilize proteins encoded by 5'-TOP mRNAs.

Roles of the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, in controlling ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis.

mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) is controlled by diverse signals (e.g. hormones, growth factors, nutrients and cellular energy status) and regulates a range of processes including anabolic metabolism, cell growth and cell division. We have studied the impact of inhibiting mTOR on protein synthesis in human cells. Partial inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin has only a limited impact on protein synthesis, but inhibiting mTOR kinase activity causes much greater inhibition of protein synthesis. Using a pulsed stable-isotope-labelling technique, we show that the rapamycin and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) kinase inhibitors have differential effects on the synthesis of specific proteins. In particular, the synthesis of proteins encoded by mRNAs that have a 5'-terminal pyrimidine tract is strongly inhibited by mTOR kinase inhibitors. Many of these mRNAs encode ribosomal proteins. mTORC1 also promotes the synthesis of rRNA, although the mechanisms involved remain to be clarified. We found that mTORC1 also regulates the processing of the precursors of rRNA. mTORC1 thus co-ordinates several steps in ribosome biogenesis.

Differing effects of rapamycin and mTOR kinase inhibitors on protein synthesis.

mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) forms two distinct types of complex, mTORC (mTOR complex) 1 and 2. Rapamycin inhibits some of the functions of mTORC1, whereas newly developed mTOR kinase inhibitors interfere with the actions of both types of complex. We have explored the effects of rapamycin and mTOR kinase inhibitors on general protein synthesis and, using a new stable isotope-labelling method, the synthesis of specific proteins. In HeLa cells, rapamycin only had a modest effect on total protein synthesis, whereas mTOR kinase inhibitors decreased protein synthesis by approx. 30%. This does not seem to be due to the ability of mTOR kinase inhibitors to block the binding of eIFs (eukaryotic initiation factors) eIF4G and eIF4E. Analysis of the effects of the inhibitors on the synthesis of specific proteins showed a spectrum of behaviours. As expected, synthesis of proteins encoded by mRNAs that contain a 5'-TOP (5'-terminal oligopyrimidine tract) was impaired by rapamycin, but more strongly by mTOR kinase inhibition. Several proteins not known to be encoded by 5'-TOP mRNAs also showed similar behaviour. Synthesis of proteins encoded by 'non-TOP' mRNAs was less inhibited by mTOR kinase inhibitors and especially by rapamycin. The implications of our findings are discussed.