Acral Pigmentation in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: Dermoscopic Findings and Treatment with the Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS; MIM 175200) is an autosomal dominant multiple-organ cancer syndrome. It is characterized by brown macules distributed in the perioral skin, oral mucosa, hands and feet, and hamartomatous gastrointestinal polyps that can eventually lead to intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain, bleeding, and anemia. Patients with PJS are at a higher risk of ovarian, testicular, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. This predisposition is due to the pathogenic variant in serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) gene located on chromosome 19p13.3. Here, we present the dermoscopic findings, histopathologic features of acral pigmentation, and DNA sequencing results of the patient with PJS. We also report a successful removal of acral pigmentation using the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (QSNYL) treatment. Our results suggest that QSNYL therapy could be a treatment option for acral pigmentation in patients with PJS.

Facial Cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman Disease: Dermoscopic Findings with Successful Surgical Treatment.

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterized by an accumulation of activated histiocytes within the affected tissues. It is a heterogeneous disease that includes the classical (nodal) and extra-nodal variants. The cutaneous form of the disease without the characteristic lymphadenopathy is rare and is often misdiagnosed as other dermatologic diseases. Misdiagnosis as lymphoproliferative and infectious diseases such as lymphoma and tuberculosis have been reported in the literature. Herein, we report a case of facial cutaneous RDD with successful surgical treatment. In addition, we provide dermoscopic findings and literature review as dermoscopy can be a useful adjuvant tool in the diagnosis of cutaneous RDD.

Dasatinib Attenuates Fibrosis in Keloids by Decreasing Senescent Cell Burden.

Keloids are skin tumours caused by aberrant growth of dermal fibroblasts. Cellular senescence contributes to aging and various pathological conditions, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and fibrotic diseases. However, the effects of cellular senescence and senolytic drugs on keloids remain largely unknown. This study investigated senescent fibroblasts in keloids and assessed the effects of dasatinib on these cells. Tissues acquired from keloid removal surgery were analysed for senescence-associated ß-galactosidase-positive cells, p16 expression, and the effects of dasatinib treatment on keloids. Keloid tissue was xenotransplanted into mice, and the effect of intralesional dasatinib injection on keloid growth was observed. The results showed that the numbers of ß-galactosidase-positive and p16-expressing cells were higher in the keloids compared with in the controls. Dasatinib induced selective clearance of senescent cells and decreased procollagen expression in cultured keloid fibroblasts. In this xenotransplant keloid mouse model, intralesional injection of dasatinib reduced gross keloid tissue weight and the expression of both procollagen and p16. In addition, dasatinib-treated keloid fibroblasts conditioned medium reduced procollagen and p16 expression in cultured keloid fibroblasts. In conclusion, these results suggest that an increased number of senescent fibroblasts may play an important role in the pathogenesis of keloids. Therefore, dasatinib could be an alternative treatment for patients with keloids.

Clinical and histopathological features of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: a retrospective analysis in Korea.

Introduction: Lentigo maligna (LM) and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) are rare in Asian countries. The histopathological diagnosis of LM is often challenging, and misdiagnosis is common. Although histopathologic features of LM/LMM are known, statistical analysis of them were scarcely reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the histopathological characteristics of LM/LMM in Korean patients and identify key histopathological clues distinguishing LM from benign lentigo. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of the clinical and histopathological features of patients diagnosed with LM/LMM at our center between 2011 and 2022. We assessed the histopathological features in each case based on 16 pathological criteria according to previous literature. Pathologically confirmed cases of benign lentigo were analyzed for comparison. Results: Twenty-one patients (10 with LM and 11 with LMM) were analyzed. Several statistically significant difference existed between the features of LM and benign lentigo (N = 10), including asymmetry of overall structure (p < 0.001), cytologic atypia (p < 0.001), predominant single-cell proliferation (p < 0.001), melanocytic nests (p = 0.033), melanocytes forming rows (p = 0.003), pagetoid spread of melanocytes (p < 0.001), and hair follicle invasion by atypical melanocytes (p < 0.001). Degree of solar elastosis was more severe in group "Age ≥ 60" (p = 0.015), and group "Diameter ≥ 20 mm" (p = 0.043). Presence of elongated rete ridges were less common in the older than 60 age group (p = 0.015) and group "Diameter ≥ 20 mm." Invasion was associated with mitosis (p = 0.001, OR 49.285), multinucleated cells (p = 0.035, OR 17.769), and degree of lymphocyte infiltration (p = 0.004). Conclusion: This study investigated the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of LM and LMM in Koreans. Although histopathological diagnosis is challenging, especially in the early stages of LM, our data showed essential histopathological changes in architectural, cytological, and dermal patterns. Considering the potential aggressiveness of LM/LMM, it is essential to recognize its histopathological features and provide timely management.

Dermoscopic Evaluation of Inflammatory Nail Disorders and Their Mimics.

Nail dermoscopy (onychoscopy) is a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluating diseases in the nail apparatus. It is non-invasive, allowing clinicians to prioritize particular nails for biopsy. Thus, it can improve diagnostic accuracy and expedite treatment. Evaluating inflammatory nail disorders using onychoscopy is a relatively new approach to clinical assessment and has the potential to augment clinical care. This review highlights key dermoscopic features of major inflammatory nail disorders, including trachyonychia, nail psoriasis, nail lichen planus, onychotillomania, nail lichen striatus and allergic contact dermatitis due to artificial nails. It also illustrates their management and differential diagnoses, including onychomycosis, onycholysis, nail dystrophy due to systemic amyloidosis and malignant nail tumours. Limitations of this review included the low amount of literature on this topic and non-standardized terminology used among research-ers. As onychoscopy is a relatively new technique, further studies and standardization of terminology are warranted to consolidate the role of dermoscopy in evaluating inflammatory nail disorders.

Intradermal Microdroplet Injection of Diluted Incobotulinumtoxin-A for Sebum Control, Face Lifting, and Pore Size Improvement.

BACKGROUND: Intradermal injections of botulinum toxin have been reported to improve sebum secretion, facial skin laxity, and facial pores. However, the effects of Incobotulinumtoxin-A for these indications have not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of Incobotulinumtoxin-A for the improvement of sebum secretion, face laxity, and facial pores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included patients treated with Incobotulinumtoxin-A to improve facial skin laxity, sebum secretion, and facial pores. The microdroplet injection protocol included injection points on the lateral face, anterior medial cheek, mandibular line, depressor anguli oris points, mid-glabella area, and chin. Outcomes were measured using a Sebumeter and three-dimensional scanner and were evaluated by facial laxity ratings and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included in the analysis. Sebum secretion, mandibular length, facial pores, and facial laxity ratings were improved at 1 week and results were sustained through 12 weeks. All outcomes showed maximum improvement after 4 weeks. Evaluation using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale showed that all subjects reported at least a score of 2 (improved) after 4 weeks. CONCLUSION: This study showed that intradermal injection with Incobotulinumtoxin-A could be effective for face lifting, reduced sebum production, and improved facial pores. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(1):49-54. doi:10.36849/JDD.5616.

Clinical and genetic profiling of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome in Korean patients by whole-exome sequencing.

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is mainly characterised by multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) caused by PTCH1, PTCH2, and SUFU. However, clinical and genetic data on Asian NBCCS patients are limited. We aimed to analyse the clinical phenotypes and genetic spectrum of Korean patients with NBCCS. Fifteen patients with NBCCS at Seoul National University Hospital were included, and their clinical data were analysed. Whole-exome sequencing and/or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification using peripheral blood were performed to identify genetic causes. Genetic analysis revealed that 73.3% (11/15) of the patients carried 9 pathogenic variants, only in the PTCH1 gene. Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and likely benign were also detected in 2 (13.3%) and 2 (13.3%) patients, respectively. BCCs were found in the majority of the cases (93.3%) and the number of BCCs increased with age (ρ = 0.595, P = 0.019). This study revealed that PTCH1 pathogenic variants were the main cause of NBCCS in Korean patients. As BCCs are commonly detected, a periodic dermatologic examination is recommended. Finally, our results support the addition of genetic screening to the existing criteria for NBCCS diagnosis.

Histopathologic findings of idiopathic trachyonychia: An analysis of 30 adult patients.

BACKGROUND: Trachyonychia, a rare inflammatory disease of the nail matrix, has a more chronic course in adults compared with that in children. However, the histopathologic features of the disease have not been sufficiently reported in the literature. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the pathologic features of idiopathic trachyonychia in adult cases at our center. RESULTS: A total of 30 cases were included. The median age was 55.5 years (range, 27-77 years). Median disease duration was 84 months (range, 8-384 months). Histopathologic analysis showed upper dermal lymphocytic infiltrates (93.3%), acanthosis (86.7%), exocytosis (63.3%), spongiosis (63.3%), parakeratosis (46.7%), psoriasiform hyperplasia (40%), eosinophilic infiltrates (33.3%), vacuolar degeneration (33.3%), lichenoid pattern (13.3%), Civatte body (6.7%), and collection of neutrophils in the stratum corneum (3.3%). Statistical analysis among pathologic parameters revealed associations of spongiosis with exocytosis (P < 0.001) and lichenoid infiltration with vacuolar degeneration (P = 0.008). Three patients (10%) showed fungal co-infection. CONCLUSION: The majority of cases revealed inflammatory cell infiltration with epidermal changes. Given the inflammation and chronic course of idiopathic trachyonychia in adulthood, active treatment with anti-inflammatory agents should be considered. Additionally, mycological tests should be considered during initial evaluation as there are cases with fungal coinfection.

Acral lentiginous melanoma in situ: dermoscopic features and management strategy.

Diagnosis of acral lentiginous melanoma in situ (ALMIS) is challenging. However, data regarding ALMIS are limited in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and dermoscopic features of ALMIS on palmoplantar surfaces. Patients with ALMIS and available dermoscopic images were retrospectively reviewed at our institution between January 2013 and February 2020. Clinical and dermoscopic features were analysed and compared between small (< 15 mm) and large (≥ 15 mm) ALMIS. Twenty-one patients with ALMIS were included in this study. Mean patient age was 58.5 (range 39-76) years; most lesions were located on the sole (90.5%). The mean maximal diameter was 19.9 ± 13.7 mm (mean ± standard deviation). Statistical analysis of dermoscopic features revealed that parallel ridge patterns (54.5% vs. 100%, P = 0.035), irregular diffuse pigmentation (27.3% vs. 100%, P = 0.001) and grey colour (18.2% vs. 90%, P = 0.002) were significantly less frequent in small lesions than in large lesions. We have also illustrated two unique cases of small ALMIS; their evolution and follow-up dermoscopic examination are provided. In conclusion, this study described detailed dermoscopic findings of ALMIS. Based on the present study and a review of the literature, we proposed a dermoscopic algorithm for the diagnosis of ALMIS.

Hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder in Korea.

Hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder (HVLPD) is a rare Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative disease. The disease course of HVLPD varies from an indolent course to progression to aggressive lymphoma. We investigated the characteristics of HVLPD in Korean patients. HVLPD patients at Seoul National University Hospital between 1988 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. This study included 26 HVLPD patients who all presented with recurrent papulovesicular and necrotic eruption on the face, neck, and extremities. EBV was detected from the skin tissues of all patients. HVLPD was diagnosed during childhood (age < 18 years) in seven patients (26.9%) and in adulthood (age ≥ 18 years) in 19 cases (73.1%). The median age at diagnosis was 24.0 years (range 7-70 years). HVLPD has various clinical courses, from an indolent course to progression to systemic lymphoma. Fourteen patients (53.8%) developed lymphoma: systemic EBV-positive T-cell lymphoma (n = 9, 34.6%); extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (n = 3, 11.5%); aggressive natural killer/T-cell leukemia (n = 1, 3.8%); and EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 1, 3.8%). Mortality due to HVLPD occurred in five patients (26.3%) in the adult group, while it was one patient (14.3%) in the child group. As lymphoma progression and mortality occur not only in childhood but also in adulthood, adult-onset cases may need more careful monitoring.

Surgical management of lipomas: Proposal of the Z-incision design and surgical algorithm based on tumor size.

Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for lipomas. However, linear incision methods or minimal extraction techniques often do not provide a sufficient surgical view. Therefore, removing large lipomas is often difficult. To present the Z-incision and half Z-incision designs for lipoma extraction, this retrospective study analyzed lipomas surgically excised at our institution between September 2015 and December 2018. The area of surgical field exposed by the Z-incision versus that exposed by the linear incision was calculated using a schematic model. Cure rate, complications, and surgical field area were investigated. A total of 84 lipomas were included. A Z- or half Z-incision was used to treat 30 lipomas, while a linear incision was used to treat 54 lipomas. The mean diameter of the mass in the Z- or half Z-incision group was 47.7 mm (range, 15-160 mm), larger than that in the linear incision group (25.5 mm; range, 7-59 mm) (p < .001). The Z-incision involved making rectangular windows by lifting 2 triangular flaps. According to our mathematical model, the Z-incision provided a larger surgical field area than that provided by the linear incision based on stretched angles (1.81 times larger at 30° and 3.14 times larger at 15°). The Z- and half Z-incisions were successfully performed in all but 1 lipoma (29 lipomas, 96.7%). There was 1 lipoma that resulted in postoperative complications (seroma, 3.3%). The Z-incision design can be a useful alternative technique for the extirpation of lipomas, especially large lipomas. Here, we proposed a surgical algorithm for lipoma surgery based on tumor size.

Discrepancies in general surgery medical terminology between South and North Korea.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to categorize surgery-related medical terminologies used in South and North Korea and to compare and analyze discrepancies observed in the terms. METHODS: This study collected medical terminology used in the North Korean medical book "Surgery" and compared it to medical terminology found in the medical glossary of South Korea. The order of the subtitle was described according to the Instruction to Authors. RESULTS: In total, there were 2,168 individual medical terms, of which only 1,004 words (46.3%) were identical to South Korean medical terms. There were 581 similar terms (26.8%), 265 different terms (12.2%), and 318 terms that are nonexistent in South Korea (14.7%). CONCLUSION: Less than half of the medical terms used in North Korea match those used in South Korea. It is expected that the prolongation of the current division of South and North Korea will only worsen this discrepancy. Further efforts to bridge the gap through academic exchange between South Korea and North Korea are required in preparation for an era of reunification.