A review of the implementation and research strategies of advance care planning in nursing homes.

BACKGROUND: Nursing home (NH) patients have complex health problems, disabilities and needs for Advance Care Planning (ACP). The implementation of ACP in NHs is a neglected research topic, yet it may optimize the intervention efficacy, or provide explanations for low efficacy. This scoping review investigates methods, design and outcomes and the implementation of ACP (i.e., themes and guiding questions, setting, facilitators, implementers, and promoters/barriers). METHODS: A systematic search using ACP MESH terms and keywords was conducted in CINAHL, Medline, PsychINFO, Embase and Cochrane libraries. We excluded studies on home-dwelling and hospital patients, including only specific diagnoses and/or chart-based interventions without conversations. RESULTS: Sixteen papers were included. There were large variations in definitions and content of ACP, study design, implementation strategies and outcomes. Often, the ACP intervention or implementation processes were not described in detail. Few studies included patients lacking decision-making capacity, despite the fact that this group is significantly present in most NHs. The chief ACP implementation strategy was education of staff. Among others, ACP improved documentation of and adherence to preferences. Important implementation barriers were non-attending NH physicians, legal challenges and reluctance to participate among personnel and relatives. CONCLUSION: ACP intervention studies in NHs are few and heterogeneous. Variation in ACP definitions may be related to cultural and legal differences. This variation, along with sparse information about procedures, makes it difficult to collate and compare research results. Essential implementation considerations relate to the involvement and education of nurses, physicians and leaders.

The MOBID-2 pain scale: reliability and responsiveness to pain in patients with dementia.

BACKGROUND: Mobilization-Observation-Behavior-Intensity-Dementia-2 (MOBID-2) pain scale is a staff-administered pain tool for patients with dementia. This study explores MOBID-2's test-retest reliability, measurement error and responsiveness to change. METHODS: Analyses are based upon data from a cluster randomized trial including 352 patients with advanced dementia from 18 Norwegian nursing homes. Test-retest reliability between baseline and week 2 (n = 163), and weeks 2 and 4 (n = 159) was examined in patients not expected to change (controls), using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2.1 ), standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable change (SDC). Responsiveness was examined by testing six priori-formulated hypotheses about the association between change scores on MOBID-2 and other outcome measures. RESULTS: ICCs of the total MOBID-2 scores were 0.81 (0-2 weeks) and 0.85 (2-4 weeks). SEM and SDC were 1.9 and 3.1 (0-2 weeks) and 1.4 and 2.3 (2-4 weeks), respectively. Five out of six hypotheses were confirmed: MOBID-2 discriminated (p < 0.001) between change in patients with and without a stepwise protocol for treatment of pain (SPTP). Moderate association (r = 0.35) was demonstrated with Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, and no association with Mini-Mental State Examination, Functional Assessment Staging and Activity of Daily Living. Expected associations between change scores of MOBID-2 and Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Nursing Home version were not confirmed. CONCLUSION: The SEM and SDC in connection with the MOBID-2 pain scale indicate that the instrument is responsive to a decrease in pain after a SPTP. Satisfactory test-retest reliability across test periods was demonstrated. Change scores ≥ 3 on total and subscales are clinically relevant and are beyond measurement error.

Efficacy of pain treatment on mood syndrome in patients with dementia: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Depression is common in nursing home (NH) patients with dementia, and often clustered with anxiety and other mood symptoms. An association between pain and depressive symptoms has been reported, but the impact of pain management on depression and other mood symptoms has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: Secondary analyses of a cluster randomized clinical trial examine the response of dementia-related mood symptoms to a Stepwise Protocol of Treating Pain. METHOD: Three-hundred fifty-two patients with moderate and severe dementia and significant behavioural disturbances, related to 60 clusters (i.e. clusters defined as single independent NH units) in 18 NHs of Western Norway, were included. All patients in the intervention group received individual daily pain treatment with paracetamol, extended release morphine, buprenorphine transdermal patch or pregabaline for 8 weeks, with additional follow-up assessment 4 weeks after completion of the intervention. Clusters randomized to control received usual treatment. A mood cluster consisting of depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, apathy and appetite items from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home (NPI-NH) was the primary outcome. RESULTS: Analysed by Mann-Whitney U-tests, Stepwise Protocol of Treating Pain conferred significant benefit in treatment of the NPI-NH mood cluster (F = 13.4, df = 1;299, p < 0.001) and depression (F = 2.0, df = 1;301, p = 0.025). Further analyses highlighted improvements in apathy (F = 5.3, df = 1;300, p = 0.017), night-time behaviours (F = 3.1, df = 1;301, p = 0.050), and appetite items (F = 11.6, df = 1;301, p = 0.005), but not irritability (p = 0.092) and anxiety (p = 0.125). CONCLUSION: Mood symptoms including depression significantly improved with pain treatment, emphasizing the importance of more rigorous treatment of pain in agitated people with dementia. Findings have potentially immediate clinical relevance.

Impact of a stepwise protocol for treating pain on pain intensity in nursing home patients with dementia: a cluster randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Pain is frequent and distressing in people with dementia, but no randomized controlled trials have evaluated the effect of analgesic treatment on pain intensity as a key outcome. METHODS: Three hundred fifty-two people with dementia and significant agitation from 60 nursing home units were included in this study. These units, representing 18 nursing homes in western Norway, were randomized to a stepwise protocol of treating pain (SPTP) or usual care. The SPTP group received acetaminophen, morphine, buprenorphine transdermal patch and pregabalin for 8 weeks, with a 4-week washout period. Medications were governed by the SPTP and each participant's existing prescriptions. We obtained pain intensity scores from 327 patients (intervention n = 164, control n = 163) at five time points assessed by the primary outcome measure, Mobilization-Observation-Behaviour-Intensity-Dementia-2 (MOBID-2) Pain Scale. The secondary outcome was activities of daily living (ADL). We used a linear intercept mixed model in a two-way repeated measures configuration to assess change over time and between groups. RESULTS: The SPTP conferred significant benefit in MOBID-2 scores compared with the control group [average treatment effect (ATE) -1.388; p < 0.001] at week 8, and MOBID-2 scores worsened during the washout period (ATE = -0.701; p = 0.022). Examining different analgesic treatments, benefit was conferred to patients receiving acetaminophen compared with the controls at week 2 (ATE = -0.663; p = 0.010), continuing to increase until week 8 (ATE = -1.297; p < 0.001). Although there were no overall improvements in ADL, an increase was seen in the group receiving acetaminophen (ATE = +1.0; p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Pain medication significantly improved pain in the intervention group, with indications that acetaminophen also improved ADL function.

Pain treatment of agitation in patients with dementia: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Advancing age is associated with high prevalence of both dementia and pain. Dementia is frequently accompanied by distressing behavioral and psychological symptoms, including agitation and aggression, particularly in nursing home patients. The etiology of agitation is multifactorial. It has been suggested that un-diagnosed and untreated pain may contribute to agitation in people with dementia. If this is correct, individual pain treatment could be of benefit in ameliorating agitation and other behavioral changes in people with dementia. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to conduct a systematic review of studies of whether pain medication can improve agitation in people with dementia. METHODS: A systematic search of the PubMed and Cochrane databases for the period 1992-2010 was performed, using dementia, agitation, aggression, depression, behavioral disturbances, behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD), pain, pain assessment, pain treatment, pain management, and analgesics as search terms. Inclusion criteria were: prospective studies including patients with dementia, interventions focusing on pain reduction, inclusion of a control condition, and outcome measures including agitation or other related behavioral disturbances. RESULTS: Only three controlled trials were identified; all were cross-over trials, and two included small sample sizes (<50). Findings were inconsistent, and although some correlations were reported, these did not support the hypothesis that pain management reduced agitation. CONCLUSION: There is a profound dearth of rigorous studies of the effect of pain treatment in patients with dementia and agitation. The available studies do not support the hypothesis that pain management reduces agitation in nursing-home patients with dementia. Randomized, controlled parallel-group studies are needed.