A multi-institutional meningioma MRI dataset for automated multi-sequence image segmentation.

Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Radiologists, neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists, and radiation oncologists rely on brain MRI for diagnosis, treatment planning, and longitudinal treatment monitoring. However, automated, objective, and quantitative tools for non-invasive assessment of meningiomas on multi-sequence MR images are not available. Here we present the BraTS Pre-operative Meningioma Dataset, as the largest multi-institutional expert annotated multilabel meningioma multi-sequence MR image dataset to date. This dataset includes 1,141 multi-sequence MR images from six sites, each with four structural MRI sequences (T2-, T2/FLAIR-, pre-contrast T1-, and post-contrast T1-weighted) accompanied by expert manually refined segmentations of three distinct meningioma sub-compartments: enhancing tumor, non-enhancing tumor, and surrounding non-enhancing T2/FLAIR hyperintensity. Basic demographic data are provided including age at time of initial imaging, sex, and CNS WHO grade. The goal of releasing this dataset is to facilitate the development of automated computational methods for meningioma segmentation and expedite their incorporation into clinical practice, ultimately targeting improvement in the care of meningioma patients.

Risk factors and early preventive measures for long COVID in non-hospitalized patients: analysis of a large cohort in the United Arab Emirates.

OBJECTIVES: Long COVID is characterized by persistent symptoms lasting for 4 weeks or more following the acute infection with SARS-CoV-2. Risk factors for long COVID and the impact of pre-COVID vaccination and treatment during acute COVID-19 remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate patient-specific factors associated with long COVID in a large cohort of non-hospitalized adult patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 in Dubai. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study. METHODS: The study included 28,375 non-hospitalized adult patients diagnosed with mild to moderate COVID-19 between January 1, 2021, and September 31, 2022, in Dubai, who were followed up for 90 days. The presence of long COVID symptoms was documented by physicians during patient visits to the family medicine department. Furthermore, long COVID-related risk factors were collected and analyzed, including patient demographics, comorbidities, pre-COVID vaccination status, and the COVID-related treatments received during the acute phase of the illness. Cox proportional hazard models were applied for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among the cohort, 2.8% of patients experienced long COVID symptoms during the 90-day follow-up. Patients with long COVID tended to be younger, female, and of Caucasian race. Common symptoms included fatigue, muscle pain, respiratory symptoms, abdominal and neurological symptoms, allergic reactions, skin rashes, and hair loss. Risk factors for long COVID were identified as diabetes mellitus, asthma, and Vitamin D deficiency. Females and Caucasians had a higher risk of long COVID during the pre-Omicron period compared to the Omicron period. Pre-COVID vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of long COVID in all patient subgroups. Treatment with favipiravir or sotrovimab during the acute phase of COVID-19 was linked to a decreased risk of long COVID, although favipiravir showed limited effectiveness in the high-risk group. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the existing knowledge by identifying risk factors for long COVID among non-hospitalized patients and emphasizing the potential benefits of pre-COVID vaccination and timely treatment.

The cadaveric research model for calcaneus fractures: A scoping review of biomechanical, anatomical, radiographic and fracture fixation studies.

BACKGROUND: Calcaneal fractures remain a big challenge in orthopaedic surgery and lead to long lasting disabilities. Cadaveric research plays an important role in determining optimal fracture treatment. This scoping review aims to provide insight into cadaveric research that has been conducted on calcaneal fractures, including biomechanics, fixation, approaches and radiographic studies. METHODOLOGY: A search strategy was created and implemented as per PRISMA guidance. 3 databases, Medline, Embase and Scopus, were used when conducting this review. RESULTS: 484 individual studies were retrieved across the 3 databases, of which 186 duplicates were excluded. Study abstracts were individually reviewed, of which 208 studies were excluded in accordance with study criteria. 90 papers were sought for retrieval, of which 83 full text papers were successfully retrieved. Of the full papers retrieved, 22 did not meet our inclusion criteria, and 19 papers related only to talus fractures. In the end, 43 cadaveric studies pertaining to this scoping review were included and reviewed. DISCUSSION: Studies were grouped into biomechanical, anatomical, fixation and radiographic studies for review. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of current cadaveric studies pertaining to calcaneal fractures has allowed greater insight into the myriad challenges in the management of these injuries. Effects of intra-articular fractures on calcaneal biomechanics assist in establishing surgical goals. Whilst fixation studies showing good stability of nail fixations could encourage further development in minimally invasive techniques. Avoiding pitfalls seen in the extensile lateral approach. Recommendations of areas for further research include use of external fixators, fixation in non-Sanders Type 2 fractures, and comparison of intraoperative CT/3D fluoroscopy with o conventional fluoroscopy.

Design of Experimental Approach for Development of Rapid High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Process for Simultaneous Estimation of Metoprolol, Telmisartan, and Amlodipine from Formulation: Greenness and Whiteness Evaluation.

The design of an experimental approach, the Box-Behnken design, was implemented to optimize the chromatographic condition to develop a rapid HPLC procedure for quantification of a ternary mixture of metoprolol (MET), telmisartan (TEL), and amlodipine (AML) from the formulation. The perturbation plots, contour, and 3D response surface pictures were developed to study the impact of each variable on the analytes' retention time and the probable interaction between the parameters with fewer chromatographic runs. The optimized HPLC method separated the three analytes within 5 min with excellent selectivity and peak shape on a Zorbax C18 HPLC column using acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 5.8) with isocratic elution at a 1.1 mL/min flowrate. A wavelength 230 nm was utilized to monitor the elute. The validation of proposed method demonstrated a wide linearity range of 10-200 µg/mL for MET and TEL and 5-50 µg/mL for AML along with an excellent correlation coefficient. The correctness of the HPLC approach was further confirmed by excellent recovery of the added amount of analytes utilizing the standard addition technique. The recommended HPLC approach was employed safely for quality assurance of the formulation, because the evaluation of the method's greenness and whiteness confirmed the environmentally friendly nature of the approach.

Low-grade fibromyxoid tumor of the dura: A new entity?

Background: Low-grade fibromyxoid tumors are uncommon in children. Their differentiation from high-grade fibromyxoid tumors, as seen in adults, is imperative to diagnosis. Awareness of the entity and its subsequent behavior may guide management and predict outcomes. Case Description: We describe the case of a previously unreported low-grade fibromyxoid tumor of the cerebellum in an 8-year-old male. Extensive immunohistochemical, next-generation sequencing, and attempted DNA methylation profiling are reported. There has been no recurrence during the 6-year follow-up. Screening excluded multiple myxoid tumors, including low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. The findings suggest that, with gross total resection, the lesions may not recur. Conclusion: The case of fibromyxoid tumor with 6-year follow-up and the limited literature of similar tumors are reviewed.

Diversity and genetic structure of freshwater shark Wallago attu: an emerging species of commercial interest.

Pakistan has natural freshwater resources acting as a hotspot for diverse fish fauna. However, this aquatic fauna is declining at an alarming rate due to over-exploitation, habitat degradation, water pollution, climate change, and certain anthropogenic activities. The freshwater shark, Wallago attu, is a popular edible catfish inhabiting these freshwater ecosystems. Habitat degradation, overfishing, and human activities are heavily impacting the natural population of this species. So, sound knowledge about its population structure is necessary for its proper management in natural waters. The current study involves utilizing two mtDNA markers (COI, Cytb) to assess the genetic structure and differentiation among W. attu populations of Pakistani Rivers. Genetic variability analysis indicated a high haplotype (0.343 ± 0.046-0.870 ± 0.023) and low nucleotide diversity (0.0024 ± 0.012-0.0038 ± 0.018) among single and combined gene sequences, respectively. Overall, River Indus was populated with more diverse fauna of Wallago attu as compared to River Chenab and River Ravi. Population pairwise, Fst values (0.40-0.61) were found to be significantly different (p < 0.01) among three Riverine populations based upon combined gene sequences. The gene flow for the combined gene (COI + Cytb) dataset among three populations was less than 1.0. The transition/transversion bias value R (0.58) was calculated for testing of neutral evolution, and it declared low genetic polymorphism among natural riverine populations of Wallago attu. The current study's findings would be meaningful in planning the management and conservation of this economically important catfish in future.

Exploring the aspirations, expectations and impediments of 'dental anaesthesiology' as a medical and dental speciality: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Local anaesthesia is the anaesthetic technique most frequently used in dentistry. Advanced anaesthetic treatments like conscious sedation and/or general anaesthesia are required for major dental surgical procedures. Although general dentists are capable of administering local anaesthesia, additional training is needed for advanced anaesthetic procedures. It is generally disputed whether advanced anaesthetic techniques should be related to one or two dental specialties or whether they should receive a separate degree. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims at introducing the field of 'dental anaesthesiology' in routine dental practice as applicable within laws laid down for dental and medical specialities. METHODS: Publications, articles and mouthpieces relevant to the topic of dental anaesthesiology were identified using various search engines like MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, and Web of Science. The terms used for the search were 'Dental anaesthesiology', 'General anaesthesia', and 'Dental care'. Articles about dental treatment done under anaesthesia were only considered describing various anaesthesia techniques. Additionally, the authors being regular caregivers of dentistry including oral and maxillofacial surgeon have shared their personal experiences and information on the said theme. RESULTS: In total, 127 articles were found of which 33 were available as full texts. Unrelated articles from the available full text were excluded. Finally, 17 studies were incorporated into the review. Majority of dental anaesthesiologist has a positive and favourable attitude towards the profession. Pediatric dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and special needs dentistry are the fields with the highest service demand. Also, the field is lucrative if the practitioner is refined and provides sophisticated services. It is easier and time saving to train the dentists, especially the ones with oral and maxillofacial surgery background. CONCLUSION: A degree of dental anaesthesiologist will open new doors to the budding dentist seeking for jobs or wanting to provide the best outcome.

Recent Modalities in Pain Control and Local Anesthesia in Dentistry: A Narrative Review.

Pain in the orofacial region or within the tooth is one of the most common complaints patients report to a dental office. An efficient practitioner must have adequate knowledge and tools to address and remedy the problem. Pain control in dentistry has a rich history and learning about it gives an insight into how the current modalities being used came into existence. As dentistry keeps evolving, newer and more efficient modalities have been developed for pain control. Dental pain is primarily remedied by dental practitioners and clinicians involved in emergency medicine; it may result due to various causes, mainly insulting the tooth or complications involved in and after oral surgery. Several modalities have been developed to reduce and eliminate this, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment modalities. Pharmacological modalities include using drugs. Many medications are used for pain management, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and muscle relaxants. Non-pharmacological modalities include behavior control methods based on several theories of pain. These modalities are used mainly for children, but some can also be used for adult patients. Several advances in delivery systems for local anesthesia involve using newer technologies to deliver a sustained dose of anesthetic agent. This review aims to enlist both modalities of pain control management in dental practices along with the newer advancements in this field.

Median Rhomboid Glossitis: A Developmental Disorder Involving the Central Part of the Tongue.

Median rhomboid glossitis (MRG), also known as posterior midline atrophic candidiasis, is a developmental disorder of the oral cavity. It usually involves the central part of the dorsum surface of the tongue. It is a papillary atrophy that is generally well-defined and symmetrical in presentation. It is usually a painless lesion, but some patients may complain of mild itching and irritation in that region. This lesion is more predominant in males than females. It has been widely argued that this lesion is not a developmental disorder but a clinical manifestation of a fungal etiology. This article presents a case report of a 55-year-old woman who reported to the oral medicine department in a tertiary care center in Wardha, India, with the chief complaint of an oval-shaped, discolored area on the dorsum of her tongue since birth. This article also emphasizes the role of a dental practitioner in diagnosing the lesion and appropriate patient education regarding the condition.

Smoker's Palate: An Often Misunderstood Benign Lesion of the Oral Cavity.

Smoker's palate is a type of lesion that occurs on the mucosa of the hard and soft palate almost exclusively in smokers. This lesion is prevalent in smokers who practice reverse smoking and less common in cigar and cigarette smokers. The lesion known as smoker's palate is also referred to as nicotina stomatitis and nicotina palatini, which suggests the role of nicotine in the manifestation of the lesion, but this is a misnomer as the lesion occurs due to the impact of heat coupled with the irritation caused by agents such as tobacco and marijuana; there is no role of nicotine in it. Patients who notice this lesion tend to misinterpret it as an early manifestation of squamous cell carcinoma. Although this is not true, this can be an excellent opportunity to counsel patients regarding the ill effects of smoking and guide them to quit the habit, citing that it causes cancer. This article presents a case report of a 27-year-old male with a smoker's palate. This article also highlights the importance of dental practitioners in diagnosing the lesion and how patients often misunderstand this lesion as a severe condition.

Overcoming Barriers to Dental Care in India by the Use of Mobile Dental Vans.

The aim of this literature review was to compile and present information on the use of mobile dental vans (MDVs) in India and to figure out if the use of these vans can be used to eliminate the barriers that prevent Indian people from getting access to quality and affordable dental care. Since the working of an MDV is quite complex, this article also serves to summarize the information available in the existing literature in a much simpler yet elaborate manner. An electronic database search was done using relevant keywords such as MDVs, mobile health units, dental vans, mobile dentistry, and portable dentistry on search engines PubMed, Scopus, and Medline. After removing the irrelevant and duplicate articles, 30 were shortlisted and reviewed. It is a difficult task to provide access to affordable dental care to every person in a country like India, which has such a large population and a large number of people living in rural areas. People who live in rural areas and/or belong to a lower socioeconomic class are more susceptible to oral diseases. Lower economic status, geographical location, motivational barriers, lack of public transportation, etc., deter people from receiving adequate dental care. MDVs are vehicles that can work as independent, efficient operatories to provide dental care and act as an adjunct as well as an alternative to conventional methods of improving the oral health of the community. The global impact of MDVs, coupled with efficient and organized implementation, can make them an instrumental tool for the good. The various barriers to providing dental care to the underserved groups of the population can be easily overcome through this powerful tool.

Hip Arthroscopy in Patients With Generalized Joint Hypermobility Yields Successful Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of hip arthroscopy in patients with generalized joint hypermobility (GJH). METHODS: A systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. An electronic record search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase. A 2-stage title/abstract and full-text screening was performed using the following inclusion criteria: (1) observational studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials; (2) describing more than 5 patients with a mean age over 18 years and GJH; (3) undergoing arthroscopy of the hip; (4) reporting patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), return to sport, or complications/reoperations; and (5) published in English. RESULTS: Of the 517 articles identified, 10 studies meeting all selection criteria were included. Included studies report significant improvements in a range of different functional and pain-based PROMs. Most patients (25.0%-97.0%) in each study achieved a clinically important improvement postoperatively in at least 1 PROM. No complications were described in any of the 4 studies reporting this metric. One study each found an association between GJH and an increased risk of postoperative deep gluteal syndrome and iliopsoas tendinitis. The rate of revision arthroscopy ranged from 0% to 11.4%, and only 2 patients in a single study of 11 hips required conversion to total hip arthroplasty. No statistically significant differences were reported between patients with and without GJH with respect to any of the described outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with GJH may achieve good outcomes following hip arthroscopy with respect to PROMs, perioperative complications, reoperation, and return to sport. With effective labral repair and capsular closure, outcomes achieved in patients with GJH are comparable to those reported in patients without hypermobility. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of level III to IV studies.

Effect of organic acids and probiotics on intestinal health of Apis mellifera.

Apis mellifera is an important pollinator that has a prominent impact on crops' ecological balance. Beekeeping provides us with more valuable products like honey, pollen, propolis, beeswax, and royal jelly. The ongoing era demands more scientific and environment-friendly strategies to improve the beekeeping sector internationally. Nowadays, the use of synbiotics (a combination of probiotics and prebiotics) has been declared as the need of the hour. However, little bit studies have been carried out in this regard. To improve the beekeeping sector in Pakistan, a study was designed to exploration of probiotic and organic acids on bee tissue ileum (small intestine). 108 Colony forming units (C.F.Us) of Bacillus clausii and Lactobacillus brevis were provided with and without mixing in 1.96% acetic acid, 2.91% acetic acid, and 2.99% lactic acid to caged worker bees under controlled laboratory conditions. The provision did not affect the intestine harmfully. The mean intestinal lumen diameters (µm2) were 133.33 ± 8.82, 63.33 ± 3.33, 186.67 ± 72.19, 250.00 ± 28.87, 166.67 ± 17.64, 193.33 ± 46.31, and 140.00 ± 61.10 in experiments (1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 respectively) compared to control's 113.33 ± 38.44. Worker bees with better digestion conditions prove honeybee's health and efficiency.

Common spatial pattern for classification of loving kindness meditation EEG for single and multiple sessions.

While a very few studies have been conducted on classifying loving kindness meditation (LKM) and non-meditation electroencephalography (EEG) data for a single session, there are no such studies conducted for multiple session EEG data. Thus, this study aims at classifying existing raw EEG meditation data on single and multiple sessions to come up with meaningful inferences which will be highly beneficial when developing algorithms that can support meditation practices. In this analysis, data have been collected on Pre-Resting (before-meditation), Post-Resting (after-meditation), LKM-Self and LKM-Others for 32 participants and hence allowing us to conduct six pairwise comparisons for the four mind tasks. Common Spatial Patterns (CSP) is a feature extraction method widely used in motor imaginary brain computer interface (BCI), but not in meditation EEG data. Therefore, using CSP in extracting features from meditation EEG data and classifying meditation/non-meditation instances, particularly for multiple sessions will create a new path in future meditation EEG research. The classification was done using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) where both meditation techniques (LKM-Self and LKM-Others) were compared with Pre-Resting and Post-Resting instances. The results show that for a single session of 32 participants, around 99.5% accuracy was obtained for classifying meditation/Pre-Resting instances. For the 15 participants when using five sessions of EEG data, around 83.6% accuracy was obtained for classifying meditation/Pre-Resting instances. The results demonstrate the ability to classify meditation/Pre-Resting data. Most importantly, this classification is possible for multiple session data as well. In addition to this, when comparing the classification accuracies of the six mind task pairs; LKM-Self, LKM-Others and Post-Resting produced relatively lower accuracies among them than the accuracies obtained for classifying Pre-Resting with the other three. This indicates that Pre-Resting has some features giving a better classification indicating that it is different from the other three mind tasks.

Anterior En Masse Retraction in Orthodontics.

This article reviews and critically analyzes the literature on mini-implants (temporary anchorage devices) for anterior en masse retraction in orthodontics. The search methods used were an E-database search, a secondary computerized search of orthodontics journals, and a reference list of selected studies. Eligibility criteria included individuals who underwent orthodontic treatment for correction of malocclusion with premolar extraction. Data were taken from PubMed and Scopus as well as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Keywords used for searching the article were temporary anchorage devices, premolar extraction, orthodontics, and anterior en masse retraction, Anterior en masse retraction with sliding mechanics in pre-adjusted edgewise appliances was considered for the study. Data collection and analysis involved three different researchers performing three steps of selection. All titles were initially filtered for irrelevant review articles. In the first step, all summaries from the selected studies were reviewed, and in the second, the entire content of the papers was read. The study was then discarded based on qualifying standards. A chart was created using the data from the final chosen research as well as the findings. The following information was evaluated for the final table: author, publication year, research structure, study group, sample size, methods/measures, study findings, and conclusion about frictionless mechanics. Results showed that a meta-analysis was not feasible due to clinical and statistical variability, as well as variations in study design, sample selection, and sample size. Thus, it was concluded that sliding mechanisms are widely employed in orthodontic treatment, but temporary anchorage devices and sliding mechanisms deliver great results. There is a need to raise awareness about these devices and use them with care.

Novel Therapies for Celiac Disease: A Clinical Review Article.

Celiac disease is emerging as an autoimmune disorder with increasing prevalence and incidence. The mean age of presentation is also increasing with the passage of time. The delay in diagnosis is partly attributable to the asymptomatic state in which most patients present. The diagnosis of the disease is primarily based on biopsy, but serology can also be included for possible screening purposes. Although the primary management strategy is to eliminate gluten from the diet of such patients; however, compliance with the diet and follow-up to detect healing might be difficult to maintain. Therefore, there is a need to investigate further management therapies that can be easily administered and monitored. The aim of the review is to discuss the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and novel therapies being investigated for celiac disease.

Fellowship of the Spring: An initiative to document and protect the world's oases.

An 'oasis' signifies a refugium of safety, recovery, relaxation, fertility, and productivity in an inhospitable desert, a sweet spot in a barren landscape where life-giving water spills forth from the Earth. Remarkable mythological congruencies exist across dryland cultures worldwide where oases or 'arid-land springs' occur. In many places they also provide specialised habitats for an extraordinary array of endemic organisms. To inform their management, and maintain their integrity, it is essential to understand the hydrogeology of aquifers and springs. Gravity-fed vs artesian aquifers; actively recharged vs fossil aquifers, and sources of geothermal activity are important concepts presented here. There consequences for oases of sustainable and unsustainable groundwater extraction, and other examples of effective conservation management. Oases are archetypes for human consciousness, habitats that deserve protection and conservation, and a lingua franca for multicultural values and scientific exchange. We represent an international Fellowship of the Spring seeking to encompass and facilitate the stewardship of oases and aquifers through improved knowledge, outreach, and governance.

Outcomes with chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate outcomes following chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy in relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (RR-AML). Methods: We performed a literature search on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov. After screening 677 manuscripts, 13 studies were included. Data was extracted following PRISMA guidelines. Pooled analysis was done using the meta-package by Schwarzer et al. Proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed. Results: We analyzed 57 patients from 10 clinical trials and 3 case reports. The pooled complete and overall response rates were 49.5% (95% CI 0.18-0.81, I2 =65%) and 65.2% (95% CI 0.36-0.91, I2 =57%). The pooled incidence of cytokine release syndrome, immune-effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome, and graft-versus-host disease was estimated as 54.4% (95% CI 0.17-0.90, I2 =77%), 3.9% (95% CI 0.00-0.19, I2 =22%), and 1.6% (95%CI 0.00-0.21, I2 =33%), respectively. Conclusion: CAR-T therapy has demonstrated modest efficacy in RR-AML. Major challenges include heterogeneous disease biology, lack of a unique targetable antigen, and immune exhaustion.

Frequency and Risk Factors of Permanent Hypoparathyroidism After Total Thyroidectomy: An Experience at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: Thyroid surgeries are among the most common operations performed in the world. Hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy (TT) is a common complication that is sometimes difficult to correct. This study aims to determine the frequency of hypocalcemia and permanent hypoparathyroidism (PtHPT) following TT. METHODS: A total of 363 patient records were reviewed who underwent TT for any reason. Thirty-eight patients did not have a follow-up in the clinic in the postoperative period and were excluded from the final analysis with the final sample as 325. For patients who developed hypocalcemia during the postoperative hospital stay, their lowest calcium levels were recorded and medical records were reviewed for the period of one year for the requirement of oral calcium and active form of vitamin D (calcitriol or alpha calcidiol) in the outpatient setting. Patients who required calcium and vitamin D supplementation for up to 1 year were labeled as having PtHPT. Risk factors were analyzed among those who developed PtHPT. RESULTS: From a total of 325 patients postoperative hypocalcemia developed in 163 (50.2%) patients, and 162 (49.8%) patients remained normocalcemic. Permanent hypoparathyroidism was found in 42(12.9%) patients and transient HPT in 121 (37.2%). Age, severe postoperative hypocalcemia (PoHC), and readmission for hypocalcemia were independent risk factors for PtHPT. CONCLUSIONS: Transient hypoparathyroidism (THPT) is common in our setup. Patients who develop severe hypocalcemia postoperatively and need readmission should be closely followed for the development of PtHPT.

The demographics of autoimmune hepatitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a United States cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the liver with increasing global prevalence. However, no epidemiological data exist for AIH in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Aim: To determine the demographics and comorbid conditions associated with AIH among HIV-infected individuals in the United States. Material and methods: The United States National Inpatient Sample database was used to identify HIV hospital encounters in 2012-2014. The encounters were then classified into 2 groups based on a concomitant primary diagnosis of AIH. Primary outcomes included the demographics and comorbid conditions of AIH among HIV-infected patients. Secondary outcomes assessed the independent predictors of AIH. Results: A total of 48,3310 patients with an HIV diagnosis were included. The estimated AIH prevalence was 52.8/100,000 HIV hospital encounters. The female gender was more likely to have AIH with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-2.32, p < 0.0001. The age intervals of 35-50 and 51-65 years had higher odds of AIH 110 (43.1%) and 115 (45.1%) with OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.02-1.67, p = 0.03 and OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.05-1.71, p = 0.02, respectively. African American and Hispanic races were more commonly affected. Moreover, HIV-infected patients with AIH had a higher risk of having elevated transaminases, long-term steroid use, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. Conclusions: This study illustrates that the estimated prevalence of AIH in HIV-infected patients in the United States is 52.8/100,000. AIH in HIV-positive individuals has a predilection for the female gender and African American and Hispanic races, and shows a higher correlation with rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis.