SARS-CoV-2 cross-sectional seroprevalence study among public school staff in Metro Vancouver after the first Omicron wave in British Columbia, Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among school workers within the Greater Vancouver area, British Columbia, Canada, after the first Omicron wave. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study by online questionnaire, with blood serology testing. SETTING: Three main school districts (Vancouver, Richmond and Delta) in the Vancouver metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS: Active school staff enrolled from January to April 2022, with serology testing between 27 January and 8 April 2022. Seroprevalence estimates were compared with data obtained from Canadian blood donors weighted over the same sampling period, age, sex and postal code distribution. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody testing results adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity, and regional variation across school districts using Bayesian models. RESULTS: Of 1850 school staff enrolled, 65.8% (1214/1845) reported close contact with a COVID-19 case outside the household. Of those close contacts, 51.5% (625/1214) were a student and 54.9% (666/1214) were a coworker. Cumulative incidence of COVID-19 positive testing by self-reported nucleic acid or rapid antigen testing since the beginning of the pandemic was 15.8% (291/1845). In a representative sample of 1620 school staff who completed serology testing (87.6%), the adjusted seroprevalence was 26.5% (95% CrI 23.9% to 29.3%), compared with 32.4% (95% CrI 30.6% to 34.5%) among 7164 blood donors. CONCLUSION: Despite frequent COVID-19 exposures reported, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among school staff in this setting remained no greater than the community reference group. Results are consistent with the premise that many infections were acquired outside the school setting, even with Omicron.

Patterns of Physical Activity Parenting Practices and Their Association With Children's Physical Activity Behaviors.

Background: Little is known about how parents combine multiple physical activity (PA) parenting practices (PAPP) and their relationship with their child's activity level. This study examined patterns of PAPP and their associations with sociodemographic characteristics and children's PA. Methods: Parents of 5- to 12-year-olds (n = 618) completed the 65-items PAPP item-bank assessing their use of structured, autonomy promoting, and controlling PAPP, and reported their child's PA. Latent class analysis was used to uncover similar groups of parents based on their use of nine PAPP. Regression analyses evaluated associations between the latent classes, sociodemographic factors, and children's PA. Results: Four latent classes emerged: (1) Indifferent (30%)-parents who were unlikely to use any of the PAPP examined; (2) Coercive (23%)-parents using primarily controlling PAPP; (3) Involved (19%)-parents using most PAPP examined; and (4) Supportive (28%)-parents using primarily structured and autonomy promoting PAPP. Involved parents were younger than Indifferent and Supportive parents. Supportive parents reported the highest level of children's PA compared with all other groups, whereas Coercive parents reported the lowest level of children's PA. Conclusions: Our findings showed that different latent classes exist among Canadian parents and that the combination of structured and autonomy promoting PAPP, when used without control, was associated with the highest PA level among children. The emergent latent classes are novel, theoretically meaningful, and key to inform family-based PA interventions.

Associations between maternal depressive symptoms and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant treatment on internalising and anxiety behaviours in children: 12-year longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant exposure is associated with increased internalising and anxious behaviours in young children; whether this continues into early adolescence is unknown. Also, it is not well established whether it is the in utero exposure to SSRIs or the underlying maternal mood that contributes more to these associations. AIMS: To examine associations between maternal depressive symptoms, prenatal SSRI antidepressant treatment and internalising and anxiety behaviours from childhood into pre-adolescence. METHOD: From a prospective longitudinal cohort, measures of maternal depressive symptoms and SSRI use and child outcomes (n = 191 births) were obtained from the second trimester to 12 years. Maternal reports of internalising and anxiety behaviours in children were obtained at 3, 6 and 12 years. RESULTS: Multilevel mixed-effects models revealed that maternal depressed mood at the third trimester assessment, not prenatal SSRI exposure, was associated with longitudinal patterns of higher levels of internalising and anxiety behaviours across childhood from 3 to 12 years of age. At each age, hierarchical regressions showed that maternal mood at the third trimester, compared with current maternal depression or prenatal SSRI exposure, explained a greater proportion of the variance in internalising and anxiety behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Even with prenatal SSRI treatment, maternal depressed mood during the third trimester still had an enduring effect as it was associated with increased levels of internalising and anxiety behaviours across childhood and into early adolescence. Importantly, we found no evidence of a 'main effect' association between prenatal SSRI exposure and internalising and anxiety behaviours in children.

COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions and Perceptions Among Public School Staff of the Greater Vancouver Metropolitan Area, British Columbia, Canada.

Background: The purpose of this study was to explore factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine intentions among school staff as high vaccine uptake is essential to ensure schools return to normal activities. Methods: Staff (e.g., teachers, administrators, student support workers) from three urban school districts in the Greater Vancouver Area of British Columbia, Canada completed a survey between February and June 2021 (n = 2,393) on COVID-19 vaccine intentions and perceptions (i.e., acceptance of routine vaccines, benefits and risks of vaccination, susceptibility to, and severity of COVID-19, recommendation by authority figures, information mistrust and conspiracy beliefs) as part of a COVID-19 seroprevalence study. Confirmatory factor analysis followed by multiple logistic regression models adjusting for relevant covariates were used to identify vaccine perceptions uniquely associated with (a) intention to get the COVID-19 vaccine (intention), and (b) intention to get vaccinated right away (urgency). Results: In total, 95.4% of participants of the seroprevalence study completed the vaccine questionnaire, corresponding to 17.7% of the target population. Vaccine intention was associated with staff who valued expert recommendations (AOR = 10.5, 95% CI = 7.39-14.90) accepted routine vaccines (AOR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.26-2.98) and perceived higher benefits (AOR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.01-1.65) and lower safety risks of vaccination (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.29-0.54). Comparable associations were found with vaccine urgency. Perceived susceptibility to the COVID-19 virus was uniquely associated with vaccine urgency (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05-1.61). A significant interaction effect (p = 0.01) revealed that staff who expressed mistrust in COVID-19 information intended to get vaccinated only if they also perceived high benefits of vaccination. Conclusions: Education about the risks and benefits of COVID-19 vaccines from a trusted source had the strongest relationship with vaccine intentions among this occupational group. Notably, those who expressed mistrust in information still intended to get vaccinated if they also perceived strong benefits of the vaccine.

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among Vancouver public school staff in British Columbia, Canada: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies reported COVID-19 cases in schools during the 2020/21 academic year in a setting of uninterrupted in-person schooling. The main objective was to determine the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among school staff in Vancouver public schools. DESIGN: Cumulative incident COVID-19 cases among all students and school staff based on public health data, with an embedded cross-sectional serosurvey among a school staff sample that was compared to period, age, sex and geographical location-weighted data from blood donors. SETTING: Vancouver School District (British Columbia, Canada) from kindergarten to grade 12. PARTICIPANTS: Active school staff enrolled from 3 February to 23 April 2021 with serology testing from 10 February to 15 May 2021. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among school staff, based on spike (S)-based (unvaccinated staff) or N-based serology testing (vaccinated staff). RESULTS: Public health data showed the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 among students attending in-person was 9.8 per 1000 students (n=47 280), and 13 per 1000 among school staff (n=7071). In a representative sample of 1689 school staff, 78.2% had classroom responsibilities, and spent a median of 17.6 hours in class per week (IQR: 5.0-25 hours). Although 21.5% (363/1686) of surveyed staff self-reported close contact with a COVID-19 case outside of their household (16.5% contacts were school-based), 5 cases likely acquired the infection at school based on viral testing. Sensitivity/Specificity-adjusted seroprevalence in 1556/1689 staff (92.1%) was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.6% to 3.2%), comparable to a sex, age, date and residency area-weighted seroprevalence of 2.6% (95% CI: 2.2% to 3.1%) among 5417 blood donors. CONCLUSION: Seroprevalence among staff was comparable to a reference group of blood donors from the same community. These data show that in-person schooling could be safely maintained during the 2020/21 school year with mitigation measures, in a large school district in Vancouver, Canada.

Associations Between Prenatal Exposure to Serotonergic Medications and Biobehavioral Stress Regulation: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Up to 20% of mothers experience antenatal depression and approximately 30% of these women are treated with serotonergic psychotropic pharmacological therapy during pregnancy. Serotonergic antidepressants readily cross the placenta and the fetal blood-brain barrier, altering central synaptic serotonin signaling and potentially altering serotonin levels in the developing fetal brain. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the impact of prenatal exposure to serotonergic antidepressants, accounting for maternal mood disturbances, on markers of stress regulation during childhood. METHODS: We will follow PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and will search MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov for full-length studies that assessed physiological (eg, cortisol level, heart rate variability, salivary amylase, pupillary size, C-reactive protein) indices of stress regulation in children of pregnant people who were treated with a serotonergic antidepressant at any point during pregnancy. We will assess the quality of observational studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the quality of experimental studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. When possible, we will conduct a random-effects meta-analysis. If meta-analysis is not possible, we will conduct a narrative review. If a sufficient number of studies are found, we will perform subgroup analysis and assess outcomes measured by drug class, dose, trimester of exposure, and child's age and gender. RESULTS: We registered our review protocol with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; CRD42021275750), completed the literature search, and initiated title and abstract review in August 2021. We expect to finalize this review by April 2022. CONCLUSIONS: Findings should identify the impact of prenatal antidepressant effects on stress regulation and distinguish it from the impact of prenatal exposure to maternal mood disturbances. This review should inform decisions about serotonergic antidepressant use during pregnancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021275750; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=275750. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/33363.

School staff and teachers during the second year of COVID-19: Higher anxiety symptoms, higher psychological distress, and poorer mental health compared to the general population.

Background: The aim of this study was to: 1) assess mental health symptoms in Canadian school staff during the second year of the pandemic (Spring 2021) and compare these same outcomes to national representative samples, and 2: examine whether the number of hours of direct contact with students was a significant predictor of anxiety symptoms. Methods: Online data on anxiety symptoms, psychological distress, overall mental health, and demographic information was collected from 2,305 school staff in the greater Vancouver area between February 3 and June 18, 2021, as part of a seroprevalence study. Results: School staff reported significantly higher anxiety symptoms than a national representative survey in Spring 2021 and higher exposure contact time with students was significantly associated with anxiety symptoms, in addition to sex and age, but not level of education and ethnicity. School staff also reported poorer mental health and higher levels of psychological distress compared to pre-pandemic population measures. Limitations: Cross-sectional design, self-report measures. Conclusions: These results show that priorities to reduce mental health challenges are critical during a public health crisis, not only at the beginning, but also one year later. Ongoing proactive prevention and intervention strategies for school staff are warranted.

A text messaging intervention and quality of life in adolescents with solid organ transplants.

BACKGROUND: Facilitating communication between adolescents and HCP outside of appointments may enhance patient experience and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SMS enhances the healthcare experience, QoL, and medication adherence in adolescent SOT patients. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of an SMS platform (WelTel Inc) for SOT patients aged 12-19 years. QoL was assessed before and after using the PedsQL™ Transplant Module. Medication adherence was assessed with the frequency of therapeutic tacrolimus levels and variation based on control chart analysis. Patient experience and engagement was evaluated with surveys, response rate to messages, and number of clinical conversations (>2 messages). RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included (median age 15.7 years (IQR 13.6-17.1)). Median intervention duration was 13.5 months (range 4.0-16.7 months). There was a 68% response rate (742/1095) with 375 clinical conversations. The majority of patients reported the intervention provided a positive outlook on their health (17/23), was useful (18/23), and improved their connection to HCPs (17/23). Following the intervention, there was no significant difference in the median scaled QoL scores (pre-intervention: 81 (IQR 76.5-93.3), post-intervention: 78 (IQR 76-93); p = .37), mean percentage of therapeutic tacrolimus levels (pre-intervention: 52 ± 25%, post-intervention: 65 ± 17%; p = .07), or variation on control chart analysis of tacrolimus levels. CONCLUSIONS: The WelTel messaging platform provided supplemental clinical care for a group of adolescent SOT patients that enhanced their healthcare experience. Patient QoL and adherence were unchanged following the intervention and remained at a high level.

Adolescents with solid organ transplant: Using the BRIEF2 parent-report and self-report to measure parent-child agreement and everyday executive function.

Agreement between parent and adolescent ratings of executive function (EF) is not known in adolescents with solid organ transplant (SOT), even though pressing concerns about EF deficits are being raised in this population. The current study investigated EF in adolescents with SOT using parent and self report. Twenty-five adolescents (M = 15.51 years) with SOT and their parent completed a behavior rating scale assessing EF within everyday context using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF2). Parents and their adolescents demonstrated moderate to excellent agreement across the BRIEF2 clinical and index scores, higher than previous research with a typical sample. Adolescent males had higher agreement with their parents than female adolescents. Both parents and adolescents reported significantly higher mean T scores on various BRIEF2 indices and domains, in addition to higher rates of clinically elevated executive dysfunction than their peers. Assessment of EF and targeting specific EF domains for intervention may be useful in this population.

Behavior regulation skills are associated with adaptive functioning in children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure.

Children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) experience a range of adverse outcomes that impact multiple domains of functioning, including cognitive, physical, mental health, behavioral, social-emotional, communication, and learning. To inform tailored clinical intervention, the current study examined the relation between caregiver-reported cognitive skills (executive function; EF) and adaptive functioning. The study conducted a secondary analyses of data provided by caregivers of 87 children and adolescents (aged 5-18 years, M = 11.7; 52% male) with confirmed PAE, including a subset (n = 70) with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), who reported on their child's EF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) and adaptive function (Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, 2nd Edition) skills. Findings from the current study showed that caregivers reported significantly poorer EF and adaptive functioning skills for children with PAE as compared to normative samples. Poorer behavior regulation skills were associated with all aspects of adaptive functioning (i.e., practical, conceptual, and social skills). Specifically, shifting skills emerged as the best predictor of adaptive functioning among children with PAE. These results highlight the possibility that targeting particular EF domains among individuals with PAE may benefit behavior regulation, which may also extend to adaptive skills. This highlights the need to develop EF interventions for children and adolescents who have been prenatally exposed to alcohol.

The Impact of Financial and Psychological Wellbeing on Children's Physical Activity and Screen-Based Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic, and the public health measures to combat it, have strained the finances of many families. While parents transitioned to working from home, children transitioned to learning virtually, limiting their organized social and physical activities. Families also reduced the frequency and size of gatherings, impacting psychological wellbeing. This study sought to understand the influence of financial wellbeing on children's physical activity and leisure screen-based activities via mothers' and children's psychological wellbeing. In May and June of 2020, 254 Grade 7 Canadian children and their mothers completed separate online surveys assessing family financial wellbeing, mothers' and children's psychological wellbeing, and children's physical activity and leisure screen-based activities. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the indirect effects of mothers' and children's psychological wellbeing on the relationship between financial wellbeing and children's physical activity and leisure screen-based activities. Final models were adjusted for potential confounders. Study results indicate a significant indirect association between financial wellbeing and children's physical activity and leisure screen-based activities via mothers' and children's psychological wellbeing. These findings demonstrate that higher levels of financial wellbeing are associated with better mental and physical health benefits in children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

How do children and youth with autism spectrum disorder self-report on behavior? A study of the validity indexes on the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, self-report of personality.

LAY ABSTRACT: Using self-report questionnaires is an important method in the assessment and treatment of children with autism. Self-reports can provide unique information about children's feelings and thoughts that is not available through other methods such as parent-reports. However, many clinicians are not sure whether children with autism can provide accurate self-reports. To study this, we examined 139 children and youth with and without autism aged 8-17 years. We looked at the effect of having autism, as well as other factors such as age, intelligence quotient, and attention problems on the validity of self-reports in these children. We examined if the children gave overly negative or positive answers and if they responded to the questions randomly or without paying attention. We found that children with autism can provide acceptable self-reports. However, they have more validity problems compared to their peers without autism. Our findings showed that this difference might be related to having attention problems in addition to autism, rather than having autism by itself. Children, with and without autism spectrum disorder, with fewer attention problems and higher intelligence quotient scores and those in the older age group, showed better validity. This article suggests that clinicians can use self-report measures for children with autism, but they should pay attention to important factors such as children's intelligence quotient and attention problems.

Perinatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and other antidepressant exposure effects on anxiety and depressive behaviors in offspring: A review of findings in humans and rodent models.

The developmental impact of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and other antidepressant treatments during gestation and postpartum on anxiety and depression behaviors in offspring is unclear. This review focuses on how perinatal exposure to SSRI and other antidepressant may have long term consequences for these affective behaviors during early childhood and beyond. Outcomes vary and consideration is given to methodological factors related to how early SSRI exposure affects developments studied in rodent models such as: a) between pre- and early post-natal SSRI exposure, b) sex, c) experimental models of gestational maternal stress and d) impact of non-SSRI antidepressant medications. We will also review how multiple contextual factors (maternal caregiving and gene x environment interactions) may contribute to the effects of perinatal SSRI exposure and maternal mental illness on affective behaviors in children.

What's Mom and Dad Got to Do With It? Factors Related Between Mothers', Fathers', and Young Children's Weight Bias.

Our aim was to examine the role of parents in the transmission of weight bias to young children. Specifically, we assessed mothers' and fathers' weight bias and beliefs about the controllability of weight, and fear of fat in relation to their children's weight bias. Eighty-three mothers, 57 fathers, and their children (4- to 7-year-olds) participated. We failed to find any significant associations between children's weight bias, maternal responses, and most paternal responses. Only fathers' dislike of adults with overweight had daughters with more positive views of overweight figures. These results suggest that parents do not appear to contribute to the weight bias of preschoolers and their influence may only emerge in middle childhood. The present study also suggests that more work on the psychometric properties of weight bias scales and tasks to measure weight bias in children is vital to accurately evaluate interventions to decrease weight bias.

Parent Reports of Executive Function Associated with Functional Communication and Conversational Skills Among School Age Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Despite average or above cognitive and verbal abilities, many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience difficulties in functional and social communication. Executive functioning (EF) may be the cognitive and regulatory mechanism that underlies these difficulties. Parents rated 92 children with ASD as demonstrating significantly more challenges than 94 typically developing children on measures of EF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; BRIEF), functional communication (FC), and verbal conversation (VC) skills. For both groups, the BRIEF metacognition scale emerged as a strong predictor of FC, while the BRIEF behavior regulation and the inhibit scale were predictive of VC skills. These findings suggest that targeting EF domains specifically may improve FC and VC skills in children with ASD.

Impact of Prenatal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressant Exposure and Maternal Mood on Physical Activity, Dietary Intake, and Markers of Adiposity at Age 6 Years.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed associations between maternal depressive symptoms, prenatal maternal antidepressant treatment, maternal estimates of child physical activity (PA), dietary total intake, and markers of adiposity. METHODS: Mothers and their children (N = 116) were part of a longitudinal cohort study examining the effects of prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants and maternal depression (SSRI exposed, n = 42; nonexposed, n = 74). Maternal depression symptoms were assessed prenatally and postnatally. At 6 years, PA was assessed using maternal report, 3-day dietary total intakes were obtained using objective records of intake, portion sizes, and product brand names, and birth weight, weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) at age 6 years were also collected. Body mass index (BMI) and WC z-scores standardized for sex and age were computed as markers of adiposity. RESULTS: Children with SSRI exposure had lower levels of PA than children without SSRI exposure. Total dietary energy intakes did not vary between exposure groups. SSRI exposure was not associated with BMI or WC z-scores of the children. Importantly, although lower birth weight was observed in SSRI-exposed children, differences did not remain, accounting for gestational age. CONCLUSION: Although SSRI exposure was associated with lower estimates of PA, such exposure was not associated with markers of adiposity or total diet energy intake at age 6 years. The implications across subsequent measures in childhood remain to be determined.

A 6-year longitudinal study: Are maternal depressive symptoms and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant treatment during pregnancy associated with everyday measures of executive function in young children?

BACKGROUND: Building on research reports that early and chronic exposure to maternal depressive symptoms (MDS) adversely affects children's developing executive function (EF), this longitudinal study examined whether exposure to MDS and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant treatment during pregnancy predicted individual differences in EF at school age. METHODS: In a longitudinal prospective cohort, maternal report of EF using the Behavior Rating Inventory of EF (BRIEF) was obtained from 139 children (77 females; non-exposed n = 88, SSRI exposed n = 51) at age 6 years. Clinician rated and self reports of MDS were also obtained spanning from the 2nd trimester to 6 years postpartum. RESULTS: Higher levels of MDS, especially at 3 years, were associated with poorer maternal reports of EF skills at 6 years. Associations between prenatal SSRI exposure and EF outcomes were not significant, even when controlling for maternal education and MDS at 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Postnatal exposure to MDS adversely effects developing child EF, even when maternal symptoms were treated with an SSRI antidepressant.

Perinatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) effects on body weight at birth and beyond: A review of animal and human studies.

The long-term impact of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant treatment during pregnancy and postpartum on offspring outcomes is still not clear. Specifically, perinatal SSRI exposure may have long-term consequences for body weight and related health outcomes in the newborn period and beyond. This review focuses on the impact of perinatal SSRI exposure on weight using human and animal findings. The impact of maternal mood is also explored. We propose potential mechanisms for weight changes, including how early alterations in serotonin signaling may have implications for weight via changes in metabolism and motor development. As the majority of serotonin is in the gastrointestinal (GI) system we also speculate that perinatal SSRI exposure might alter the brain-gut relationship, via the microbiome, leading to changes in feeding behavior and weight.

Second Language Exposure, Functional Communication, and Executive Function in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Parents and professionals are concerned that second language exposure may delay communication in children with ASD. In this study 174 youth (6-16 years) with and without ASD, exposed to a second language, were compared on executive function (EF) and functional communication (FC) with their peers without exposure. There were no significant differences between groups on age, IQ, and socioeconomic status. Parents reported on language exposure and rated EF and FC skills within everyday social contexts. The findings indicated that second language exposure in children with ASD is not associated with delay in cognitive and functional communication skills rather there was evidence of a reduced clinical impact as indexed by a lower percentage of children whose FC and EF ratings fell within the clinical range.

Assessment of executive function in young children with and without ASD using parent ratings and computerized tasks of executive function.

OBJECTIVE: The current study investigated executive function (EF) in young children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using multiple methods of assessment. METHOD: Young children (M = 63.2 months) with and without ASD, matched on age, IQ, and maternal education, were assessed on computerized measures of working memory, inhibition, flexibility, and planning. Parents completed a behavior rating scale assessing children's EF within everyday contexts. RESULTS: There were no significant group differences on working memory, inhibition, flexibility, or planning. The mean difference on one aspect of the planning task (number of correct trials), however, approached significance and showed a medium to large effect size. There was also a significant difference between groups on the EF behavior rating scale, indicating that participants with ASD demonstrated greater executive dysfunction, as indexed by parent report. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that in young children with ASD, EF difficulties may only become apparent when situational demands require coordinating multiple abilities, as assessed with scales indexing children's abilities to manage their day-to-day EF-related behavior. We suggest that multiple methods are needed to achieve a comprehensive and valid EF assessment in young children with ASD.