Continued Upward Trend in Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Isolation over 13 Years in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Korea.

PURPOSE: Despite decreased prevalence of tuberculosis, the incidence of the diseases associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has been increasing in South Korea and around the world. The present retrospective study was conducted to determine longitudinal changes in the epidemiology and distribution of NTM over 13 years at a tertiary care hospital in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data on Mycobacterium species over 13 years (January 2007 to December 2019) by utilizing the laboratory information system. Mycobacterium species were identified using biochemical tests and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and Mycobacteria GenoBlot assays. RESULTS: After excluding duplicates from the initial pool of 17996 mycobacterial isolates, 7674 strains were analyzed and 2984 (38.9%) NTM were isolated. The proportion of NTM continuously increased over the 13-year period, from 17.0% in 2007 to 57.5% in 2019. Among the NTM isolates, the most common species were Mycobacterium intracellulare (50.6%), M. avium (18.3%), M. fortuitumcomplex (4.9%), M. abscessus (4.5%), M. gordonae (3.3%), M. kansasii (1.1%), M. chelonae (1.0%), and M. massiliense (0.9%). In patients over the age of 70 years, the proportion of NTM among the isolates increased from 26.6% in 2007 to 62.0% in 2019, and that of M. intracellulare isolates among the NTM increased from 13.9% (11/79) in 2007 to 37.4% (175/468) in 2019. CONCLUSION: The number of NTM isolates continuously increased over the study period, and the increase in the proportion of M.intracellulare in patients aged over 70 years was notable.

Nosocomial Outbreak Caused by NDM-5 and OXA-181 Carbapenemase Co-producing Escherichia coli.

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) is an important and increasing threat to global health. From July to September 2017, 20 inpatients at a tertiary care hospital in Korea were either colonized or infected with carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli strains. All of E. coli isolates co-produced blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-181 carbapenemase genes and shared ≥88% clonal relatedness on the basis of a cladistic calculation of the distribution of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Rapid detection of CPE is one of the most important factors to prevent CPE dissemination because it takes long time for CPE to become negative.

A New Bacterial Growth Graph Pattern Analysis to Improve Positive Predictive Value of Continuous Monitoring Blood Culture System.

False positive signals (FPSs) of continuous monitoring blood culture system (CMBCS) cause delayed reporting time and increased laboratory cost. This study aimed to analyze growth graphs digitally in order to identify specific patterns of FPSs and true positive signals (TPSs) and to find the method for improving positive predictive value (PPV) of FPS and TPS. 606 positive signal samples from the BACTEC FX (BD, USA) CMBCS with more than one hour of monitoring data after positive signal were selected, and were classified into FPS and TPS groups using the subculture results. The pattern of bacterial growth graph was analyzed in two steps: the signal stage recorded using the monitoring data until positive signal and the post-signal stage recorded using one additional hour of monitoring data gained after the positive signal. The growth graph before the positive signal consists of three periods; initial decline period, stable period, and steeping period. Signal stage analyzed initial decline period and stable period, and classified the graphs as standard, increasing, decreasing, irregular, or defective pattern, respectively. Then, all patterns were re-assigned as confirmed or suspicious pattern in the post-signal stage. Standard, increasing, and decreasing patterns with both initial decline period and stable period are typical patterns; irregular patterns lacking a smooth stable period and defective patterns without an initial decline period are false positive patterns. The false positive patterns have 77.2% of PPV for FPS. The confirmed patterns, showing a gradually increasing fluorescence level even after positive signal, have 97.0% of PPV for TPS.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and macrolide resistance genes of beta-hemolytic viridans group streptococci in a tertiary Korean hospital.

The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibilities and macrolide resistance mechanisms of beta-hemolytic viridans group streptococci (VGS) in a tertiary Korean hospital. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of seven antimicrobials were determined for 103 beta-hemolytic VGS isolated from various specimens. The macrolide resistance mechanisms of erythromycin-resistant isolates were studied by the double disk test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall resistance rates of beta-hemolytic VGS were found to be 47.5% to tetracycline, 3.9% to chloramphenicol, 9.7% to erythromycin, and 6.8% to clindamycin, whereas all isolates were susceptible to penicillin G, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin. Among ten erythromycin-resistant isolates, six isolates expressed a constitutive MLS(B) (cMLS(B)) phenotype, and each of the two isolates expressed the M phenotype, and the inducible MLS(B) (iMLS(B)) phenotype. The resistance rates to erythromycin and clindamycin of beta-hemolytic VGS seemed to be lower than those of non-beta-hemolytic VGS in our hospital, although cMLSB phenotype carrying erm(B) was dominant in beta-hemolytic VGS.

Macrolide resistance trends in beta-hemolytic streptococci in a tertiary Korean hospital.

PURPOSE: Erythromycin-resistant beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) has recently emerged and quickly spread between and within countries throughout the world. In this study, we evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and erythromycin resistance mechanisms of BHS during 2003-2004. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MICs of seven antimicrobials were determined for 204 clinical isolates of BHS from 2003 to 2004. Resistance mechanisms of erythromycin-resistant BHS were studied by the double disk test as well as by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Compared with our previous study, resistance among Streptococcus pyogenes isolates to a variety of drugs decreased strikingly: from 25.7% to 4.8% in erythromycin; 15.8% to 0% in clindamycin; and 47.1% to 19.0% in tetracycline. The prevalent phenotypes and genotypes of macrolide-lincosamide-streptograminB (MLSB) resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes isolates have been changed from the constitutive MLSB phenotype carrying erm(B) to the M phenotype with mef(A) gene. In contrast with Streptococcus pyogenes, resistance rates to erythromycin (36.7%), clindamycin (43.1%), and tetracycline (95.4%) in Streptococcus agalactiae isolates did not show decreasing trends. Among the Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates (Lancefield group C, G), resistance rates to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol were observed to be 9.4%, 3.1%, 68.8%, and 9.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Continual monitoring of antimicrobial resistance among large-colony-forming BHS is needed to provide the medical community with current data regarding the resistance mechanisms that are most common to their local or regional environments.

A Case of Clostridium perfringens Septicemia with Fatal Hemolytic Complication.

Massive intravascular hemolysis secondary to Clostridium perfringens septicemia is rare but often fatal. We report a case of a fatal clostridial hemolytic complication in a 71-year-old woman with probable refractory anemia. The patient was admitted to the emergency room due to a comatose mental state and a high fever. Laboratory analysis showed massive hemolysis. She died from severe anemia two hours after admission. The next day, blood cultures grew gram positive cocci and boxcarshaped gram positive rods, which were identified as coagulase-negative staphylococci and C. perfringens, respectively.

Correlation of serotypes and genotypes of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae.

Despite the necessity for studies of group B streptococci (GBS), due to the increase in serious adult infections, the emergence of new serotypes, and the increased resistance to macrolide antibiotics, such studies have been limited in Korea. The primary purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency trends of GBS serotypes, including serotypes VI, VII, and VIII. The final objective was to elucidate the relationship between the genotypes and serotypes of macrolide-resistant GBS isolates from a Korean population. Among 446 isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae, isolated between January 1990 and December 2002 in Korea, the frequency of serotypes were III (36.5%), Ib (22.0%), V (21.1%), Ia (9.6%), VI (4.3%), II (1.8%), VIII (1.3%), IV (1.1%), and VII (0.9%). The resistance rates to erythromycin, by serotype, were 85% (V), 23% (III), 21% (VI), 3% (Ib), and 2% (Ia). Of 135 erythromycin- resistant S. agalactiae, ermB was detected in 105 isolates, mefA in 20 isolates, and ermTR in seven isolates; most type V isolates harbored the ermB gene, Ib type isolates had an equal distribution of resistance genes, type III isolates accounted for 70% of all isolates carrying mefA genes, and one fourth of type VI isolates had mefA genes.

Serotypes and genotypes of erythromycin-resistant group B streptococci in Korea.

Among 78 erythromycin-resistant group B streptococcus (GBS) isolates from Korea, ermB was detected in 58 (74.4%), mefA was detected in 14 (17.9%), and ermTR was detected in 6 (7.7%). The most prevalent serotypes of erythromycin-resistant GBS were V (detected in 34 isolates [43.6%]) and III (detected in 33 isolates [42.3%]). All serotype V erythromycin-resistant GBS harbored the ermB gene.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and macrolide resistance genes of beta-hemolytic streptococci in Korea.

In 540 beta-hemolytic streptococci, the rates of resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and clindamycin were 80.0, 22.8, 20.2, and 19.1%, respectively. Of the erythromycin-resistant isolates, 63.3% had the constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS(B)) resistance phenotype, 23.9% had the M phenotype, and 12.8% had the inducible MLS(B) resistance phenotype. The constitutive MLS(B) resistance phenotype with the erm(B) gene was dominant in Korea.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and macrolide resistance genes of viridans group streptococci from blood cultures in Korea.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to study the antimicrobial susceptibilities and macrolide resistance mechanisms of viridans group streptococci (VGS) in a Korean tertiary hospital. METHODS: MICs of five antimicrobials were determined for 106 VGS isolated from blood cultures. The macrolide resistance mechanisms of erythromycin non-susceptible isolates were studied by the double-disc test and PCR. RESULTS: In all, 42.4% of the isolates were susceptible to penicillin. Nine of 61 penicillin non-susceptible isolates were fully resistant (MIC >/= 4 mg/L). Rates of non-susceptibility to erythromycin, clindamycin and ceftriaxone were 33.9%, 17.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Twenty-two (61.1%) of 36 erythromycin non-susceptible isolates expressed constitutive resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics (a constitutive MLS(B) phenotype); 13 isolates (36.1%) expressed an M phenotype; and one isolate, a Streptococcus bovis isolate, had an inducible MLS(B) resistance phenotype. erm(B) was found in isolates with constitutive/inducible MLS(B) phenotypes, and mef(A) in isolates with the M phenotype. In three isolates (two isolates with a constitutive MLS(B) phenotype and in one isolate with the M phenotype), none of erm(A), erm(B), erm(C) or mef(A) was detected by PCR. CONCLUSIONS: Penicillin non-susceptible VGS were more resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin and ceftriaxone than were penicillin-susceptible isolates. A constitutive MLS(B) phenotype associated with erm(B) was the predominant mechanism of macrolide resistance among erythromycin non-susceptible isolates from this Korean hospital.