SupporTive Care At Home Research (STAHR) for patients with advanced cancer: Protocol for a cluster non-randomized controlled trial.

Advancements in the treatment and management of patients with cancer have extended their survival period. To honor such patients' desire to live in their own homes, home-based supportive care programs have become an important medical practice. This study aims to investigate the effects of a multidimensional and integrated home-based supportive care program on patients with advanced cancer. SupporTive Care At Home Research is a cluster non-randomized controlled trial for patients with advanced cancer. This study tests the effects of the home-based supportive care program we developed versus standard oncology care. The home-based supportive care program is based on a specialized home-based medical team approach that includes (1) initial assessment and education for patients and their family caregivers, (2) home visits by nurses, (3) biweekly regular check-ups/evaluation and management, (4) telephone communication via a daytime access line, and (5) monthly multidisciplinary team meetings. The primary outcome measure is unplanned hospitalization within 6 months following enrollment. Healthcare service use; quality of life; pain and symptom control; emotional status; satisfaction with services; end-of-life care; advance planning; family caregivers' quality of life, care burden, and preparedness for caregiving; and medical expenses will be surveyed. We plan to recruit a total of 396 patients with advanced cancer from six institutions. Patients recruited from three institutions will constitute the intervention group, whereas those recruited from the other three institutions will comprise the control group.

Practice guidelines for managing extrahepatic biliary tract cancers.

Backgrounds/Aims: Reported incidence of extrahepatic bile duct cancer is higher in Asians than in Western populations. Korea, in particular, is one of the countries with the highest incidence rates of extrahepatic bile duct cancer in the world. Although research and innovative therapeutic modalities for extrahepatic bile duct cancer are emerging, clinical guidelines are currently unavailable in Korea. The Korean Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery in collaboration with related societies (Korean Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery Society, Korean Society of Abdominal Radiology, Korean Society of Medical Oncology, Korean Society of Radiation Oncology, Korean Society of Pathologists, and Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine) decided to establish clinical guideline for extrahepatic bile duct cancer in June 2021. Methods: Contents of the guidelines were developed through subgroup meetings for each key question and a preliminary draft was finalized through a Clinical Guidelines Committee workshop. Results: In November 2021, the finalized draft was presented for public scrutiny during a formal hearing. Conclusions: The extrahepatic guideline committee believed that this guideline could be helpful in the treatment of patients.

Phase II study of nivolumab in patients with genetic alterations in DNA damage repair and response who progressed after standard treatment for metastatic solid cancers (KM-06).

BACKGROUND: Immune-modulating antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) have demonstrated promising antitumor efficacy in various types of cancers, especially highly mutated ones. Genetic alterations in DNA damage response and repair (DDR) genes can lead to genetic instability, often accompanied by a high tumor mutation burden (TMB). However, few studies have validated the aberration of DDR genes as a predictive biomarker for response to immune-modulating antibodies. METHODS: The KM-06 open-label, multicenter, single-arm, phase II trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of nivolumab in refractory solid cancers with DDR gene mutations assessed by clinically targeted sequencing. Nivolumab (3 mg/kg) was administered every 2 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or for 24 months. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR) as per RECIST V.1.1 criteria. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients were enrolled in the study (median age 61, 58.3% male). The most common cancer type was colorectal cancer (41.7%), followed by prostate and biliary tract cancer (8.3% each). Eight patients achieved a partial response as their best overall response, resulting in an ORR of 17.8%. The disease control rate was 60.0%. The median progression-free survival was 2.9 months. Treatment-related adverse events of any grade and grade ≥3 occurred in 44 (91.7%) and 4 (8.3%) patients, respectively. Clinically targeted sequencing data inferred both TMB and microsatellite instability (MSI). Using a TMB cut-off of 12 mut/Mb, there were significant differences in overall survival (p=0.00035), progression-free survival (p=0.0061), and the best overall response (p=0.05). In the RNA sequencing analysis, nivolumab responders showed activation of the interleukin signaling pathway. Patients who experienced early progression presented high epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathway activation. The responders exhibited a marked increase in PD-1-/Ki67+CD8 T cells at the early stage of treatment (C3D1) compared with non-responders (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In this phase II trial, nivolumab demonstrated moderate efficacy and manageable toxicity in patients with solid cancer harboring DDR gene mutations. A high TMB (>12 mut/Mb) and MSI score (>2.5) determined through clinically target sequencing presented significant discriminatory power for the nivolumab response. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04761744.

Open-Label, Multicenter, Randomized, Biomarker-Integrated Umbrella Trial for Second-Line Treatment of Advanced Gastric Cancer: K-Umbrella Gastric Cancer Study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to screen targeted agents as second-line treatment with a standard-of-care (SOC) controlled umbrella trial design in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with HER2-negative AGC from eight Korean cancer centers were screened for druggable targets using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization, and randomly assigned to the biomarker versus control group at a 4:1 ratio. In the biomarker group, patients were treated with specific targeted agent plus paclitaxel: pan-ERBB inhibitor for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 2+/3+ patients (afatinib; EGFR cohort), PIK3Cß inhibitor for phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss/null patients (GSK2636771; PTEN cohort), and anti-PD-1 inhibitor for PD-L1+, deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high, or Epstein-Barr virus-related cases (nivolumab; NIVO cohort). NONE cohort in the biomarker group without predefined biomarkers and control group received SOC (paclitaxel with or without ramucirumab). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary end points were efficacy and safety. RESULTS: A total of 318 patients were randomly assigned into the control (n = 64) and biomarker (n = 254; EGFR, n = 67; PTEN, n = 37; NIVO, n = 48; NONE, n = 102) groups. Median follow-up was 35 months. Median PFS and overall survival (OS) were 3.7 (95% CI, 3.1 to 4.1) and 8.6 (95% CI, 7.6 to 9.8) months in the biomarker group and 4.0 (95% CI, 3.0 to 4.6) and 8.7 (95% CI, 7.1 to 9.9) months in the control group. Afatinib addition led to marginal survival benefits to patients with EGFR 3+ compared with SOC (PFS, 4.0 v 2.2 months; P = .09), but GSK2636771 did not prolong the survival of patients with PTEN loss. Addition of nivolumab showed a durable survival benefit (median OS, 12.0 v 7.6 months; P = .08). CONCLUSION: Although biomarker group did not show better survival than the control group, IHC-based screening and allocation of patients with AGC to the second-line treatment in an umbrella design were feasible for effective early screening of novel agents.

Second-line chemoimmunotherapy with nivolumab and paclitaxel in immune-related biomarker-enriched advanced gastric cancer: a multicenter phase Ib/II study.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nivolumab and paclitaxel as second-line therapy for immune-related biomarker-enriched advanced gastric cancer (AGC). METHODS: This open-label, single-arm, phase Ib/II study was a part of multi-institutional, biomarker-integrated umbrella study conducted in Korea. In phase Ib, patients received nivolumab (3 mg/kg) on Days 1 and 15 and paclitaxel (dose level 1, 70 mg/m2 or dose level 2, 80 mg/m2) on Days 1, 8, 15 every four weeks. In phase II, patients with Epstein-Barr virus-related, deficient mismatch repair or programmed cell death-ligand-1-positive AGC were enrolled. The primary endpoints were recommended phase II dose (RP2D, phase Ib) and progression-free survival (PFS, phase II). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), safety, and exploratory biomarker analysis. RESULTS: Dose level 2 was selected as RP2D. In phase II, 48 patients were enrolled. The median PFS and OS were 3.9 and 11.2 months, respectively. The ORR was 23.3%, and the median response duration was 16.7 months. Grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events, mainly neutropenia, occurred in 20 patients (41.7%). Targeted sequencing revealed that patients with RTK/RAS pathway alterations or the HLA-A02 supertype had better survival. Patients with elevated baseline interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels had worse survival. CONCLUSIONS: Although the study did not meet its primary end point, nivolumab and paclitaxel for AGC demonstrated a durable response with manageable toxicity profiles. Genomic analysis or plasma cytokine analysis may provide information for the selection of patients who would benefit more from immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy.

Treatment Patterns and Prognosis of Palliative Chemotherapy Combined With Targeting Agents in Patients With Unresectable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: CHOICE, A Multicenter Longitudinal Observational Study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: This study investigated the treatment patterns and prognosis of patients with metastatic or unresectable colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with chemotherapy with targeting agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This longitudinal multicenter study included 963 patients with mCRC who were treated in Korea between 2016 and 2020. Treatment patterns and efficacy were compared according to the mutation status and clinical factors. RESULTS: As first-line therapy, most of the patients (83.5%) received FOLFOX plus bevacizumab (35.4%), followed by FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab (18.8%), FOLFIRI plus cetuximab (17.0%), and FOLFOX plus cetuximab (12.3%). Bevacizumab was the most frequent agent (78.8%) combined with chemotherapy in RAS-mutated CRC, while cetuximab (57.2%) in RAS wild-type CRC. Cetuximab was frequently combined with a doublet regimen in patients with left-sided CRC than in those with right-sided CRC (34.4% vs. 16%). As second-line therapy, most patients (63.4%) also received doublet regimens with bevacizumab, and FOLFIRI plus aflibercept was administered in 15.1%. The objective response rate with FOLFIRI plus cetuximab was significantly higher in patients with left-sided CRC than in those with right-sided CRC (59.2% vs. 30.8%, p=0.008) and marginally higher in patients with RAS wild-type CRC than in those with RAS-mutated CRC (55.6% vs. 0.0%, p=0.092). Progression-free survival (PFS) with FOLFOX plus bevacizumab was significantly shorter than that with FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab (p=0.030) in RAS-mutated CRC, whereas there were no significant differences between regimens in RAS wild-type CRC. CONCLUSION: In patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer, doublet chemotherapy with targeting agents is the most common therapy and efficacy depends on the mutation status as well as clinical factors.

Feasibility and safety of exercise during chemotherapy in people with gastrointestinal cancers: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: Sarcopenia is a poor prognostic factor in cancer patients, and exercise is one of the treatments to improve sarcopenia. However, there is currently insufficient evidence on whether exercise can improve sarcopenia in patients with advanced cancers. This study examined the feasibility of exercise in advanced gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients treated with palliative chemotherapy. METHODS: Between 2020 and 2021, 30 patients were enrolled in a resistance and aerobic exercise program for six weeks. The exercise intervention program (EIP) consisted of low, moderate, and high intensity levels. Patients were asked to select the intensity level according to their ability. The primary endpoint was the feasibility of the EIP measured by compliance during the six weeks. A compliance of over 50% was considered acceptable. The secondary endpoints were changes in weight and muscle mass, safety, quality of life (QoL) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The median age of the study's participants was 60 (30-77). The total compliance to the EIP was 63.3% (19/30 patients). Sixteen (53.3%) patients had a compliance of over 80%. The attrition rate was 30.0% (9/30). The mean exercise time was 41.4 min, and the aerobic exercise was 92.3% and the resistant exercise was 73.7%, and both exercise was 66.5%. Most patients performed the moderate intensity level exercises at home or near their home. The mean skeletal muscle index (SMI) was 43.5 cm2/m2 pre-chemotherapy and 42.2 cm2/m2 after six weeks of chemotherapy, with a decrease of -1.2 ± 2.8 cm2/m2 (-3.0%) (p = 0.030). In the poor compliance group, the mean SMI decrease was -2.8 ± 3.0 cm2/m2 which was significantly different (p = 0.033); however, in the good compliance group, the mean SMI decrease was -0.5 ± 2.5 cm2/m2 which was maintained over the six weeks (p = 0.337). The good compliance group had a significantly longer median OS compared with the poor compliance group (25.3 months vs. 7.9 months, HR = 0.306, 95% CI = 0.120-0.784, p = 0.014). The QoL showed a better score for insomnia (p = 0.042). There were no serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The EIP during palliative chemotherapy in advanced GI cancer patients showed good compliance. In the good compliance group, muscle mass and physical functions were maintained for six weeks. The EIP was safe, and the QoL was maintained. Based on this study, further research in exercise intervention in advanced cancer patients is needed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The clinical trial registration number is KCT 0005615 (CRIS, https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/en/ ); registration date, 23rd Nov 2020.

Diagnosis and outcomes of cachexia in Asia: Working Consensus Report from the Asian Working Group for Cachexia.

Chronic diseases often lead to metabolic disorders, causing anabolic resistance and increased energy consumption, which result in cachexia. Cachexia, in turn, can lead to major clinical consequences such as impaired quality of life, shortened life expectancy, and increased healthcare expenditure. Existing international diagnostic criteria for cachexia employ thresholds derived from Western populations, which may not apply to Asians due to differing body compositions. To address this issue, the Asian Working Group for Cachexia (AWGC) was initiated. The AWGC comprises experts in cachexia research and clinical practice from various Asian countries and aims to develop a consensus on diagnostic criteria and significant clinical outcomes for cachexia in Asia. The AWGC, composed of experts in cachexia research and clinical practice from several Asian countries, undertook three-round Delphi surveys and five meetings to reach a consensus. Discussions were held on etiological diseases, essential diagnostic items for cachexia, including subjective and objective symptoms and biomarkers, and significant clinical outcomes. The consensus highlighted the importance of multiple diagnostic factors for cachexia, including chronic diseases, either or both weight loss or low body mass index, and at least one of the following: anorexia, decreased grip strength (<28 kg in men and <18 kg in women), or elevated C-reactive protein levels (>5 mg/L [0.5 mg/dL]). The AWGC proposed a significant weight change of 2% or more over a 3-6 month period and suggested a tentative cut-off value of 21 kg/m2 for low body mass index in diagnosing cachexia. Critical clinical outcomes were determined to be mortality, quality of life as assessed by tools such as EQ-5D or the Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy, and functional status as measured by the Clinical Frailty Scale or Barthel Index, with significant emphasis on patient-reported outcomes. The AWGC consensus offers a comprehensive definition and user-friendly diagnostic criteria for cachexia, tailored specifically for Asian populations. This consensus is set to stimulate future research and enhance the multidisciplinary approach to managing cachexia. With plans to develop further guidelines for the optimal treatment, prevention, and care of cachexia in Asians, the AWGC criteria are expected to drive research across chronic co-morbidities and cancer in Asia, leading to future refinement of diagnostic criteria.

Clinical Implication of DNA Damage Response Genes in Advanced Gastric Cancer Stage IV and Recurrent Gastric Cancer Patients After Gastrectomy Treated Palliative Chemotherapy.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between DNA damage response (DDR)-related protein expression and the clinical outcomes of patients with gastric cancer stage IV and recurrent advanced gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy treated with palliative first-line chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 611 gastric cancer patients underwent D2 radical gastrectomy at Chung-Ang University Hospital between January 2005 and December 2017, of which 72 patients who received gastrectomy treatment with palliative chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. We performed the immunohistochemical assessment of MutL Homolog 1 (MLH1), MutS Homolog 2 (MSH2), at-rich interaction domain 1 (ARID1A), poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1), breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression models were used to evaluate independent predictors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Results: Among the 72 patients studied, immunohistochemical staining analysis indicated deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) in 19.4% of patients (n = 14). The most common DDR gene with suppressed expression was PARP-1 (n = 41, 56.9%), followed by ATM (n = 26, 36.1%), ARID1A (n = 10, 13.9%), MLH1 (n = 12, 16.7%), BRCA1 (n = 11, 15.3%), and MSH2 (n = 3, 4.2%). HER2 (n = 6, 8.3%) and PD-L1 (n = 3, 4.2%) were expressed in 72 patients. The dMMR group exhibited a significantly longer median OS than the MMR proficient (pMMR) group (19.9 months vs. 11.0 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.474, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.239-0.937, P = 0.032). The dMMR group exhibited a significantly longer median PFS than the pMMR group (7.0 months vs. 5.1 months; HR= 0.498, 95% CI = 0.267-0.928, P = 0.028). Conclusions: Of stage IV gastric cancer and recurrent gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy, the dMMR group had a better survival rate than the pMMR group. Although dMMR is a predictive factor for immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, further studies are needed to determine whether it is a prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients treated with palliative cytotoxic chemotherapy.

Real-world experience of safety and effectiveness of regorafenib for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and hepatocellular carcinoma: a post-marketing surveillance study in Korea.

Purpose: This regulatory post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study was performed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of regorafenib on Korean patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a real-world clinical setting. Methods: This PMS was conducted as a multi-center, prospective, observational study at 34 centers in Korea from August 2013 to August 2019. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety of regorafenib in real-world practice, with the secondary objective to investigate its effectiveness, including its overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: In total, 301 patients were included in the analysis (254 patients with CRC, 14 patients with GIST, and 33 patients with HCC). The incidence rates of adverse events (AEs) were 85.0%, 78.6%, and 81.8% in patients with CRC, GIST, and HCC, respectively. The most frequent AE related to regorafenib in the three cancer types was palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (PPES). The ORRs of patients with CRC, GIST, and HCC were 4.7%, 0%, and 41.4%, respectively. The median PFS and OS were 2.1 and 6.1 months for CRC, respectively; 9.2 and 16.4 months for GIST, respectively; and 5.5 months and not estimated (NE) for HCC, respectively. Patients who experienced a dose modification or discontinuation of regorafenib showed significantly shorter median PFS and OS (2.2 vs. 2.6 months, respectively, P = 0.0335 for PFS; 5.3 vs. 8.5 months, respectively, P = 0.0010 for OS). Conclusion: This PMS study, which is the largest surveillance study of CRC in Korea, found no newly identified safety concerns for patients who received regorafenib in the real-world setting. Additionally, the results of this study were consisted with those previously reported in phase III trials.

COMPrehensive geriatric AsseSSment and multidisciplinary team intervention for hospitalised older adults (COMPASS): a protocol of pragmatic trials within a cohort.

INTRODUCTION: There is an increased demand for services for hospitalised older patients with acute medical conditions due to rapidly ageing population. The COMPrehensive geriatric AsseSSment and multidisciplinary team intervention for hospitalised older adults (COMPASS) study will test the effectiveness of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) and multidisciplinary intervention by comparing it with conventional care among acute hospitalised older adults in Korea. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A multicentre trial within a cohort comprising three substudies (randomised controlled trials) will be conducted. The intervention includes CGA and CGA-based multidisciplinary interventions by physicians (geriatricians, oncologists), nurses, nutritionists and pharmacists. The multidisciplinary intervention includes nutritional support, medication review and adjustment, rehabilitation, early discharge planning and prevention of geriatric syndromes (falls, delirium, pressure sore and urinary retention). The analysis will be based on an intention-to-treat principle. The primary outcome is living at home 3 months after discharge. In addition to assessing the economic effects of the intervention, a cost-utility analysis will be conducted. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethics committees of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and each study site. The study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Subgroup and further in-depth analyses will subsequently be published. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: KCT0006270.

Association between Timing and Duration of Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Colorectal Cancer Survival in Korea, 2011-2014: A Nationwide Study based on the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Database.

Background: Population-based analyses of the treatment outcomes of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Asian countries are limited. Therefore, we conducted a nationwide study to assess the relationship between the timing and duration of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) and survival in patients with CRC in South Korea. Methods: Data on AC from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Database (HIRA) were analyzed, and the survival of patients who underwent curative-intent surgical resection for CRC between 2011 and 2014 was investigated. Results: From the HIRA data, 45,992 patients with stage II-III CRC were identified. Chemotherapy regimens were administered as follows: 10,640 (23.3%) received 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin/capecitabine (FL/CAP), 13,083 (28.7%) received FL/CAP plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX/CAPOX), 299 (0.7%) received uracil and tegafur/doxifluridine (UFT/D), and 21,570 (47.3%) underwent surgery alone. Patients who did not receive AC had worse survival than those who received AC in both the colon and rectum groups (HR, 1.96, 95% CI, 1.85-2.07 and HR, 2.18, 95% CI, 2.01-2.37, respectively). Regarding patients with stage II-III CRC, AC initiation ≥ 2 months after surgery was associated with a significant decrease in overall survival (OS) (FL/CAP: HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.53-2.17 and FOLFOX/CAPOX: HR, 2.92; 95% CI, 2.47-3.45); however, the effects of UFT/D regimens were not statistically significant. For patients with stage II-III colon cancer, AC <3 months had lower OS (FL/CAP: HR, 3.72, 95% CI, 2.80-4.94; FOLFOX/CAPOX: HR, 2.15, 95% CI, 1.87-2.47; and UFT/D: HR, 1.74, 95% CI, 0.56-5.41). In terms of patients with stage II-III rectal cancer, AC <3 months, regardless of chemotherapy regimens, had a significant lower survival (FL/CAP: HR, 1.91, 95% CI, 1.66-2.20; FOLFOX/CAPOX: HR, 2.20, 95% CI, 1.75-2.77; and UFT/D: HR, 3.71, 95% CI, 1.45-9.44). Conclusions: Postoperative time to initiation and duration of AC were associated with survival. Based on our results, initiating AC within 2 months after surgery and administering AC for >3 months can potentially have an OS benefit in patients with stage II-III CRC.

A phase II study of chemotherapy in combination with telomerase peptide vaccine (GV1001) as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Background: GV1001 is a human telomerase peptide vaccine that induces a CD4/CD8 T-cell response against cancer cells, thereby affording an immunological anti-tumor effect. Here, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of GV1001 in combination with chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who had failed first-line chemotherapy. Methods: This multicenter, non-randomized, single-arm phase II study recruited recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer patients with measurable disease who had failed first-line chemotherapy. Patients received GV1001 and chemotherapy concomitantly based on a pre-established schedule. Cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted agents (bevacizumab, cetuximab, or aflibercept) were allowed to be used at the discretion of the investigator. The primary endpoint was the disease control rate; secondary endpoints were the objective response rate, progression-free survival, overall survival, and safety outcomes. The baseline serum eotaxin level (a potential predictive biomarker of GV1001) was analyzed. To determine whether an adequate immune response had been induced, a delayed-type hypersensitivity test and a T-cell proliferation test were performed. Results: From May 13, 2015 to October 13, 2020, 56 patients with recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer treated in seven hospitals of South Korea were enrolled. The median patient age was 64 years (range, 29-82 years); 67.9% were men. Of all patients, 66.1% had left-side colorectal cancer and the RAS mutation was present in 25%. The disease control rate and the objective response rates were 90.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.4-99.4%) and 34.1% (95% CI, 20.1-48.1%), respectively. The median progression-free survival was 7.1 months (95% CI, 5.2-9.1 months) and the median overall survival was 12.8 months (95% CI, 9.9-15.8 months). The most common all-grade adverse events were neutropenia (48.2%), nausea (26.8%), neuropathy (25.0%), stomatitis (21.4%), and diarrhea (21.4%). Immune response analysis showed that no patient had positive delayed-type hypersensitivity test results; antigen-specific T-cell proliferation was observed in only 28% of patients. The baseline eotaxin level was not associated with any efficacy outcome. Conclusion: Although no clear GV1001-specific immune response was observed, the addition of GV1001 vaccination to chemotherapy was tolerable and associated with modest efficacy outcomes.

Low PARP-1 expression level is an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with stage II and III gastric cancer.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between DNA damage response (DDR) related protein expression and clinical outcomes of patients with stage II and III gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: From January 2005 to December 2017, 217 gastrectomized patients with stage II and III gastric cancer were analyzed for disease-free and overall survival (DFS and OS, respectively) based on their DDR expression status. We performed the immunohistochemical assessment of MLH1, MSH2, at-rich interaction domain 1 (ARID1A), poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1), breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. Results: Among the 217 patients studied, the most common DDR gene whose expression was suppressed was high PARP-1 (n = 120, 55.3%), followed by ATM (n = 62, 28.6%), ARID1A (n = 45, 20.7%), MLH1 (n = 33, 15.2%), BRCA1 (n = 25, 11.5%), and MSH2 (n = 9, 4.1%). The low-expression PARP-1 group exhibited a significantly shorter 5-year OS rate than the high-expression PARP-1 group (48.1% vs. 62.7%; HR 1.519, 95% CI = 1.011-2.283, P = 0.044). In the multivariate OS analysis, TNM stage (II vs. III) (HR = 5.172, P < 0.001), low PARP-1 expression (HR = 1.697, P = 0.013) and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR = 0.382, P < 0.001) were the only significant prognostic factors. Conclusions: Low PARP-1 expression level could be an indicator of poor prognosis in gastrectomized patients with stage II and III gastric cancer.

Modified FOLFIRINOX versus S-1 as second-line chemotherapy in gemcitabine-failed metastatic pancreatic cancer patients: A randomised controlled trial (MPACA-3).

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of modified FOLFIRINOX (mFOLFIRINOX) as a second-line chemotherapy treatment for metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (mPAC), remains unclear. This multi-center randomised phase III trial aimed to elucidate the efficacy of mFOLFIRINOX as a second-line chemotherapy treatment for mPAC patients with good performance status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty mPAC patients (age, 19-75 years) refractory to first-line gemcitabine-based chemotherapy were randomly selected to receive mFOLFIRINOX or S-1. mFOLFIRINOX comprised oxaliplatin (65 mg/m2), irinotecan (135 mg/m2), and leucovorin (400 mg/m2) on day 1 and continuous 5-FU infusion (1000 mg/m2) over 24 h on days 1-2 every 2 weeks. S-1 comprised body surface area-dependent oral S-1, divided into two doses per day on days 1-28 every 6 weeks. RESULTS: Overall survival was the primary endpoint. The objective response and disease control rates were higher in the mFOLFIRINOX than in the S-1 group (15% versus 2%; p = .04 and 67% versus 37%; p = .007). The median progression-free survival rates were 5.2 and 2.2 months in the mFOLFIRINOX and S-1 groups, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: .4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .2-.6; p < .001). The median overall survival rates were 9.2 and 4.9 months in the mFOLFIRINOX and S-1 groups, respectively (adjusted HR: .4; 95% CI: .2-.7; p = .002). Grade 3-4 adverse events occurred in 56% and 17% of the patients in the mFOLFIRINOX and S-1 groups, respectively (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Administration of mFOLFIRINOX as a second-line chemotherapy treatment for mPAC patients refractory to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy resulted in increased survival rates than S-1 treatment alone.

Clinical characteristics and survival of colorectal cancer patients in Korea stratified by age.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This nationwide study was undertaken to determine differences in clinicopathologic characteristics and survival of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) according to age using big data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). METHODS: The NHIS data including quality assessment of CRC by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service in Korea between 2011 and 2014 were analyzed. Based on age, patients were divided into three groups: not-old patients (< 65), young-old patients (65 to 74 years old) and old-old patients (≥ 75 years old). RESULTS: We included 71,513 CRC patients. The median follow-up duration was 3.2 years (range, 0.003 to 5.5). Male patients constituted 60%. The median age of patients was 65 years (range, 18 to 102). Colon was the cancer site in 59.8% of not-old patients, 62.9% of young-old patients, and 66.1% of old-old patients. Compared to not-old patients, young-old and old-old patients were more likely to be diagnosed with colon adenocarcinoma and well/moderate differentiation or adequate differentiation (all p < 0.001). Old patients underwent more emergency operation (p < 0.001) and received less adjuvant therapy in stage I-III (p < 0.001). The probability of 3-year survival of young-old or old-old patients was worse than that for not-old patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46 to 1.64) (HR, 3.19; 95% CI, 3.03 to 3.37). CONCLUSION: Old patients with CRC show different histology from younger patients. They are more frequently to have colon as primary lesion. They undergo less adjuvant therapy. Further studies and evidence-based guidelines for older patients with CRC are warranted to improve their outcome.

Prevalence and Predictive Factors for Upfront Dose Reduction of the First Cycle of First-Line Chemotherapy in Older Adults with Metastatic Solid Cancer: Korean Cancer Study Group (KCSG) Multicenter Study.

Old age alone does not reflect an intolerability to chemotherapy. However, upfront dose reduction (UDR) of the first cycle of first-line palliative chemotherapy has sometimes been chosen by physicians for older adults with metastatic cancer due to concerns regarding adverse events. The development of predictive factors for UDR of palliative chemotherapy would be helpful for treatment planning among older adults. This was a secondary analysis of a study on predicting adverse events of first-line palliative chemotherapy in 296 patients (≥70 years) with solid cancer. We assessed the prevalence of UDR of the first cycle of first-line chemotherapy and the association of UDR with the variables of geriatric assessment (GA) and chemotherapy compliance. Among the 296 patients, 177 (59.8%) patients were treated with UDR. The mean percentage of UDR for the total patient group was 19.2% (range: 4-47%) of the standard dose. In a multivariate analysis, poor performance status (PS) and living without a spouse were independent predictive factors of UDR of first-line palliative chemotherapy in older adults. Patients with UDR showed fewer grade 3-5 adverse events versus the standard dose group. Study completion as planned was significantly higher in the UDR group versus the standard dose group. Older adults with UDR better tolerated chemotherapy than patients with a standard dose.

Outcomes and Biomarkers of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Refractory Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: KCSG HN18-12.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) after platinum-containing chemotherapy. We also identified clinical biomarkers which may be predictive of patient prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 125 patients with R/M HNSCC who received ICIs, retrospectively. Overall response rate (ORR) was the primary study outcome. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were the secondary study outcomes. RESULTS: The patients received anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) (n=73, 58%), anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (n=24, 19%), or a combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (n=28, 22%). The median age was 57 years (range, 37 to 87). The location of the primary tumor was in the oral cavity in 28% of the cases, followed by oropharynx (27%), hypopharynx (20%), and larynx (12%). The ORR was 15% (19/125). With 12.3 months of median follow-up, median PFS was 2.7 months. Median OS was 10.8 months. A neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) > 4 was significantly associated with poor response to ICIs (odds ratio, 0.30; p=0.022). A sum of the target lesions > 40 mm (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53; p=0.046] and a NLR > 4 (HR, 1.75; p=0.009) were considered to be predictive markers of short PFS. A poor performance status (HR, 4.79; p < 0.001), a sum of target lesions > 40 mm (HR, 1.93; p=0.025), and an NLR > 4 (HR, 3.36; p < 0.001) were the significant predictors for poor survival. CONCLUSION: ICIs exhibited favorable antitumor activity in R/M HNSCC. Clinically, our findings can be used to recognize patients benefit from receiving ICI.

Loss of skeletal muscle mass during palliative chemotherapy is a poor prognostic factor in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

Cancer causes muscle mass loss, which is associated with a poor prognosis. Chemotherapy may also reduce muscle mass. We investigated skeletal muscle mass change during palliative chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer (AGC) and its association with treatment outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed 111 consecutive AGC patients who underwent first-line palliative chemotherapy. Skeletal muscle area was measured before and after chemotherapy at the third lumbar vertebra level using computed tomography scans. We compared skeletal muscle index (SMI), body mass index (BMI), and body weight changes to chemotherapy response and survival. The 80 male and 31 female patients' median age was 65 (range 31-87) years, and 46.8% had sarcopenia at baseline. Median pre-chemotherapy to post-chemotherapy SMI, BMI, and body weight decreases were - 4.5 cm2/m2 (- 11.3%) (P < 0.001); - 0.7 kg/m2 (- 3.2%) (P < 0.001); and - 2.0 kg (- 3.5%) (P < 0.001), respectively. Median SMI decreases for patients with objective response, stable disease, and disease progression were - 4.0 cm2/m2 (range - 20.1 ~ 9.5); - 4.5 cm2/m2 (range - 19.8 ~ 0.8); and - 3.8 cm2/m2 (range: - 17.6 ~ 0.1), respectively. Response to chemotherapy was not associated with SMI decrease (P = 0.463). In multivariable analysis, sarcopenia at baseline (HR 1.681; 95% CI 1.083-2.609, P = 0.021), decreased SMI (HR 1.620; 95% CI 1.041-2.520; P = 0.032) were significant poor prognostic factors for survival. Skeletal muscle mass decreased significantly during chemotherapy in AGC patients, but was not associated with chemotherapy response. Decreased SMI was a poor prognostic factor in AGC patients during first-line palliative chemotherapy.