An International Adult Guideline for Making Clozapine Titration Safer by Using Six Ancestry-Based Personalized Dosing Titrations, CRP, and Clozapine Levels.

This international guideline proposes improving clozapine package inserts worldwide by using ancestry-based dosing and titration. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) databases suggest that clozapine is the third most toxic drug in the United States (US), and it produces four times higher worldwide pneumonia mortality than that by agranulocytosis or myocarditis. For trough steady-state clozapine serum concentrations, the therapeutic reference range is narrow, from 350 to 600 ng/mL with the potential for toxicity and ADRs as concentrations increase. Clozapine is mainly metabolized by CYP1A2 (female non-smokers, the lowest dose; male smokers, the highest dose). Poor metabolizer status through phenotypic conversion is associated with co-prescription of inhibitors (including oral contraceptives and valproate), obesity, or inflammation with C-reactive protein (CRP) elevations. The Asian population (Pakistan to Japan) or the Americas' original inhabitants have lower CYP1A2 activity and require lower clozapine doses to reach concentrations of 350 ng/mL. In the US, daily doses of 300-600 mg/day are recommended. Slow personalized titration may prevent early ADRs (including syncope, myocarditis, and pneumonia). This guideline defines six personalized titration schedules for inpatients: 1) ancestry from Asia or the original people from the Americas with lower metabolism (obesity or valproate) needing minimum therapeutic dosages of 75-150 mg/day, 2) ancestry from Asia or the original people from the Americas with average metabolism needing 175-300 mg/day, 3) European/Western Asian ancestry with lower metabolism (obesity or valproate) needing 100-200 mg/day, 4) European/Western Asian ancestry with average metabolism needing 250-400 mg/day, 5) in the US with ancestries other than from Asia or the original people from the Americas with lower clozapine metabolism (obesity or valproate) needing 150-300 mg/day, and 6) in the US with ancestries other than from Asia or the original people from the Americas with average clozapine metabolism needing 300-600 mg/day. Baseline and weekly CRP monitoring for at least four weeks is required to identify any inflammation, including inflammation secondary to clozapine rapid titration.

Detección de ansiedad y depresión en Atención Primaria: utilidad de 2 escalas breves adaptadas a los nuevos criterios CIE-11-AP / Screening for anxiety and depression in Primary Care: Utility of 2 brief scales adapted to the ICD-11-PC

Introducción La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha desarrollado una nueva clasificación de trastornos mentales para su uso en Atención Primaria (AP), la CIE-11-AP, que incorpora cambios en los criterios diagnósticos de los trastornos de ansiedad y depresión. Como complemento, también ha desarrollado 2 instrumentos de cribado de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos adaptados a los criterios de la nueva clasificación. Objetivos Evaluar la capacidad de la versión española de las 2 escalas breves (Dep5 y Anx5) para identificar casos de depresión y ansiedad en una muestra de pacientes españoles de AP. Método Estudio transversal realizado por 37 médicos de AP que seleccionaron 284 pacientes con sospecha de malestar emocional. A esta muestra se les administraron las escalas de cribado (Anx5 y Dep5) y, como comparador, un instrumento diagnóstico estructurado (Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised) adaptado a los nuevos criterios CIE-11. Resultados La Anx5, utilizando un punto de corte de 3, presentó una sensibilidad de 0,75 y una especificidad de 0,53. La Dep5 mostró una sensibilidad de 0,48 y una especificidad de 0,8 utilizando un punto de corte de 4. Las 2 escalas utilizadas conjuntamente, con un punto de corte de 3 en ambas, clasificaban correctamente como casos o no casos un 73,57% de los sujetos. El diagnóstico más frecuentemente observado en la muestra fue el de depresión ansiosa. Conclusiones Las 2 escalas de cribado de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos (Anx5 y Dep5) son instrumentos sencillos y fáciles de utilizar para evaluar síntomas ansiosos y depresivos en AP. Los niveles de fiabilidad y validez de cada una de las escalas por separado son limitados y mejoran cuando se utilizan de forma conjunta. (AU)

Introduction The World Health Organization has developed a new classification of mental disorders in Primary Health Care (PHC), the ICD-11-PHC, in which there are changes in the diagnostic criteria of anxiety and depression disorder. In addition, 2 screening instruments have been developed for the detection of anxious and depressive symptoms according to the criteria of the new classification.Objectives To evaluate the capacity of the Spanish version of the 2 brief scales Dep5 and Anx5 to identify cases of depression and anxiety in PHC in Spain. Method A cross-sectional study conducted by 37 PHC physicians who selected 284 patients with suspected emotional distress. This sample was administered the screening scales (Anx5 and Dep5) and a diagnostic instrument (Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised) contemplating the new ICD-11 criteria as used as gold standard. Results The Anx5, using a cut-off point of 3, showed a sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 0.53. Using a cut-off point of 4, the Dep5 showed a sensitivity of 0.48 and a specificity of 0.8. The 2 scales together, with a cut-off point of 3 for each, classified correctly 73,57% as cases or non-cases. The diagnosis most frequently observed was anxious depression. Conclusions The screening scales for anxious and depressive symptoms (Anx5 and Dep5) are simple and easy-to-use instruments for assessing anxious and depressive symptoms in PHC. The reliability and validity data of each of the scales separately are limited but the figures improve when they are used together. (AU)

Screening for anxiety and depression in Primary Care: Utility of 2 brief scales adapted to the ICD-11-PC.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization has developed a new classification of mental disorders in Primary Health Care (PHC), the ICD-11-PHC, in which there are changes in the diagnostic criteria of anxiety and depression disorder. In addition, 2 screening instruments have been developed for the detection of anxious and depressive symptoms according to the criteria of the new classification. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the capacity of the Spanish version of the 2 brief scales Dep5 and Anx5 to identify cases of depression and anxiety in PHC in Spain. METHOD: A cross-sectional study conducted by 37 PHC physicians who selected 284 patients with suspected emotional distress. This sample was administered the screening scales (Anx5 and Dep5) and a diagnostic instrument (Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised) contemplating the new ICD-11 criteria as used as gold standard. RESULTS: The Anx5, using a cut-off point of 3, showed a sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 0.53. Using a cut-off point of 4, the Dep5 showed a sensitivity of 0.48 and a specificity of 0.8. The 2 scales together, with a cut-off point of 3 for each, classified correctly 73,57% as cases or non-cases. The diagnosis most frequently observed was anxious depression. CONCLUSIONS: The screening scales for anxious and depressive symptoms (Anx5 and Dep5) are simple and easy-to-use instruments for assessing anxious and depressive symptoms in PHC. The reliability and validity data of each of the scales separately are limited but the figures improve when they are used together.

European Whites May Need Lower Minimum Therapeutic Clozapine Doses Than Those Customarily Proposed.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: A nomogram from a British naturalistic study proposed that the clozapine dosing needed to reach a serum concentration of 350 ng/mL ranged from 265 mg/d (female nonsmokers) to 525 mg/d (male smokers). Some European reviews have used these dosing recommendations, which seem greater than what we found in an Italian White sample ranging from 245 mg/d (female nonsmokers) to 299 mg/d (male smokers). Five other published samples of European Whites were added to the Italian sample to estimate clozapine doses recommended for reaching 350 ng/mL. METHODS/PROCEDURES: Average clozapine metabolizers were obtained by eliminating outliers with confounding variables: (1) psychiatric inducers and inhibitors; (2) doses less than 100 mg/d; and (3) when possible, patients with inflammation, obesity, or using oral contraceptives. The study included 1363 average metabolizer European Whites: the Italian sample and 5 new samples. Mean averages that reached serum concentration levels of 350 ng/mL were calculated after stratification by sex and smoking status in each sample. Then, weighted mean averages were obtained by combining the 6 samples. FINDINGS/RESULTS: The estimated weighted mean clozapine dosages ranged from 236 to 368 mg/d (236 mg/d in 218 female nonsmokers, 256 mg/d in 340 male nonsmokers, 357 mg/d in 269 female smokers, and 368 mg/d in 546 male smokers). IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Our recommended dosages are less than those recommended in Europe. Future studies in European Whites need to replicate these recommended doses for average metabolizer patients after sex and smoking stratification and further explore clozapine dosing for those with relevant clinical confounders.

Screening for anxiety and depression in Primary Care: Utility of 2 brief scales adapted to the ICD-11-PC. / Detección de ansiedad y depresión en Atención Primaria: utilidad de 2 escalas breves adaptadas a los nuevos criterios CIE-11-AP.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization has developed a new classification of mental disorders in Primary Health Care (PHC), the ICD-11-PHC, in which there are changes in the diagnostic criteria of anxiety and depression disorder. In addition, 2 screening instruments have been developed for the detection of anxious and depressive symptoms according to the criteria of the new classification. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the capacity of the Spanish version of the 2 brief scales Dep5 and Anx5 to identify cases of depression and anxiety in PHC in Spain. METHOD: A cross-sectional study conducted by 37 PHC physicians who selected 284 patients with suspected emotional distress. This sample was administered the screening scales (Anx5 and Dep5) and a diagnostic instrument (Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised) contemplating the new ICD-11 criteria as used as gold standard. RESULTS: The Anx5, using a cut-off point of 3, showed a sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 0.53. Using a cut-off point of 4, the Dep5 showed a sensitivity of 0.48 and a specificity of 0.8. The 2 scales together, with a cut-off point of 3 for each, classified correctly 73,57% as cases or non-cases. The diagnosis most frequently observed was anxious depression. CONCLUSIONS: The screening scales for anxious and depressive symptoms (Anx5 and Dep5) are simple and easy-to-use instruments for assessing anxious and depressive symptoms in PHC. The reliability and validity data of each of the scales separately are limited but the figures improve when they are used together.

¿Pueden ser la interleucina-2 y la interleucina-1ß biomarcadores específicos de la sintomatología negativa en la esquizofrenia? / Can interleukin-2 and interleukin-1ß be specific biomarkers of negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

Introducción: Hay evidencias que sugieren la existencia de alteraciones de algunas citocinas en pacientes con esquizofrenia, pero su asociación con la psicopatología aún no está clara. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si los niveles de citocinas proinflamatorias (factor de necrosis tumoral-alfa, interleucina [IL]-6, IL-2, IL-1ß, IL-1RA) están aumentados en pacientes ambulatorios clínicamente estables en comparación con individuos sanos, y analizar si podrían ser biomarcadores específicos de las diferentes dimensiones clínicas de la esquizofrenia. Métodos: Se evaluaron 73 pacientes con esquizofrenia en sus primeros 10 años de evolución de la enfermedad y 73 controles sanos pareados por edad y sexo. Se realizó una evaluación precisa de las dimensiones clínicas (positiva, negativa, depresiva y cognitiva) en estos pacientes. Resultados: Solo los niveles de IL-6 están significativamente elevados en los pacientes tras controlar por índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal, tabaquismo y tratamiento psicofarmacológico en comparación con sus controles sanos. Tras ajustar por varios factores de confusión, los modelos de regresión lineal múltiple identificaron cómo las concentraciones de IL-1ß predicen los síntomas negativos, psicopatología general y gravedad global de la Escala del Síndrome Positivo y Negativo, mientras los niveles de IL-2 predicen el dominio motivación y placer de la Entrevista de Evaluación Clínica para Síntomas Negativos y la puntuación global en la Escala de Funcionamiento Personal y Social. Sin embargo, el rendimiento cognitivo, la gravedad de los síntomas depresivos y positivos no correlacionaron con ninguna de las citocinas. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las concentraciones de IL-6 permanecen elevadas en pacientes estables con esquizofrenia. Mientras que la IL-2 marca específicamente la gravedad en el dominio motivación y placer de la sintomatología negativa, la IL-1ß no es específica para esta dimensión, ya que también predice la gravedad de la sintomatología general y global

Introduction: Evidence suggests the existence of cytokine disturbances in patients with schizophrenia but their association with psychopathology is still unclear. The aim of the current study was to determine if pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-alfa, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-2, IL-1ß, IL-1RA) are increased in stable outpatients compared with healthy subjects, and to analyze if they could be specific biomarkers of clinical dimensions in schizophrenia. Methods: We studied 73 stable outpatients with schizophrenia in their first 10 years of illness and 73 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. An accurate assessment of clinical dimensions (positive, negative, depressive, cognitive) was performed in patients. Results: Only IL-6 levels were significantly increased in patients after controlling for body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, and psychopharmacological treatment, compared with healthy subjects. After adjusting for several confounders, multiple linear regression models identified that Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative symptoms, general psychopathology, and global severity are predicted by IL-1ß concentrations, while motivation and pleasure domain of Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms and Personal and Social Performance global functioning scores are predicted by IL-2 levels. Cognitive performance, positive, and depressive symptom severity did not correlate with any cytokine. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that IL-6 concentrations are elevated in stable patients with schizophrenia. Whereas IL-2 specifically marks severity of the motivation and pleasure domain of negative symptoms, IL-1ß is not specific to this dimension as it also predicts severity of general and global symptomatology

Can interleukin-2 and interleukin-1ß be specific biomarkers of negative symptoms in schizophrenia? / ¿Pueden ser la interleucina-2 y la interleucina-1ß biomarcadores específicos de la sintomatología negativa en la esquizofrenia?

INTRODUCTION: Evidence suggests the existence of cytokine disturbances in patients with schizophrenia but their association with psychopathology is still unclear. The aim of the current study was to determine if pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-2, IL-1ß, IL-1RA) are increased in stable outpatients compared with healthy subjects, and to analyze if they could be specific biomarkers of clinical dimensions in schizophrenia. METHODS: We studied 73 stable outpatients with schizophrenia in their first 10 years of illness and 73 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. An accurate assessment of clinical dimensions (positive, negative, depressive, cognitive) was performed in patients. RESULTS: Only IL-6 levels were significantly increased in patients after controlling for body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, and psychopharmacological treatment, compared with healthy subjects. After adjusting for several confounders, multiple linear regression models identified that Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative symptoms, general psychopathology, and global severity are predicted by IL-1ß concentrations, while motivation and pleasure domain of Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms and Personal and Social Performance global functioning scores are predicted by IL-2 levels. Cognitive performance, positive, and depressive symptom severity did not correlate with any cytokine. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that IL-6 concentrations are elevated in stable patients with schizophrenia. Whereas IL-2 specifically marks severity of the motivation and pleasure domain of negative symptoms, IL-1ß is not specific to this dimension as it also predicts severity of general and global symptomatology.

Biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo y dimensiones clínicas en los 10 primeros años de esquizofrenia / Oxidative stress biomarkers and clinical dimensions in first 10 years of schizophrenia

Introducción: Diversos estudios han encontrado un aumento de los parámetros de estrés oxidativo en pacientes con esquizofrenia. Los objetivos de este estudio han sido identificar potenciales biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en pacientes con esquizofrenia estables, durante los primeros 10 años de enfermedad, y determinar si se asocian con dimensiones clínicas específicas. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron 73 pacientes clínicamente estables y 73 controles sanos pareados por edad y sexo. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y parámetros biológicos. Los biomarcadores sanguíneos incluyeron homocisteína, porcentaje de hemólisis, subproductos de peroxidación lipídica y, como biomarcador antioxidante, actividad de la catalasa en eritrocitos. Resultados: Los análisis comparativos tras controlar por tabaquismo y síndrome metabólico evidenciaron un aumento significativo en la actividad de la catalasa en pacientes. Asimismo, niveles inferiores de peroxidación lipídica se asociaron de manera significativa con la sintomatología negativa. Conclusiones: Como conclusión, los mecanismos compensatorios antioxidantes podrían estar aumentados en pacientes con esquizofrenia estables durante las fases iniciales. Además, podría existir una relación inversa entre el estrés oxidativo y la dimensión negativa

Introduction: Several studies have described increased oxidative stress parameters in patients with schizophrenia. The objectives of the current study were to identify potential oxidative stress biomarkers in stable patients during first 10 years of schizophrenia and determine if they are associated with specific clinical dimensions. Material and methods: Seventy-three clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia and 73 sex and age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Sociodemographic, clinical and biological data were collected at enrollment. Blood biomarkers included homocysteine, the percentage of hemolysis, lipid peroxidation subproducts, and as an antioxidant biomarker, catalase activity in erythrocytes. Results: Comparative analyses after controlling for smoking and metabolic syndrome evidenced a significant increase in catalase activity in patients. Also, lower lipid peroxidation levels showed an association with negative symptoms. Conclusions: In conclusion, compensatory antioxidant mechanisms might be increased in stable patients with schizophrenia at early stages. Furthermore, there may be an inverse relationship between oxidative stress and negative dimension

Oxidative stress biomarkers and clinical dimensions in first 10 years of schizophrenia. / Biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo y dimensiones clínicas en los 10 primeros años de esquizofrenia.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have described increased oxidative stress parameters in patients with schizophrenia. The objectives of the current study were to identify potential oxidative stress biomarkers in stable patients during first 10 years of schizophrenia and determine if they are associated with specific clinical dimensions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-three clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia and 73 sex and age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Sociodemographic, clinical and biological data were collected at enrollment. Blood biomarkers included homocysteine, the percentage of hemolysis, lipid peroxidation subproducts, and as an antioxidant biomarker, catalase activity in erythrocytes. RESULTS: Comparative analyses after controlling for smoking and metabolic syndrome evidenced a significant increase in catalase activity in patients. Also, lower lipid peroxidation levels showed an association with negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, compensatory antioxidant mechanisms might be increased in stable patients with schizophrenia at early stages. Furthermore, there may be an inverse relationship between oxidative stress and negative dimension.

Variaciones en las concentraciones plasmáticas de clozapina en pacientes con esquizofrenia y trastorno esquizoafectivo / Concentrations in plasma clozapine levels in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients

Introducción. Existe mucha variabilidad en las concentraciones plasmáticas de clozapina. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las características de pacientes tratados con clozapina y la posible asociación entre estas y las concentraciones plasmáticas. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo y transversal de todos los pacientes actualmente tratados con clozapina en un Servicio de Psiquiatría con diagnóstico de psicosis esquizofrénica o trastorno esquizoafectivo. Se valoró la situación física, psicopatología y funcionalidad, y se exploraron las asociaciones y correlaciones entre las variables clínicas y las concentraciones plasmáticas. Resultados. Se estudiaron 39 pacientes, predominantemente hombres, con sintomatología negativa, síntomas depresivos y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (síndrome metabólico y consumo de tabaco). Se observó variabilidad importante en las dosis y mayor aún en las concentraciones plasmáticas de clozapina. A igualdad de dosis/kg de peso las concentraciones plasmáticas fueron más altas en no fumadores, y presentaron correlación positiva con el IMC y correlación negativa con la PA sistólica, conductas disruptivas y cantidad de cigarrillos consumidos. Conclusión. La monitorización de concentraciones plasmáticas de clozapina es un instrumento importante para evitar la variabilidad de dosis y minimizar situaciones clínicas no deseadas (síndrome metabólico, sedación, síntomas negativos y deterioro funcional). Es importante controlar los efectos del consumo de tabaco para la optimización de la biodisponibilidad del fármaco (AU)

Introduction. There is great variability in plasma levels of clozapine. The objective of this study is to know the characteristics of patients treated with clozapine and the relationship between them and the variability of plasma levels. Material and methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study of all patients currently treated with clozapine in a Psychiatric Service with a diagnosis of schizophrenic psychosis or schizoaffective disorder. The present study assessed physical situation, psychopathology and functionality of the patients and explored the associations and correlations between clinical variables and plasma levels. Results. We studied 39 patients, predominantly men, with negative and depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors (metabolic syndrome and smoking). Significant variability in dose and even greater in clozapine levels were observed. The levels of clozapine at equal doses/kg of body weight were higher in non-smokers, they had positive correlation with BMI and negative correlation with systolic BP, disruptive behaviors and number of cigarettes consumed. Conclusion. Plasma level monitoring clozapine is an important tool to avoid clozapine plasma levels monitoring and minimize undesirable clinical situations (metabolic syndrome, sedation, negative symptoms and functional impairment). It is also important to control the effects of a smoking habit for optimum drug bioavailability (AU)

Concentrations in plasma clozapine levels in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. / Variaciones en las concentraciones plasmáticas de clozapina en pacientes con esquizofrenia y trastorno esquizoafectivo.

INTRODUCTION: There is great variability in plasma levels of clozapine. The objective of this study is to know the characteristics of patients treated with clozapine and the relationship between them and the variability of plasma levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study of all patients currently treated with clozapine in a Psychiatric Service with a diagnosis of schizophrenic psychosis or schizoaffective disorder. The present study assessed physical situation, psychopathology and functionality of the patients and explored the associations and correlations between clinical variables and plasma levels. RESULTS: We studied 39 patients, predominantly men, with negative and depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors (metabolic syndrome and smoking). Significant variability in dose and even greater in clozapine levels were observed. The levels of clozapine at equal doses/kg of body weight were higher in non-smokers, they had positive correlation with BMI and negative correlation with systolic BP, disruptive behaviors and number of cigarettes consumed. CONCLUSION: Plasma level monitoring clozapine is an important tool to avoid clozapine plasma levels monitoring and minimize undesirable clinical situations (metabolic syndrome, sedation, negative symptoms and functional impairment). It is also important to control the effects of a smoking habit for optimum drug bioavailability.

Suicidio, desempleo y recesión económica en España / Suicide, unemployment, and economic recession in Spain

Introducción. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la asociación entre desempleo y suicidio e investigar si existen factores relacionados con el ciclo económico o sociodemográficos que influyan sobre la citada asociación. Métodos. Realizamos un análisis de tendencias temporales para estudiar los cambios habidos en España en el número de suicidios entre 1999 y 2013. Utilizamos el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y modelos de regresión para valorar la asociación entre desempleo y suicidio. Resultados. Encontramos una asociación positiva entre desempleo y suicidio en el periodo previo a la crisis en hombres. En ese periodo (1999-2007), en la población total, cada incremento del 1% en la variación anual de desempleo se asoció a un 6,90% de incremento en la variación anual de suicidio. En hombres en edad laboral, el 1% de variación anual de desempleo se asoció a un 9,04% de incremento en la variación anual de suicidio. Conclusiones. La correlación entre desempleo y suicidio es relevante en periodos de estabilidad económica, y más débil durante la reciente crisis económica. Desempleo y suicidio tienen una relación compleja, modulada por la edad, el sexo y el ciclo económico (AU)

Introduction. The aim of the present work is to determine the association between unemployment and suicide, and to investigate whether this association is affected by changes in the economic cycle or other variables such as age and sex. Methods. A time-trend analysis was conducted to study changes in the number of suicides between 1999 and 2013 in Spain. Pearson's correlation coefficients and regression models were used to find the association between unemployment and suicide. Results. A significant positive association was found between unemployment and suicide in the pre-crisis period in men. In that period (1999-2007), each 1% annual increase in unemployment was associated with a 6.90% increase in the annual variation of suicide in the total population, and with a 9.04% increase in the annual variation of suicide in working age men. Conclusions. The correlation between unemployment and suicide is significant in periods of economic stability, but has weakened during the recent financial crisis. Unemployment and suicide have a complex relationship modulated by age, sex and economic cycle (AU)

Suicide, unemployment, and economic recession in Spain. / Suicidio, desempleo y recesión económica en España.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present work is to determine the association between unemployment and suicide, and to investigate whether this association is affected by changes in the economic cycle or other variables such as age and sex. METHODS: A time-trend analysis was conducted to study changes in the number of suicides between 1999 and 2013 in Spain. Pearson's correlation coefficients and regression models were used to find the association between unemployment and suicide. RESULTS: A significant positive association was found between unemployment and suicide in the pre-crisis period in men. In that period (1999-2007), each 1% annual increase in unemployment was associated with a 6.90% increase in the annual variation of suicide in the total population, and with a 9.04% increase in the annual variation of suicide in working age men. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between unemployment and suicide is significant in periods of economic stability, but has weakened during the recent financial crisis. Unemployment and suicide have a complex relationship modulated by age, sex and economic cycle.

Nota Clínica: Encefalitis anti-receptor N-metil-Daspartato con sintomatología psiquiátrica / No disponible

No disponible

Hábitos dietéticos de una muestra de pacientes con esquizofrenia / Dietary habits of a sample of patients with schizophrenia

No disponible

Efectos de la crisis económica en la demanda por trastornos mentales en Asturias: datos del Registro Acumulativo de Casos Psiquiátricos (2000-2010) / Effects of the economic crisis on demand due to mental disorders in Asturias: data from the Asturias Cumulative Psychiatric Case Register (2000-2010)

Introducción: La crisis económica produce efectos negativos en la salud física y mental de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la asociación existente entre la situación socioeconómica y la demanda asistencial a los servicios de salud mental. Métodos: Se ha realizado un análisis de correlación de los datos de morbilidad (incidencia y prevalencia) administrativa de enfermedad mental, que fueron obtenidos del Registro Acumulativo de Casos Psiquiátricos de Asturias, y tres indicadores socioeconómicos (paro, índice de precios de consumo -IPC- y producto interior bruto -PIB- per cápita ajustado por inflación). Resultados: El incremento en la tasa de paro se asocia a una clara disminución de la demanda incidente y prevalente en salud mental. El IPC presenta una correlación positiva débil con la tasa de incidencia administrativa de algunos trastornos mentales (Trastornos neuróticos, Esquizofrenia y Toxicomanías). El PIB no presenta una correlación significativa con la demanda incidente y se asocia, de forma robusta, con un incremento de la tasa de prevalencia administrativa, más intensa en el caso del alcoholismo, trastornos neuróticos, retraso mental y demandas por códigos Z (CIE-10). Conclusión: En Asturias, la variación de los indicadores socioeconómicos observado en el presente periodo de crisis económica no se asocia con un incremento en la demanda asistencial por trastorno mental. La correlación de la tasa de desempleo con la demanda asistencial es negativa

Introduction: The economic crisis has negative effects on the population’s physical and mental health. Our objective has been to study the association between socioeconomic status and number of people demanding mental health services. Methods: We performed a correlation analysis of administrative morbidity data (incidence and prevalence) of mental illness (obtained from the Asturias Cumulative Psychiatric Case Register) and three economic indicators (unemployment, consumer price index and gross domestic product). Results: The increase in the unemployment rate is associated with a clear decrease in both new and prevalent mental health demand. CPI has a minor weak positive correlation with the administrative incidence of some mental disorders (Neurotic disorders, Schizophrenia and addictions). GDP does not show a significant correlation with the administrative incidence and it is strongly associated with an increased administrative prevalence that is more intense in the case of alcoholism, neurotic disorders, mental retardation and Z codes (ICD-10).Conclusion: The variation of the socioeconomic indicated observed in the economic crisis period in Asturias was not associated with increased care demand for any mental disorders. There is a negative correlation of unemployment rate with care demand

Effects of the economic crisis on demand due to mental disorders in Asturias: data from the Asturias Cumulative Psychiatric Case Register (2000-2010).

INTRODUCTION: The economic crisis has negative effects on the population's physical and mental health. Our objective has been to study the association between socioeconomic status and number of people demanding mental health services. METHODS: We performed a correlation analysis of administrative morbidity data (incidence and prevalence) of mental illness (obtained from the Asturias Cumulative Psychiatric Case Register) and three economic indicators (unemployment, consumer price index and gross domestic product). RESULTS: The increase in the unemployment rate is associated with a clear decrease in both new and prevalent mental health demand. CPI has a minor weak positive correlation with the administrative incidence of some mental disorders (Neurotic disorders, Schizophrenia and addictions). GDP does not show a significant correlation with the administrative incidence and it is strongly associated with an increased administrative prevalence that is more intense in the case of alcoholism, neurotic disorders, mental retardation and Z codes (ICD-10). CONCLUSION: The variation of the socioeconomic indicated observed in the economic crisis period in Asturias was not associated with increased care demand for any mental disorders. There is a negative correlation of unemployment rate with care demand.