ABSTRACT
Purpose: This study explores the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) subtypes classified by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values on maternal and perinatal outcomes. Patients and Methods: This multicenter prospective cohort study (May 2019-December 2022) included participants from the Mexican multicenter cohort study Cuido mi Embarazo (CME). Women were classified into four groups per 75-g 2-h OGTT: 1) normal glucose tolerance (normal OGTT), 2) GDM-Sensitivity (isolated abnormal fasting or abnormal fasting in combination with 1-h or 2-h abnormal results), 3) GDM-Secretion (isolated abnormal values at 1-h or 2-h or their combination), and 4) GDM-Mixed (three abnormal values). Cesarean delivery, neonates large for gestational age (LGA), and pre-term birth rates were among the outcomes compared. Between-group comparisons were analyzed using either the t-test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test. Results: Of 2,056 Mexican pregnant women in the CME cohort, 294 (14.3%) had GDM; 53.7%, 34.4%, and 11.9% were classified as GDM-Sensitivity, GDM-Secretion, and GDM-Mixed subtypes, respectively. Women with GDM were older (p = 0.0001) and more often multiparous (p = 0.119) vs without GDM. Cesarean delivery (63.3%; p = 0.02) and neonate LGA (10.7%; p = 0.078) were higher in the GDM-Mixed group than the overall GDM group (55.6% and 8.4%, respectively). Pre-term birth was more common in the GDM-Sensitivity group than in the overall GDM group (10.2% vs 8.5%, respectively; p=0.022). At 6 months postpartum, prediabetes was more frequent in the GDM-Sensitivity group than in the overall GDM group (31.6% vs 25.5%). Type 2 diabetes was more common in the GDM-Mixed group than in the overall GDM group (10.0% vs 3.3%). Conclusion: GDM subtypes effectively stratified maternal and perinatal risks. GDM-Mixed subtype increased the risk of cesarean delivery, LGA, and type 2 diabetes postpartum. GDM subtypes may help personalize clinical interventions and optimize maternal and perinatal outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Given the barriers to early detection of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), this study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based prediction model for GDM in pregnant Mexican women. Data were retrieved from 1709 pregnant women who participated in the multicenter prospective cohort study 'Cuido mi embarazo'. A machine-learning-driven method was used to select the best predictive variables for GDM risk: age, family history of type 2 diabetes, previous diagnosis of hypertension, pregestational body mass index, gestational week, parity, birth weight of last child, and random capillary glucose. An artificial neural network approach was then used to build the model, which achieved a high level of accuracy (70.3%) and sensitivity (83.3%) for identifying women at high risk of developing GDM. This AI-based model will be applied throughout Mexico to improve the timing and quality of GDM interventions. Given the ease of obtaining the model variables, this model is expected to be clinically strategic, allowing prioritization of preventative treatment and promising a paradigm shift in prevention and primary healthcare during pregnancy. This AI model uses variables that are easily collected to identify pregnant women at risk of developing GDM with a high level of accuracy and precision.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diabetes, Gestational , Child , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis , Prospective Studies , Artificial Intelligence , Mexico/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Purpose: Few pregnant women in low-resource settings are screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using the gold standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This study compared capillary blood glucose testing with 2-h plasma glucose measurements obtained using the 75-g OGTT to screen for GDM at primary healthcare clinics in Mexico. Patients and Methods: Pregnant women who participated in a previous prospective multicenter longitudinal cohort study and who had not been previously diagnosed with diabetes were included. Participants were evaluated using the plasmatic 2-h 75-g OGTT with simultaneous capillary blood glucose measurements using a glucometer. The study endpoint was the comparability of the glucometer results to the gold standard OGTT when collected simultaneously. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of the glucose measurements obtained for capillary blood compared with venous plasma (gold standard) were calculated to determine diagnostic accuracy. Results: The study included 947 pregnant women who had simultaneous glucose measurements available (blood capillary [glucometer] and venous blood OGTT). Overall, capillary blood glucose testing was very sensitive (89.47%); the specificity was 66.58% and the area under the curve (95% confidence interval) was 0.78 (0.74-0.81). The sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve of each capillary measurement were: 89.47%, 66.58% and 0.78 (0.74-0.82) for the fasting measurement, 91.53%, 93.24% and 0.92 (0.88-0.96) for the one-hour measurement, and 89.80%, 93.32%, 0.91 (0.87-0.95) for the second-hour measurement, respectively. No adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Capillary OGTT is a valid alternative to the gold standard OGTT for screening of GDM in low-resource situations or in situations where there are other limitations to performing the OGTT as part of primary healthcare services.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: determinar la utilización adecuada del control prenatal en gestantes de la delegación Iztapalapa del Distrito Federal de México. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo (entre diciembre 2014 y abril de 2015), en la delegación de Iztapalapa del Distrito Federal de México, con una muestra de 135 mujeres. Para recolectar la información fue utilizada una encuesta para datos sociodemográficos basada en la ENSANUT, un cuestionario de caracterización familiar, que incluyó el APGAR familiar, para medir la percepción de la funcionalidad familiar, y un cuestionario de satisfacción con los servicios de salud recibidos. Resultados: fueron incluidas en el estudio 135 mujeres embarazadas, con un promedio de edad de 26,7 años, la media de controles prenatales fue de 5, la razón principal de asistir es la de detectar alteraciones tempranas, además se sienten satisfechas con la atención brindada por el personal de salud y perciben un adecuado apoyo familiar. Conclusiones: la utilización del control prenatal mejora entre las mujeres primíparas, que conviven en familias nucleares y normofuncionales..(AU)
Objective: to determinate the use of antenatal care in pregnant women of the delegation Iztapalapa in the Federal District of Mexico. Materials and methods: sudy descriptive, retrospective (December 2014 to April of 2015), in the delegation of Iztapalapa of the District Federal of Mexico, it shows was constituted by 135 women. To collect the information is used a survey to data socio-demographic and characterization family based in the ENSANUT. Also used the instrument of assessment of family functionality (APGAR family) and satisfaction with the services. Data were coded in an array of data in the Microsoft Excel program and its analysis was performed by descriptive statistics using the statistical software SPSS version 23. Results: were included in the study, 135 women pregnant women, with an average age of 26,7 years, prenatal median was 5, the main reason to attend is the detecting early alterations, also they are satisfied with the care provided by health personnel and they have adequate family support. Conclusions: the use of the control prenatal is greater among primiparous women, that living nuclear families and that perceived their families as functional..(AU)
