ABSTRACT
Background: Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and vectored by triatomines, affects millions of people worldwide. In endemic countries including Mexico, infections in domestic animals, such as dogs, may affect the risk of human disease when they serve as a source of infection to vectors that subsequently infect humans. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 296 dogs from two cities near the northern and southern borders of Mexico: Reynosa, Tamaulipas, and Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas. Infection was measured based on testing of blood using T. cruzi quantitative PCR (qPCR) and up to three antibody detection assays. The StatPak immunochromatographic assay was used to screen samples and the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and multiplex microsphere immunoassay (MIA) tests were used as secondary tests on all samples that screened positive and a subset of negatives. Serologic positivity was defined based on reactivity on at least two independent tests. Results: Of the 280 samples tested for parasite DNA, two (0.7%) were positive, one of which (0.4%) was confirmed as T. cruzi discrete typing unit TcIV. Overall, 72 (24.3%) samples were reactive for T. cruzi antibodies via StatPak of which 8 were also positive using MIA and 2 were also positive using IFA (including one of the PCR-positive dogs). Overall, nine dogs (3.4%) met study criteria of positivity based on either/both serology or PCR tests. Positive dogs were found in both regions of Mexico; five (2.7%) from Reynosa and four (3.6%) from Tuxtla Gutierrez. We found no association between infection status and state of origin, sex, age group, breed group, neighborhood, and whether other pets lived in the home. Conclusion: Our results re-emphasize dogs' utility as sentinels for T. cruzi in Mexico and underscore the need for improved veterinary diagnostic tests and parasite surveillance at the household level in endemic countries.
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Dog Diseases , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animals , Dogs , Chagas Disease/veterinary , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Mexico/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Male , Female , Antibodies, Protozoan/bloodABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease risk throughout the life course is increased by abnormal blood lipid levels in youth. The dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) during adolescence might be related to abnormal blood lipids. This study aimed to analyze the association between dietary GI, GL and dyslipidemia in adolescents from two marginalized regions of Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 213 adolescents. Food intake was assessed using 24 h recalls. The association between dyslipidemia and dietary GI or GL was tested by using logistic regression models. Low HDL-c was the most prevalent risk factor (47.4%), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (25.4%). In this population, overall dietary GI was not associated with dyslipidemia. A high dietary GL was associated with 2.39 higher odds of low HDL-c (95% CI: 1.21-4.74) when compared to low GL. Female adolescents with high dietary GL had 3.20 higher odds of hypertriglyceridemia (95% CI: 1.03-9.88), whereas no association was found for males. No associations were observed between overall dietary GL and total cholesterol or LDL-c. In adolescents from urban and rural communities in Chiapas, a high dietary GL was associated with a detrimental effect on HDL-c. In female adolescents, high GL was associated with hypertriglyceridemia.
Subject(s)
Dyslipidemias , Glycemic Index , Glycemic Load , Humans , Adolescent , Female , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Dyslipidemias/epidemiology , Dyslipidemias/blood , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Diet/adverse effects , Risk Factors , Hypertriglyceridemia/blood , Hypertriglyceridemia/epidemiology , Prevalence , Logistic ModelsABSTRACT
This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different sociodemographic groups of adolescents from indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional prevalence study was performed in urban and rural communities in the Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas. A sample of 253 adolescents was studied, of whom 48% were girls and 52% were boys. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors stratified by sex, geographical area, years of schooling, and ethnicity of the mothers was estimated. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed in relation to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. Low HDL-c (51%) was the predominant cardiovascular risk factor. Girls had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and borderline total cholesterol than boys. High diastolic blood pressure was more prevalent in boys. Adolescents from urban areas had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and insulin resistance than adolescents from rural areas. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was higher in adolescents whose mothers had ≥ 7 years of schooling compared with adolescents with less educated mothers. Differences by maternal ethnicity also influenced the prevalence of insulin resistance. Among the main findings, this study associated sociodemographic and geographical inequalities with cardiovascular risk factors. Promoting a healthy lifestyle for this young population is absolutely necessary to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Insulin Resistance , Male , Female , Humans , Adolescent , Overweight/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Risk Factors , Obesity, Abdominal/complications , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Prevalence , Body Mass IndexABSTRACT
Background: Triatomine bugs are natural vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis. The role of sylvatic triatomine species as vectors of T. cruzi in Mexico remains to be fully understood. Our research on the epidemiology of Chagas disease in Southeastern Mexico involved sampling triatomines in rural settings. Materials and Methods: A triatomine was collected in a peridomestic environment of a rural dwelling in the state of Chiapas. The triatomine was identified morphologically as an adult female Eratyrus cuspidatus Stal. Results: Microscopic analysis revealed flagellate forms of T. cruzi in the feces of the E. cuspidatus collected. This was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Amplification of the mini-exon gene showed that the T. cruzi infecting E. cuspidatus corresponded to lineage I. Conclusions: This is the first report from Mexico of E. cuspidatus found infected in a human dwelling, which represents an important adaptation process to inhabit human environments.
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Reduviidae , Triatoma , Triatominae , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animals , Adult , Female , Humans , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Mexico/epidemiology , Insect Vectors , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/veterinaryABSTRACT
Background and aims: Triglycerides are the initiators of the metabolic changes that lead to atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD). The APOA5 and APOA1 genes are involved in the response and metabolism of serum lipids and lipoproteins, where single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs662799 (promoter region) and rs5070 (intronic region) have been associated with the susceptibility to dyslipidemia. Until now, few studies evaluate the association of these polymorphisms with the presentation of hypertriglyceridemia and AD among Mexican children. Therefore, the objective was to determine the association between rs662799 and rs5070 with hypertriglyceridemia and AD in a pediatric population of southeastern Mexico. Materials and methods: A casecontrol analysis was performed including 268 infants aged 216 years, anthropometric, clinical variables, and serum lipid profiles were analyzed. DNA was extracted from blood samples and genotyping of polymorphisms was executed with the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Allele and genotypic frequencies were calculated. For genetic association analysis, logistic regression models were fitted according to models of inheritance. Results: The SNP rs662799 (C) was significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia in the overdominant model (OR=3.89, p=0.001) and AD in the dominant model (OR=4.01, p=0.001). The SNP rs5070 (T) has a protective effect against hypertriglyceridemia in the additive risk model (OR=0.68, p=0.03). Conclusion: Polymorphism rs662799 was significantly associated with cases of hypertriglyceridemia and AD in minors in southeastern Mexico. On the other hand, rs5070 polymorphism was not associated with cases of hypertriglyceridemia or AD.(AU)
Antecedentes y objetivos: Los triglicéridos son los iniciadores de los cambios metabólicos que conducen a la dislipidemia aterogénica (DA). Los genes APOA5 y APOA1 están implicados en la respuesta y metabolismo de lípidos séricos y lipoproteínas, donde los polimorfismos de nucleótido único (SNP) rs662799 (región promotora) y rs5070 (región intrónica) se han asociado con la susceptibilidad a la dislipidemia. Hasta ahora, pocos estudios evalúan la relación de estos polimorfismos con la presentación de hipertrigliceridemia y DA entre los niños mexicanos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre rs662799 y rs5070 con hipertrigliceridemia y DA en una población pediátrica del sureste de México. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis de casos y controles con 268 niños de 2 a 16 años, se analizaron variables antropométricas, clínicas y perfiles de lípidos séricos. Se extrajo ADN de muestras de sangre y se realizó genotipado de polimorfismos con el ensayo de genotipado TaqMan SNP. Se calcularon las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas. Para el análisis de asociación genética, los modelos de regresión logística se ajustaron según los modelos de herencia. Resultados: El SNP rs662799 se asoció significativamente con hipertrigliceridemia en el modelo sobredosis (OR=3,89, p=0,001) y DA en el modelo dominante (OR=4,01, p=0,001). El SNP rs5070 tiene un efecto protector contra la hipertrigliceridemia en el modelo de riesgo aditivo (OR=0,68, p=0,03). Conclusión: El polimorfismo rs662799 se asoció significativamente con casos de hipertrigliceridemia y DA en menores del sureste de México. Por otro lado, el polimorfismo rs5070 no se asoció con casos de hipertrigliceridemia o DA en esta población.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Hypertriglyceridemia , Dyslipidemias , Polymorphism, Genetic , Triglycerides , Anthropometry , Case-Control Studies , Mexico , PediatricsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Triglycerides are the initiators of the metabolic changes that lead to atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD). The APOA5 and APOA1 genes are involved in the response and metabolism of serum lipids and lipoproteins, where single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs662799 (promoter region) and rs5070 (intronic region) have been associated with the susceptibility to dyslipidemia. Until now, few studies evaluate the association of these polymorphisms with the presentation of hypertriglyceridemia and AD among Mexican children. Therefore, the objective was to determine the association between rs662799 and rs5070 with hypertriglyceridemia and AD in a pediatric population of southeastern Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control analysis was performed including 268 infants aged 2-16 years, anthropometric, clinical variables, and serum lipid profiles were analyzed. DNA was extracted from blood samples and genotyping of polymorphisms was executed with the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Allele and genotypic frequencies were calculated. For genetic association analysis, logistic regression models were fitted according to models of inheritance. RESULTS: The SNP rs662799 (C) was significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia in the overdominant model (OR=3.89, p=0.001) and AD in the dominant model (OR=4.01, p=0.001). The SNP rs5070 (T) has a protective effect against hypertriglyceridemia in the additive risk model (OR=0.68, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Polymorphism rs662799 was significantly associated with cases of hypertriglyceridemia and AD in minors in southeastern Mexico. On the other hand, rs5070 polymorphism was not associated with cases of hypertriglyceridemia or AD.
Subject(s)
Atherosclerosis , Dyslipidemias , Hypertriglyceridemia , Humans , Child , Mexico , Apolipoprotein A-V/genetics , Genotype , Hypertriglyceridemia/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Atherosclerosis/genetics , Dyslipidemias/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Gene Frequency , TriglyceridesABSTRACT
Abstract: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different sociodemographic groups of adolescents from indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional prevalence study was performed in urban and rural communities in the Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas. A sample of 253 adolescents was studied, of whom 48% were girls and 52% were boys. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors stratified by sex, geographical area, years of schooling, and ethnicity of the mothers was estimated. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed in relation to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. Low HDL-c (51%) was the predominant cardiovascular risk factor. Girls had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and borderline total cholesterol than boys. High diastolic blood pressure was more prevalent in boys. Adolescents from urban areas had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and insulin resistance than adolescents from rural areas. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was higher in adolescents whose mothers had ≥ 7 years of schooling compared with adolescents with less educated mothers. Differences by maternal ethnicity also influenced the prevalence of insulin resistance. Among the main findings, this study associated sociodemographic and geographical inequalities with cardiovascular risk factors. Promoting a healthy lifestyle for this young population is absolutely necessary to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas de Chiapas, México. Se realizó un estudio transversal de prevalencia en comunidades urbanas y rurales de las regiones Tzotzil-Tzeltal y Selva, en Chiapas. Participó una muestra de 253 adolescentes, en la cual el 48% eran niñas y el 52% niños. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas utilizando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se estimó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, estratificados por sexo, área geográfica, nivel de estudios y etnia de las madres. Se analizó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular con relación a las características sociodemográficas de la población estudiada. El HDL-c bajo (51%) fue el factor de riesgo cardiovascular predominante. Se observó una mayor prevalencia de obesidad abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia y colesterol total en las niñas que en los niños. La alta presión arterial diastólica prevaleció en los niños. Los adolescentes del área urbana tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y resistencia a la insulina que los del área rural. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y obesidad abdominal fue mayor en los adolescentes cuyas madres tenían nivel de estudios ≥ 7 años que aquellos cuyas madres tenían bajo nivel de estudios. Las diferencias en la etnicidad materna también influyeron en la prevalencia de resistencia a la insulina. Entre las principales conclusiones de este estudio, se destacan las desigualdades sociodemográficas y geográficas entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La promoción de un estilo de vida saludable entre la población joven es lo indicado para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la edad adulta.
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas em Chiapas, México. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de prevalência em comunidades urbanas e rurais das regiões de Tzotzil-Tzeltal e Selva de Chiapas. Foi estudada uma amostra de 253 adolescentes, sendo 48% meninas e 52% meninos. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva das variáveis quantitativas por meio de medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foram estimadas as prevalências de fatores de risco cardiovascular, estratificadas por sexo, área geográfica, escolaridade e etnia das mães. A prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovascular foi analisada em relação às características sociodemográficas da população estudada. O HDL-c baixo (51%) foi o fator de risco cardiovascular predominante. Prevalências mais elevadas de obesidade abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia e colesterol total limítrofe foram mais observadas em meninas do que em meninos. A pressão arterial diastólica elevada prevaleceu nos meninos. Adolescentes da área urbana apresentaram prevalências de sobrepeso/obesidade e resistência à insulina maiores do que os da área rural. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade e obesidade abdominal foi maior nos adolescentes cujas mães possuíam escolaridade ≥ 7 anos do que naqueles indivíduos cujas mães tinham baixa escolaridade. As diferenças de etnia das mães também foram observadas na prevalência de resistência à insulina. Dentre as principais conclusões, foram encontradas, neste estudo, desigualdades sociodemográficas e geográficas entre fatores de risco cardiovascular. Promover estilos de vida saudáveis entre a população jovem é o ideal para prevenir doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease, highly predictable, and associated with different atherogenic indices (AI) in adults. However, such indexes in the pediatric population are far less explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the AI and the cardiovascular factors in the pediatric population in the South-Southeast of México. METHODS: A total of 481 children between 2 and 17 years old were recruited. Anthropometric evaluation, blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured, and AI were calculated. The population was grouped by age, binary logistic regression analysis was performed to analysis for associations of AI and cardiovascular risk factors. Sensibility and specificity of AI to detect metabolic alteration were evaluated for curve ROC. RESULTS: The atherogenic risk presented a high prevalence in the pediatric population, such as LDL-c/ApoB (86.9%), AIP (78%) and AC (36.6%). Preschoolers showed a higher risk of ApoB/ApoA-I and ApoB/LDL-c, while adolescents have a high risk of AIP. CRI-I and AC were associated with elements of lipid profile and body mass index (BMI). ROC curves analysis shows that AIP is the best index evaluating metabolic syndrome (MS) (0.87) and dyslipidemia (0.91). CONCLUSION: Such pediatric population showed a high risk of AI, mainly by LDL-c/ApoB and AIP. The BMI was the cardiovascular risk factors most frequently related to AI, AIP is the best index for detecting cases of MS and dyslipidemia. This is the first study carried out in the pediatric population from the South-Southeast of Mexico that evaluated the AI.
Subject(s)
Atherosclerosis , Dyslipidemias , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Apolipoprotein A-I , Apolipoproteins B , Atherosclerosis/epidemiology , Cholesterol, LDL , Dyslipidemias/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) es una enfermedad caracterizada por un estado inflamatorio crónico en la que algunos marcadores como las concentraciones de lípidos se han encontrado frecuentemente alterados. Se han descrito otros marcadores de inflamación alterados como las interleucinas 6, 8 y el factor de necrosis tumoral, sin embargo, existe poca información acerca del comportamiento del índice neutrófilo/linfocito (INL), la relación plaquetas/linfocitos (RPL) y el índice monocitos/linfocitos (IML), los coeficientes lipídicos y el índice aterogénico en pacientes con DMT2. Objetivo: Describir los parámetros aterogénicos y de inflamación en un grupo de pacientes con DMT2. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron y analizaron los antecedentes clínicos (antecedentes de la enfermedad, comorbilidad, tabaquismo y otras variables relevantes), así como parámetros hematológicos, bioquímicos y antropométricos de 42 pacientes, y se calcularon y evaluaron los coeficientes aterogénicos e índices de inflamación. Resultados: Se encontraron concentraciones elevadas de citocinas proinflamatorias IL-6 e IL-8, factor de necrosis tumoral-α y elevado INL. El 88% de los pacientes fueron clasificados como de alto riesgo de acuerdo con el índice aterogénico. Los pacientes exfumadores exhibieron niveles menores de IL-8 y niveles más altos de INL comparados con los que nunca han fumado. Conclusión: La evaluación de marcadores aterogénicos y de inflamación tales como el índice aterogénico, IL-8 y la INL permiten identificar a un subgrupo de pacientes con un alto riesgo de complicaciones graves y mortalidad. (AU)
Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a chronic inflammation status. Altered markers such as lipid concentrations are usually found in this disease. Elevated inflammation markers have been described such as cytokines (interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-8). However, there is a lack of information about the behaviour of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), lipid coefficients, and atherogenic index in T2DM. Objective: To describe the atherogenic and inflammation parameters in a group of patients with T2DM. Materials and methods: 42 patients with T2DM were included, all patients were surveyed on clinic history (disease history, comorbidity, smoking, and other relevant variables), measurements of haematological, biochemical, and anthropometric parameters were taken and atherogenic coefficients and inflammation ratios were calculated. Results: Inflammation markers such as interleukin 6 and 8, necrosis tumour factor, and NLR were elevated. Of the patients, 88% were classified as high risk according to the atherogenic index. Former smokers had lower levels of IL-8 and higher NLR than non-smokers. Conclusion: The atherogenic and inflammation markers such as atherogenic index, IL-8, and NLR make it possible to identify a subgroup of patients that are at risk of severe complications and mortality. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Biomarkers , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Inflammation/complications , Interleukin-8 , Interleukin-6 , Lipids , Retrospective Studies , Epidemiology, DescriptiveABSTRACT
Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a chronic inflammation status. Altered markers such as lipid concentrations are usually found in this disease. Elevated inflammation markers have been described such as cytokines (interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-8). However, there is a lack of information about the behaviour of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), lipid coefficients, and atherogenic index in T2DM. OBJECTIVE: To describe the atherogenic and inflammation parameters in a group of patients with T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 42 patients with T2DM were included, all patients were surveyed on clinic history (disease history, comorbidity, smoking, and other relevant variables), measurements of haematological, biochemical, and anthropometric parameters were taken and atherogenic coefficients and inflammation ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Inflammation markers such as interleukin 6 and 8, necrosis tumour factor, and NLR were elevated. Of the patients, 88% were classified as high risk according to the atherogenic index. Former smokers had lower levels of IL-8 and higher NLR than non-smokers. CONCLUSION: The atherogenic and inflammation markers such as atherogenic index, IL-8, and NLR make it possible to identify a subgroup of patients that are at risk of severe complications and mortality.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Biomarkers , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Humans , Inflammation/complications , Interleukin-6 , Interleukin-8 , Lipids , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex cluster of risk factors, considered as a polygenic and multifactorial entity. The objective of this study was to determine the association of rs9939609-FTO polymorphism and MetS components in adult women of Mayan communities of Chiapas. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, sociodemographic, anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data were obtained from 291 adult women from three regions of Chiapas, Mexico. The prevalence of MetS and the allele and genotype frequencies of the rs9939609-FTO were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with each of the MetS components. RESULTS: The MetS prevalence was 60%. We found a statistically significant association between rs9939609-FTO and hyperglycemia in the dominant model (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3-5.3; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Women from Mayan communities of Chiapas presented a high prevalence of MetS and a relevant association of the FTO variant with hyperglycemia. This is the first study carried out in these Mayan indigenous communities from Chiapas.
Subject(s)
Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/genetics , Indians, North American , Metabolic Syndrome , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Indians, North American/genetics , Indians, North American/statistics & numerical data , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Metabolic Syndrome/genetics , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low-birth-weight (LBW) are determinant factors in the development of metabolic diseases in children and adolescents. To estimate the magnitude of the association between LBW and IUGR with stunting or obesity among adolescents of two indigenous regions of the southern State of Chiapas, Mexico. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We assessed a random sample of 303 adolescents selected from a birth cohort study (2003) conducted in three hospitals serving urban and rural communities of Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas, Mexico. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data from a sample of adolescents were correlated with their anthropometric data at birth (weight, length for age). Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals to measure the magnitude of the association among the variables of interest. Models were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: In all, 12% of the sample had LBW and 28.8% IUGR. In total, 29% of adolescents were overweight/obese and 21% were stunted. We found a statistically significant association between IUGR and a lower risk of being overweight/obese. A higher probability for stunting was observed for LBW and IUGR. CONCLUSIONS: Stunting and overweight/obesity prevalence in this population of adolescents was high and was associated with IUGR.
Subject(s)
Fetal Growth Retardation , Overweight , Adolescent , Child , Cohort Studies , Fetal Growth Retardation/epidemiology , Fetal Growth Retardation/etiology , Growth Disorders/epidemiology , Growth Disorders/etiology , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Mexico/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Overweight/epidemiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
We previously reported beneficial effects of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei 393 in hindering colon carcinogenesis in a 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced BALB/c mouse model of colon cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effect of preventive administration of L. casei 393 on the levels of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory circulating cytokines, as well as subpopulations of splenic T cells. The resulting experimental data on IFNγ, TNFα, IL-10, and colon histological features demonstrated that administration of L. casei 2 weeks before DMH treatment impaired the pro-inflammatory effect of DMH, while maintaining the levels of the three cytokines as well as colon histology; it also modulated splenic CD4+, CD8+, and NK T cell subpopulations. The preventive administration of L. casei to DMH-treated mice increased IL-17A synthesis and Treg percentages, further indicating a tumor-protecting role. Together, the results suggest that the colon-cancer-protective properties of L. casei 393 involve the dampening of inflammation through cytokine homeostasis and the maintenance of a healthy T cell subpopulation dynamic. For these reasons, probiotics such as L. casei may contribute to the health of the host as they promote optimal control of the immune response. Further, they may be used as prophylactic agents in combination with standard therapies against colon cancer.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Carcinogenesis , Colonic Neoplasms , Immunomodulation , Lacticaseibacillus casei/immunology , Probiotics/administration & dosage , Animals , Carcinogenesis/immunology , Colonic Neoplasms/immunology , Colonic Neoplasms/therapy , Cytokines/metabolism , Female , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Spleen/cytology , Spleen/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/cytology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolismABSTRACT
Evidence of the role that dietary carbohydrates (total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total sugars, dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL)) exerts on insulin levels in adolescents is controversial. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the association between dietary carbohydrates and insulin resistance in adolescents from Chiapas, México. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 217 adolescents. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, dietary and biochemical data were obtained. Total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total sugars, dietary GI and GL were calculated from 24 h recalls. Two validated cut-off points for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were used as surrogates of insulin resistance. Fasting insulin levels ≥ 14.38 µU/mL were considered as abnormal. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to assess the association between tertiles of dietary carbohydrates and insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia. In our study, adolescents with the highest dietary fiber intake had lower odds of HOMA-IR > 2.97 (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13-0.93) when adjusted for sex, age, body fat percentage and saturated fatty acids intake. No significant associations were found for the rest of the carbohydrate variables. In summary, high-fiber diets reduce the probability of insulin resistance in adolescents from marginalized areas of Chiapas, México.
Subject(s)
Diet/adverse effects , Dietary Carbohydrates/analysis , Dietary Fiber/analysis , Hyperinsulinism/epidemiology , Insulin Resistance , Adolescent , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diet Surveys , Female , Glycemic Index , Glycemic Load , Humans , Hyperinsulinism/etiology , Insulin/blood , Logistic Models , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Social MarginalizationABSTRACT
The administration of probiotics is a promising approach to reduce the prevalence of colon cancer, a multifactorial disease, with hereditary factors, as well as environmental lifestyle-related risk factors. Biogenic polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are small cationic molecules with great roles in cell proliferation and differentiation as well as regulation of gene expression. Ornithine decarboxylase is the first rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine synthesis, and upregulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine metabolism has been associated with abnormal cell proliferation. This paper is focused on studying the protective role of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 in a chemically induced mouse model of colon carcinogenesis, directing our attention on aberrant crypt foci as preneoplastic markers, and on polyamine metabolism as a possible key player in carcinogenesis. BALB/c mice were administered 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) to induce colon cancer (20 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneous, twice a week for 24 weeks). L. casei ATCC 393 was given orally (106 CFU, twice a week), 2 weeks before DMH administration. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Western blotting were used to evaluate aberrant crypt foci, urinary polyamines, and ornithine decarboxylase expression in the colon. The experimental data showed that the preventive administration of L. casei ATCC 393 may delay the onset of cancer as it significantly reduced the number of DMH-induced aberrant crypt foci, the levels of putrescine, and the expression of ornithine decarboxylase. Hence, this probiotic strain has a prospective role in protection against colon carcinogenesis, and its antimutagenic activity may be associated with the maintenance of polyamine metabolism.
Subject(s)
Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control , Dimethylhydrazines/toxicity , Lacticaseibacillus casei/physiology , Probiotics/administration & dosage , Animals , Carcinogenesis , Colon/drug effects , Colon/metabolism , Colon/microbiology , Colonic Neoplasms/etiology , Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism , Female , Humans , Lacticaseibacillus casei/genetics , Mice , Polyamines/metabolismABSTRACT
La obesidad es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, se estima que el 52 % de los adultos y el 30 % de los niños sufren exceso de peso. Los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la obesidad permiten la comprensión de las enfermedades asociadas a ella como la hipertensión, enfermedades cardiometabólicas, eventos cerebrovasculares y resistencia a la insulina. Por una parte los eventos moleculares afectan las señales producidas por la insulina permitiendo su resistencia, por otra parte se induce un estado inflamatorio sostenido característico de las personas obesas, que están implicados en la formación de placas ateromatosas, estimulación de un estado protrombótico sostenido y aparición de eventos isquémicos. En estas enfermedades el estudio de las adipocinas como leptina adiponectina, factor de necrosis tumoral alfa, proteína c Reactiva, permite conocer el vínculo de la obesidad con las enfermedades crónicas además de ser un blanco de estudio activo para su utilidad diagnóstica.
Obesity is a public health problem worldwide. It has been estimated that 52 % adults and 30 % children are overweight. Knowledge about the molecular mechanisms involved in obesity leads to a better understanding of related conditions such as hypertension, cardiometabolic disease, cerebrovascular events and insulin resistance. Molecular events affect the signals issued by insulin, allowing resistance. A sustained inflammatory state is induced which is typical of obese people, characterized by the formation of atheromatous plaques, stimulation of a sustained prothrombotic state, and the occurrence of ischemic events. In the context of these conditions, the study of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein, serves to reveal the links between obesity and chronic disease, besides being a useful object of study to enhance diagnostic usefulness.