ABSTRACT
The combination of advanced mass spectrometry and enrichment-based sample preparation methods has enhanced analytical capabilities in clinical proteomics. In this chapter, we describe a method of proteome analysis to identify Borrelia-derived peptides in urine that includes a sample affinity enrichment method coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis and a bioinformatic peptide authentication algorithm.
Subject(s)
Borrelia , Humans , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Peptides/chemistry , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Proteome/analysisABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Oral cancer is highly prevalent in India. Lack of awareness and delay in diagnosis and treatment of patients with oral cancer leads to high mortality and poor survival of patients. Salivary endothelin-1 is proposed as a prospective biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinoma. AIMS: Aim of the study was to evaluate salivary level of endothelin-1 in oral cancer and precancer as a biomarker. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: We planned a case control study to evaluate salivary level of Endothelin-1 in oral cancer and precancer as a biomarker. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 72 subjects were taken in study out of which 24 cases were of histopathologically confirmed premalignat oral lesion (oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis), 24 cases were of histopathologically confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma, and 24 cases of healthy age and gender matched controls without any addiction to tobacco in any form from a tertiary care hospital were taken. Saliva was collected from all following standard guidelines and estimation of salivary endothelin-1 was done by ELISA. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: SPSS software version 15. RESULTS: Salivary endothelin-1 values of controls ranged between 0.09 and 1.88 pg/ml while that of premalignant cases ranged between 1.16 and 16.135 pg/ml and of SCC cases ranged between 2.567 and 22.98 pg/ml. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary endothelin-1 is raised in oral squamous cell carcinoma compared to premalignant and controls therefore, shows capability to differentiate between premalignant lesion and oral cancer. So, it could be used as a biomarker for early diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Pituitary adenomas comprise approximately 10% of all intracranial tumors. Initially, subtle changes occur in the field of vision, which are difficult to assess clinically. It has been seen that following surgery of pituitary macroadenoma, total recovery of normal vision occurs in 35% of the patients, improvement of vision occurs in 60%, and in the rest there is no change in vision. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) undergoes retrograde degeneration following compression of optic apparatus by pituitary tumor. We planned a study to evaluate RNFLT before and after pituitary adenoma surgery and its correlation with visual acuity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty patients (40 eyes) with diagnosed pituitary adenoma were included in the study. Preoperative visual acuity, fundus and RNFL thickness were calculated using spectral-domain OCT Optovue, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany (RT 100 version 5.1), and postoperative measurement was done after 1 and 3 months. Four-quadrant mean of RNFLT was calculated. Results were tabulated and analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Results of the study were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 19.0. RESULTS: There was no significant change in RNFLT after pituitary adenoma surgery, and it was found that patients with RNFLT within normal range preoperatively showed improvement in visual acuity after pituitary surgery. On the other hand, patients who had thinned-out RNFLT preoperatively showed no improvement in visual acuity. It was also found that once optic disc pallor sets due to chronic compression, then chances of its reversion to normal depend on its grading: only mild pallor disc has some chance to revert to normal, whereas moderate and severe pallor do not revert to normal. CONCLUSION: RNFLT and optic disc can be used as prognostic factors for evaluation of visual outcome in pituitary adenoma surgery.
Subject(s)
Adenoma/surgery , Nerve Fibers/pathology , Pituitary Neoplasms/surgery , Retina/diagnostic imaging , Retinal Neurons/pathology , Retrograde Degeneration/diagnostic imaging , Vision Disorders/physiopathology , Visual Acuity , Adenoma/complications , Adenoma/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Organ Size , Pituitary Neoplasms/complications , Pituitary Neoplasms/physiopathology , Preoperative Period , Retina/pathology , Retrograde Degeneration/etiology , Retrograde Degeneration/pathology , Retrograde Degeneration/physiopathology , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Treatment Outcome , Vision Disorders/etiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Filariasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas and is endemic in regions of India. Lymphatic filariasis in India is caused mainly by two species of nematodes: Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, which invade the human lymphatic system. We report two cases of superficial cystic lesions of the upper limb revealed on fine needle aspiration (FNA) to be clinically unsuspected filariasis. Despite similar aetiologies, both cases revealed variations in aspirate nature, smear morphology and peripheral blood findings. FNA provides definitive diagnosis and is an important tool for diagnosing soft tissue swellings owing to filariasis.