ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: An electronic reporting system (ERS) for the enhanced surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria (CPGNB) was launched by Public Health England in May 2015. AIM: This evaluation aimed to assess uptake, timeliness and completeness of data provided and explore potential barriers and facilitators to adopting the system. METHODS: The evaluation comprised a retrospective analysis of surveillance data and semi-structured interviews with ERS users. FINDINGS: The proportion of organisms referred for investigation of carbapenem resistance via ERS increased over the first 12â¯months post-implementation from 35% to 73%; uptake varied widely across regions of England. Completeness of enhanced data fields was poor in 78% of submitted isolates. The median number of days to report confirmatory test results via ERS was 1â¯day for the regional service and nine days for the national reference laboratory, which additionally conducts phenotypic testing to confirm carbapenemase negativity. Hindrances to ERS utility included: a lack of designated, ongoing resource for system maintenance, technical support and development; uncertainty about how and when to use ERS and workload. Incomplete data prevented gaining a better understanding of important risk factors and transmission routes of CPGNB in England. CONCLUSION: The ERS is the only surveillance system in England with the potential to gather intelligence on important risk factors for CPGNB to inform public health measures to control their spread. Although the ERS captures more information on CPGNB than other surveillance systems, timeliness and completeness of the enhanced data require substantial improvements in order to deliver the desired health benefits.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Disease Notification/methods , Electronic Data Processing/methods , Epidemiological Monitoring , Gram-Negative Bacteria/enzymology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , beta-Lactamases/analysis , England , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Health Services Research , Interviews as Topic , Retrospective StudiesSubject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Gram-Negative Bacteria/enzymology , beta-Lactamases/analysis , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Humans , Public Health Surveillance , United Kingdom , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
"This paper describes a method for constructing projections of numbers of households of various types and the numbers of people in that structure. The method uses the concept of household size propensity.... Using data from the 1981 and 1986 Censuses and population projections to the year 2011, the method produces projections of Australian households and household populations by size of household for five-year intervals from 1991 to 2011."