ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In our recent village-based cross-sectional study, the prevalence of nucleic acid amplification technique (NAAT) diagnosed Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in sexually active Samoan women was very high (36 %), and test positivity was associated with sub-fertility. We conducted a serological and epidemiological analysis in these participants to identify if serological data can provide further insight into the potential contribution of CT to sub-fertility in this population. METHODS: Serological prediction of CT associated sub-fertility was conducted using a series of commercial tests. The correlation between fertility or sub-fertility, behavioral factors, and serologically predicted CT associated sub-fertility was determined. RESULTS: A positive antibody reaction against the Chlamydia Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) was significantly associated with sub-fertility, with 50 % of infertile women being positive. Serum IgG and IgA antibodies against MOMP correlated with current infection measured by urine NAAT, suggesting longer term infections are common in this population. Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies were frequently detected in this population (84 %), and unexpectedly, were significantly associated with sub-fertility. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of chlamydial infection and of positive chlamydial sub-fertility results suggests that CT is an important and frequent contributory factor to sub-fertility in this population.
Subject(s)
Chlamydia Infections/diagnosis , Infertility, Female/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology , Chlamydia Infections/epidemiology , Chlamydia Infections/microbiology , Chlamydia trachomatis/genetics , Chlamydia trachomatis/immunology , Chlamydia trachomatis/metabolism , Cross-Sectional Studies , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Bacterial/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin A/blood , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Samoa/epidemiology , Women , Young AdultABSTRACT
AIM: The aim of this prospective controlled investigation was to analyze the short-term cephalometric treatment outcomes, according to the denture frame analysis proposed by Sato, of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and facial mask (FM) therapy. METHODS: A group of 21 patients with Class III malocclusion treated with the RPE and FM (TG) was compared with untreated Class III controls (CG). The mean age of treatment group was 8.8 years; treatment consisted of 4 weeks of RPE activation (0.20 mm/die) followed by 14 hours wear of the FM for a mean of 333.1 days. As CG were used the data published by Tanaka and Sato. Pre- and post-treatment cephalometric values were compared and statistical analyzed with one-sample t-test. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: For almost all parameters the differences pre and post treatment values resulted significantly different compared to those observed in CG. Regarding conventional occlusal plane (POC) values some differences compared to control group were found but they were not statistically significant (P=0.067) while for aterior occlusal plane (POA) no differences where noticed. CONCLUSION: This study revealed an increase in inter-jaw angle during treatment with FM and RPE, an increase in the inclination of the posterior occlusal plane with respect to the Frankfurt plane and a posterior and lower adaptation of the mandible.