Efficacy of Metformin-Cabergoline Compared to Metformin Monotherapy for Management of PCOS With Hyperprolactinemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Metformin plays a major part in the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome .Trials are being conducted to compare the effectiveness of combination of metformin with cabergoline in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of metformin monotherapy and combination therapy with cabergoline versus metformin for the management of polycystic ovarian syndrome with hyperprolactinemia. Methodology: An extensive search up until 31 May 2024 of electronic databases (PubMed, Registry of Controlled Clinical Trials, Web of Sciences, SCOPUS) to find pertinent studies. An analysis was conducted with both observational data and randomized clinical trials . To compute the standard mean difference, weighted mean difference, odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval, RevMan (v5.3) was utilized. Primary outcomes that were assessed included body-mass index, regular menstruation, weight change, prolactin, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels. Results: Three randomized controlled trials and 1 observational study, taking a total patient population of n = 535, were part of our final analysis. Prolactin (SMD = -3.23 95% CI: (-4.90, -1.55)) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels (SMD = -0.27 95% CI: (-0.52, -0.01)) were significantly lower in the metformin and cabergoline combination therapy group; monthly regularity was also significantly higher (OR = 3.07 95% CI: (2.09, 4.51)). Statistically, there was no significant difference in weight, body-mass index, or testosterone levels. Conclusions: In the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome, the combination of metformin and cabergoline significantly lowers prolactin levels and encourages regular menstrual cycles. Although metformin has the potential to suppress testosterone levels, more investigation is required to determine how combination therapy affect dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and testosterone levels. It's interesting to note that while neither intervention had a substantial impact on weight or body-mass index, metformin and cabergoline combination therapy outperformed metformin monotherapy in terms of supporting regular menstrual cycles. Customized therapy approaches are essential, and large-scale trials involving a variety of groups are required to comprehend the safety and effectiveness of treatments.

Efficacy of metformin compared to metformin and cabergoline combination In this study, 2 therapies for women with high prolactin levels­a hormone associated with PCOS­were examined. Their goal was to determine which combination of metformin and cabergoline produced the best results.Observational data and randomized clinical trials were included while searching through several databases for pertinent studies. Researchers discovered that the combination of metformin and cabergoline was superior to using metformin alone in reducing prolactin and another hormone called DHEAS. The menstrual periods of women receiving the combined therapy were also more regular. However, there wasn't much difference in weight, body mass index (BMI), or testosterone levels between the 2 groups. In summary, it appears that the combination of cabergoline and metformin is a more effective way to treat the symptoms of PCOS, which include irregular periods and elevated prolactin levels. To find out how it impacts other hormones and whether it's long-term safe and effective, further research is still required.

NSAID-induced Gastric Ulcer Disease: A Deleterious Connection.

Gastric ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) usage have become a common public health problem, and several studies have established chronic NSAID usage to be one of the risk factors for the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers in patients. This review includes numerous articles that link NSAID usage with peptic mucosal erosion, especially among patients under anticoagulant therapy or with other risk factors. Risk factors for NSAID-induced peptic ulcers are reviewed, in addition to pathogenesis, clinical signs, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatments. We also emphasize effective methods for the prevention and management of peptic ulcers among NSAID users. Such methods include the use of selective Cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors as an alternative to aspirin or other Cyclo-oxygenase (COX-1) inhibitors, or using the lowest dosage possible in patients with other comorbidities. We have conducted a thorough review of the literature on diagnostic tests and alternative medication that can be used in the management of NSAID toxicity-induced ulcers.

Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes of High-power, Short-duration Ablation versus Low-power, Long-duration Ablation Strategy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Comprehensive Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects around 33 million people worldwide, rendering it a common cardiac arrhythmia. Catheter ablation (CA) has evolved as a leading therapeutic intervention for symptomatic AF. This umbrella review systematically evaluates existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses to assess the safety, efficacy, and potential of high-power, short-duration (HPSD) ablation as an alternative therapy option for AF. A thorough exploration was undertaken across PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase to identify pertinent studies for inclusion in this umbrella review. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method was employed to assess the overall certainty of the evidence comprehensively, and the quality of the incorporated reviews was meticulously evaluated through use of the AMSTAR 2 tool, the Cochrane Collaboration tool, and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. In this study, we initially identified 35 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, narrowing them down to a final selection of 11 studies, which collectively integrated data from 6 randomized controlled trials and 26 observational studies. For primary efficacy outcomes, the HPSD approach led to a non-significant decrease in the risk of atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence (risk ratio [RR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.12; I 2 = 90%; P = .31) and a significantly reduced risk of AF recurrence (RR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.42-0.67; I 2 = 0%; P < .00001) compared to the low-power, long-duration (LPLD) approach. In terms of primary safety outcomes, the HPSD approach significantly reduced the risk of esophageal thermal injury (ETI) (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.61-0.83; I 2 = 0%; P < .00001) and facilitated a non-significant decrease in the risk of other major complications (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.73-1.03; I 2 = 0%; P = .10). In conclusion, HPSD therapy is safer and more effective than LPLD therapy, facilitating decreased AF recurrence rates along with reductions in ETI, total procedure duration, ablation number, ablation time, fluoroscopy time, and acute pulmonary vein reconnection.

Integrated Approaches in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Biopsychosocial Perspective.

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gastritis/peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and celiac disease, significantly impact global health and economic stability. This review synthesizes current literature to elucidate the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies of these prevalent conditions. Through a biopsychosocial lens, we examine the role of the gut microbiome in disease modulation and explore innovative therapeutic advancements, including microbiome-targeting interventions. The review highlights the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to patient care, integrating medical treatment with dietary, psychological, and lifestyle modifications. By addressing these disorders holistically, the article aims to foster a deeper understanding of their biopsychosocial impacts and encourage more effective, patient-centered treatment paradigms. The findings underscore the imperative for continued research and interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance patient outcomes and reduce healthcare burdens associated with GI disorders.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Antioxidant Therapy in Enhancing the Quality of Life of Chronic Pancreatitis Patients: A Systematic Review.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP), an inflammatory disease characterized by irreversible pancreatic changes and progressive fibrosis, significantly impairs patients' quality of life. This systematic review aims to assess the efficacy of antioxidant therapy in enhancing the quality of life of CP patients. Focusing on the role of oxidative stress in CP pathogenesis, we explored several databases for studies evaluating the impact of antioxidant supplementation. The review included randomized controlled trials and cohort studies reporting pain frequency, intensity, and overall quality of life measures. Findings from these studies present a mixed view of the efficacy of antioxidants in CP, with some suggesting benefits in symptom management, while others show inconsistency in improving patient outcomes. The review concludes that while antioxidant therapy holds potential, especially in symptom alleviation, there is a need for more rigorous, larger-scale studies to confirm its effectiveness in CP management and to establish standardized treatment protocols. The incorporation of antioxidants into CP treatment plans should be approached with personalized care, considering the varied responses observed in different patient populations.

Unraveling the Enigma of Aortic Dissection: From Genetics to Innovative Therapies.

Aortic dissection (AD) presents a critical medical emergency characterized by a tear in the aortic wall, necessitating prompt recognition and management to mitigate catastrophic complications. Despite advancements in medical technology and therapeutic interventions, AD remains a formidable challenge, often resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of AD, encompassing its clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and management strategies, while also exploring emerging trends and innovations in its management. Genetic predispositions significantly influence AD pathogenesis, with over 30 contributory genes identified, emphasizing the importance of genetic screening and counseling. Classification systems such as Stanford and DeBakey, alongside their revised counterparts, aid in categorizing AD and guiding treatment decisions. Advancements in diagnostic imaging, including transesophageal echocardiography and computed tomography angiography, have enhanced diagnostic precision, augmented by artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. Pharmacological innovations focus on optimizing medical therapy, while surgical and endovascular approaches offer minimally invasive treatment options. Hybrid procedures and aortic valve-sparing techniques broaden treatment avenues, while bioresorbable stent grafts hold promise for tissue regeneration. Collaborative efforts and ongoing research are essential to address remaining challenges and improve outcomes in managing AD. This review contributes to the understanding of AD's complexity and facilitates informed decision-making in clinical practice, underscoring the imperative for continued innovation and research in AD management.

The Potential of Fecal and Urinary Biomarkers for Early Detection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer often diagnosed at advanced stages, highlighting the urgent need for early detection strategies. This systematic review explores the potential of fecal and urinary biomarkers for early PDAC detection. A comprehensive search identified eight relevant studies investigating various biomarkers, including proteins, metabolites, microbial profiles, DNA mutations, and non-coding RNAs. Promising findings suggest that urinary biomarkers related to metabolic alterations, inflammatory processes, fecal microbiome profiles, and fecal miRNAs hold diagnostic potential even at early stages of PDAC. Combining biomarkers into panels may enhance diagnostic accuracy. Challenges such as validation in larger cohorts, standardization of protocols, and regulatory approval must be addressed for clinical translation. Despite these hurdles, non-invasive urinary and fecal biomarkers represent a promising avenue for improving PDAC outcomes through early detection.

From Sugar Spikes to Pressure Peaks: Navigating the World of Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, and Kidney Health.

Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are major public health challenges globally, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. The co-occurrence and interplay among these conditions exacerbate health outcomes, highlighting the need for an integrated understanding and approach to management. This narrative review aims to explore the complex relationships between diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and CKD, elucidating their collective impact on health. It discusses the epidemiological trends, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, genetic predispositions, current treatment strategies, and the future direction of research and therapy. An extensive review of current literature was conducted, focusing on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and CKD. Additionally, the review delves into the genetic and molecular biology underlying these conditions, the potential for personalized medicine, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to care. The review identifies key areas where these conditions intersect, enhancing disease progression and complicating management. It highlights the role of genetic and environmental factors in disease etiology, the critical need for personalized treatment strategies, and the gaps in current management approaches. Innovations in pharmacotherapy, monitoring technologies, and the potential of pharmacogenomics are discussed as avenues for advancing patient care. Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and CKD are intricately linked, necessitating an integrated, patient-centered approach to care that goes beyond traditional treatment modalities. Future research should focus on collaborative models and interdisciplinary strategies to address the multifaceted challenges posed by these conditions. Emphasizing personalized medicine and leveraging technological advancements offer promising pathways to improve outcomes and reduce the global health burden of these metabolic disorders.

Ion transporter cascade, reactive astrogliosis and cerebrovascular diseases.

Cerebrovascular diseases and their sequalae, such as ischemic stroke, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and vascular dementia are significant contributors to adult disability and cognitive impairment in the modern world. Astrocytes are an integral part of the neurovascular unit in the CNS and play a pivotal role in CNS homeostasis, including ionic and pH balance, neurotransmission, cerebral blood flow, and metabolism. Astrocytes respond to cerebral insults, inflammation, and diseases through unique molecular, morphological, and functional changes, collectively known as reactive astrogliosis. The function of reactive astrocytes has been a subject of debate. Initially, astrocytes were thought to primarily play a supportive role in maintaining the structure and function of the nervous system. However, recent studies suggest that reactive astrocytes may have both beneficial and detrimental effects. For example, in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, reactive astrocytes can cause oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. In this review, we will summarize the (1) roles of ion transporter cascade in reactive astrogliosis, (2) role of reactive astrocytes in vascular dementia and related dementias, and (3) potential therapeutic approaches for dementing disorders targeting reactive astrocytes. Understanding the relationship between ion transporter cascade, reactive astrogliosis, and cerebrovascular diseases may reveal mechanisms and targets for the development of therapies for brain diseases associated with reactive astrogliosis.

SPAK inhibitor ZT-1a attenuates reactive astrogliosis and oligodendrocyte degeneration in a mouse model of vascular dementia.

BACKGROUND: Astrogliosis and white matter lesions (WML) are key characteristics of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying VCID remain poorly understood. Stimulation of Na-K-Cl cotransport 1 (NKCC1) and its upstream kinases WNK (with no lysine) and SPAK (the STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) play a role in astrocytic intracellular Na+ overload, hypertrophy, and swelling. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the effect of SPAK inhibitor ZT-1a on pathogenesis and cognitive function in a mouse model of VCID induced by bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). METHODS: Following sham or BCAS surgery, mice were randomly assigned to receive either vehicle (DMSO) or SPAK inhibitor ZT-1a treatment regimen (days 14-35 post-surgery). Mice were then evaluated for cognitive functions by Morris water maze, WML by ex vivo MRI-DTI analysis, and astrogliosis/demyelination by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. RESULTS: Compared to sham control mice, BCAS-Veh mice exhibited chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and memory impairments, accompanied by significant MRI DTI-detected WML and oligodendrocyte (OL) death. Increased activation of WNK-SPAK-NKCC1-signaling proteins was detected in white matter tissues and in C3d+ GFAP+ cytotoxic astrocytes but not in S100A10+ GFAP+ homeostatic astrocytes in BCAS-Veh mice. In contrast, ZT-1a-treated BCAS mice displayed reduced expression and phosphorylation of NKCC1, decreased astrogliosis, OL death, and WML, along with improved memory functions. CONCLUSION: BCAS-induced upregulation of WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 signaling contributes to white matter-reactive astrogliosis, OL death, and memory impairment. Pharmacological inhibition of the SPAK activity has therapeutic potential for alleviating pathogenesis and memory impairment in VCID.

Sertraline versus escitalopram in South Asians with moderate to severe major depressive disorder: (SOUTH-DEP) a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial.

Objective: The study design included the double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of sertraline and escitalopram in participants with moderate to severe major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: The study was conducted in South Asian participants. A total of 744 participants with moderate to severe MDD were randomly assigned to receive either sertraline or escitalopram for 8 weeks. Drug dosages and titration schedules were based on the recommendations of the prescribing information for each product and according to the judgment of the clinicians involved in the study. The primary outcome measures were changes from baseline on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the clinical global impression (CGI) scale as well as the frequency of adverse events in both groups. Baseline MADRS scores in the escitalopram and sertraline groups were 28.2±0.47 (mean±SD) and 29.70±0.46 (mean±SD) respectively, and was no variability in the baseline assessments. Changes in MADRS as well as CGI scales at the end of the study were significant only for the sertraline group whereas they remained statistically nonsignificant for the escitalopram group. Results: The results of the study showed that sertraline was more efficacious than escitalopram in reducing depression rating scales such as MADRS and CGI, and that participants subjectively felt better regarding their symptoms in the sertraline group. Sertraline displays enhanced safety or tolerability than other groups of antidepressants, which frequently cause high levels of drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, and other undesirable effects. Adverse events were seen in both groups, but delayed ejaculation was the most frequent adverse event seen in both groups. However, a greater number of participants reported having nausea and insomnia in the sertraline group compared to the escitalopram group. Conclusion: Our study clearly highlights that there is a statistically significant difference in efficacy between sertraline and escitalopram at the doses used in our study. Sertraline was able to significantly lower the depression rating scales like MADRS and CGI in participants with moderate to severe MDD. Participants subjectively felt better regarding their symptoms in the sertraline group. The most frequent adverse event in both groups was delayed ejaculation. From an efficacy standpoint, sertraline was more efficacious than escitalopram. The study indicates that the prevalence of depressive disorders in South Asia is comparable to the global estimate, and Bangladesh and India has higher proportions of people with depressive disorders in South Asia. Additionally, females and older adults (75-79 years) have the highest burden of depressive disorders across all countries in the region. This study's limitation included the absence of a placebo arm. An additional limitation of the current study was the lack of an evaluation of inter-rater reliability and the research sample could not have been uniform in terms of the kind of depressive disorders and bipolarity.

Comparative Efficacy and Safety Profiles of High-power, Short-duration and Low-power, Long-duration Radiofrequency Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

High-power, short-duration (HPSD) radiofrequency (RF) ablation is expected to be more effective and safer than low-power, long-duration (LPLD) RF ablation in treating atrial fibrillation (AF). Given the limited data available, the findings are controversial. This meta-analysis evaluated whether the clinical effects of HPSD outweigh those of LPLD. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases identified studies comparing HPSD to LPLD ablation. All the analyses used the random-effects model. This analysis included 21 studies with a total of 4,169 patients. Pooled analyses revealed that HPSD was associated with a lower recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATAs) at 1 year (relative risk [RR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.78; P = .00001; I2 = 0%). Furthermore, the HPSD approach reduced the risk of AF recurrence (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.40-1.01; P = .06; I2 = 86%). The HPSD approach was associated with a lower risk of esophageal thermal injury (ETI) (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.58-1.04; P = .09; I2 = 73%). The HPSD strategy increased first-pass pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) and decreased acute PV reconnection (PVR), both of which were predominantly manifested in bilateral and left PVs. HPSD facilitated a reduction in procedural time, number of lesions created during PVI, and fluoroscopy time. The HPSD method reduces ETI, PVR, and recurrent AF. The HPSD approach also reduced the procedural time, number of lesions created during PVI, fluoroscopy time, and post-ablation AF relapse in 1 year, improving patient outcomes and safety.

Effect of Caffeine in Hypertension.

Hypertension (HTN) is characterized by an elevated arterial blood pressure with no apparent symptom while proving to be a crucial risk factor for the other underlying disorders such as cardiac failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke and various others, steering to recurrent premature deaths worldwide if left untreated. There are innumerate factors responsible for causing HTN such as age factor, obesity, inheritance, physical inactivity, stress, and unhealthy diet whereas some therapeutics and pharmaceuticals may too trigger this condition notably caffeine. As caffeine is amongst the most widely consumed drinks worldwide and hence an ordeal to cease its use, accordingly this review article in-sighted to raise cognizance specifically towards the action of caffeine affiliated with HTN. Therefore, this review is focused on the risk factors and preventive measures associated with HTN, especially the role of caffeine in inducing HTN as to create social awareness regarding how the excessive habituated caffeine consumption may aggravate this condition.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the general population of Pakistan regarding typhoid conjugate vaccine: findings of a cross-sectional study.

Typhoid fever, a common enteric disease in Pakistan, caused by Salmonella typhi, is becoming an extended drug-resistant organism and is preventable through the typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV). Public adherence to preventive measures is influenced by knowledge and attitude toward the vaccine. This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the general population of Pakistan toward TCV. The differences in mean scores and factors associated with typhoid conjugate vaccine knowledge, attitudes, and practices were investigated. A total of 918 responses were received with a mean age of 25.9 ± 9.6, 51% were women, and 59.6% had graduation-level education. The majority of them responded that vaccines prevent illness (85.3%) and decrease mortality and disability (92.6%), and typhoid could be prevented by vaccination (86.7%). In total, 77.7 and 80.8% considered TCV safe and effective, respectively. Of 389 participants with children, 53.47% had vaccinated children, according to the extended program on immunization (EPI). Higher family income has a higher odds ratio (OR) for willingness toward booster dose of TCV [crude odds ratio (COR) = 4.920, p-value <0.01; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.853, value of p <0.001], and negative attitude regarding the protective effect of TCV has less willingness toward the booster dose with statistical significance (COR = 0.388, value of p = 0.017; aOR = 0.198, value of p = 0.011). The general population of Pakistan had a good level of knowledge about the benefits of TCV, and attitude and practices are in favor of the usage of TCV. However, a few religious misconceptions are prevalent in public requiring the efforts to overcome them to promote the usage of vaccines to prevent the disease and antibiotic resistance.

Clinical Outcomes of Polymer-Free Versus Polymer-Coated Drug-Eluting Stents in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Drug-eluting stents have transformed the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), and there are two types: polymer-free and polymer-coated stents. Polymer-free stents have a coating that is quickly absorbed by the body, whereas polymer-coated stents have a coating that remains on the stent surface. This meta-analysis and systematic review aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of these two stent types in patients with coronary artery disease. The literature and abstracts from significant databases were reviewed to compare polymer-free drug-eluting stents (PF-DES) and polymer-coated drug-eluting stents (PC-DES) for the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). The primary efficacy endpoints of the study were all-cause mortality and deaths from cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes. Among the secondary outcomes were incidences of myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), stent thrombosis, stroke, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). In terms of the primary outcomes, the combined analysis revealed a marginally lower risk of all-cause mortality (relative risk, RR (95% CI) = 0.92 (0.85, 1.00), p = 0.05, I2 = 0%) with the use of PF-DES versus PC-DES. Nonetheless, there was no significant difference in cardiovascular mortality (RR (95% CI) = 0.97 (0.87, 1.08)) or non-cardiovascular mortality (RR (95% CI) = 0.87 (0.69, 1.10), p = 0.25, I2 = 9%) between the groups. Furthermore, univariate meta-regression revealed that male gender and prior myocardial infarction were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease. According to the current meta-analysis, no statistically significant differences existed in PF-DES and PC-DES outcomes. More extensive research is needed to investigate these findings further and establish their validity.

Fluoroquinolone-Induced Sweet Syndrome: A Case Report.

Sweet syndrome (SS) is a rare non-vasculitic neutrophilic dermatosis. Fever, the abrupt emergence of tender erythematous plaques and nodules, with an occasional presentation of vesicles and pustules along with dense neutrophilic infiltrates on skin biopsy are the hallmarks of the illness. Tender plaques or nodules develop along with other systemic manifestations suddenly in affected people which is considered to occur due to immune-mediated hypersensitivity. We report a case of Sweet syndrome in Pakistan presenting in a 55-year-old female. It is worth reporting due to the rarity of such cases in this region. The patient was diagnosed after profound investigations and was treated with corticosteroid therapy.

Treatment with Testosterone Therapy in Type 2 Diabetic Hypogonadal Adult Males: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been used to treat hypogonadal males with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for a long time, despite variable results. This meta-analysis examines TRT's role in hypogonadal males with T2DM. The databases PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant RCTs and observational studies. Estimated pooled mean differences (MDs) and relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the effects of TRT (CIs). When compared to the placebo, TRT improves glycemic management by significantly reducing glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) levels (WMD = -0.29 [-0.57, -0.02] p = 0.04; I2 = 89.8%). Additionally, it reduces the homeostatic model assessment levels of insulin resistance (WMD = -1.47 [-3.14, 0.19]; p = 0.08; I2 = 56.3%), fasting glucose (WMD = -0.30 [-0.75, 0.15]; p = 0.19; I2 = 84.4%), and fasting insulin (WMD = -2.95 [-8.64, 2.74]; however, these results are non-significant. On the other hand, HBA1c levels are significantly reduced with TRT; in addition, total testosterone levels significantly increase with testosterone replacement therapy (WMD = 4.51 [2.40, 6.61] p = 0.0001; I2 = 96.3%). Based on our results, we hypothesize that TRT can improve glycemic control and hormone levels, as well as lower total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol levels while raising HDL cholesterol in hypogonadal type 2 diabetes patients. To this end, we recommend TRT for these patients in addition to standard diabetes care.