Optimal features selection in the high dimensional data based on robust technique: Application to different health database.

Bio-informatics and gene expression analysis face major hurdles when dealing with high-dimensional data, where the number of variables or genes much outweighs the number of samples. These difficulties are exacerbated, particularly in microarray data processing, by redundant genes that do not significantly contribute to the response variable. To address this issue, gene selection emerges as a feasible method for identifying the most important genes, hence reducing the generalization error of classification algorithms. This paper introduces a new hybrid approach for gene selection by combining the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) score with the robust Mood median test. The Mood median test is beneficial for reducing the impact of outliers in non-normal or skewed data since it may successfully identify genes with significant changes across groups. The SNR score measures the significance of a gene's classification by comparing the gap between class means and within-class variability. By integrating both of these approaches, the suggested approach aims to find genes that are significant for classification tasks. The major objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of this combination approach in choosing the optimal genes. A significant P-value is consistently identified for each gene using the Mood median test and the SNR score. By dividing the SNR value of each gene by its significant P-value, the Md score is calculated. Genes with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) have been considered favorable due to their minimal noise influence and significant classification importance. To verify the effectiveness of the selected genes, the study utilizes two dependable classification techniques: Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). These algorithms were chosen due to their track record of successfully completing categorization-related tasks. The performance of the selected genes is evaluated using two metrics: error reduction and classification accuracy. These metrics offer an in-depth assessment of how well the selected genes improve classification accuracy and consistency. According to the findings, the hybrid approach put out here outperforms conventional gene selection methods in high-dimensional datasets and has lower classification error rates. There are considerable improvements in classification accuracy and error reduction when specific genes are exposed to the Random Forest and KNN classifiers. The outcomes demonstrate how this hybrid technique might be a helpful tool to improve gene selection processes in bioinformatics.

A rare adult presentation of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) in 38-year female with exclusive spinal involvement.

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a rare, autoinflammatory bone disorder most often seen in children and adolescents characterized by recurrent episodes of sterile osteolytic osseous lesions. Diagnosing CRMO requires the exclusion of other conditions, which is often challenging due to its varied presentations and progression. However, adult-onset CRMO and exclusive spinal cases are extremely rare events, highlighting the importance of this case. Our case presents a 38-year-old female with chronic back pain for 6 months of postepidural anesthesia during a C-section. The pain was progressive, exacerbated by movement, and partially relieved by painkillers. The patient had tenderness on physical examination in the thoracolumbar region. MRI of the spine showed multiple endplate changes, and extensive laboratory tests and biopsy ruled out infectious cause and malignancy, leading to the diagnosis of CRMO. The connection between pain and epidural anesthesia was only an incidental finding. The patient was treated effectively with steroids and etanercept. CRMO is mainly a childhood disease, with adult cases being very rare. Isolated spinal involvement in CRMO is particularly rare and can make the diagnosis challenging. This case highlights that CRMO should be considered in adults with an atypical isolated spinal lesion. NSAIDs are the main treatment, with corticosteroids and TNF inhibitors used in unresponsive cases. This case underscores the need for heightened awareness of CRMO's potential to present in adults with atypical isolated spinal lesions, which could lead to more timely and accurate diagnoses.

Impact of Early Invasive Strategy on Left Ventricular Function Recovery in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients in Pakistan.

Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Pakistan, where healthcare resources are limited. Early Invasive Strategy (EIS), typically involving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), has been shown to improve outcomes in AMI patients. However, the effectiveness of EIS in resource-limited settings, such as Pakistan, remains under-explored. Objective This prospective observational cohort study aimed to assess the impact of an Early Invasive Strategy (EIS) on left ventricular (LV) function recovery in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients in Pakistan. The primary objective was to measure the change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) over six months. Secondary objectives included evaluating mortality, rehospitalization rates, and incidences of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Multivariate regression analysis was employed to adjust for potential confounders. Methods The study was conducted from January to December 2023 at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) satellite centers in Sukkur, Nawab Shah, and Khairpur. A total of 300 AMI patients presenting within 24 hours of symptom onset were included. Participants were divided into two groups: the EIS group (n = 150) received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 24 hours of admission, while the delayed treatment group (n = 150) received standard therapy, with invasive procedures performed after 24 hours if clinically indicated. Data were collected at baseline, during hospitalization, and at three- and six-months post-AMI. Results The EIS group demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in LVEF compared to the delayed treatment group (13.1% [95% CI, 10.8%-15.4%] vs. 7.5% [95% CI, 5.8%-9.2%], p < 0.001). Mortality was lower in the EIS group (3% [n = 4] vs. 9% [n = 13], p = 0.01), as were rehospitalizations for heart failure (7% [n = 10] vs. 14% [n = 21], p = 0.02) and incidences of MACE (8% [n = 12] vs. 16% [n = 24], p = 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed that EIS was independently associated with better LVEF improvement (coefficient = 5.78 [95% CI, 4.21-7.35], p < 0.001). Conclusion Early invasive treatments significantly enhance left ventricular function recovery and reduce mortality and rehospitalization rates in AMI patients in Pakistan. These findings advocate for the implementation of timely PCI interventions in resource-limited settings to improve clinical outcomes, particularly emphasizing cost-effectiveness and the availability of PCI.

Unexpected outcome of dyspeptic syndrome.

A 57-year-old black male patient was admitted with flatulence and post-prandial fullness a month ago. No other gastrointestinal complaints. He had history of arterial hypertension, medicated with nifedipine 30mg/day and hydrochlorthiazide 50mg/day, and had been diagnosed and treated for malaria a week before admission. The patient reported frequent bathing in rivers and smoking habits since the age of 18, around a pack and a half a day. Abdominal ultrasound showed periportal fibrosis, without findings of portal hypertension. A rectal biopsy was performed with findings of Schistosome mansoni eggs on microscopy. This case illustrates a patient who was admitted due to dyspeptic syndrome, and during the study of his condition was found to have periportal fibrosis, which in a country endemic for Schistosomiasis such as Mozambique, this pathology must always be investigated. A history of bathing in rivers increases the chances of it being Schistosomiasis, confirmed by the demonstration of parasite eggs in a rectal biopsy. Treatment with prazinquantel was done at a dose of 40 mg/kg and outpatient follow-up was scheduled for six months.

Evolving Synergy Between Synthetic and Biotic Elements in Conjugated Polyelectrolyte/Bacteria Composite Improves Charge Transport and Mechanical Properties.

gLiving materials can achieve unprecedented function by combining synthetic materials with the wide range of cellular functions. Of interest are situations where the critical properties of individual abiotic and biotic elements improve via their combination. For example, integrating electroactive bacteria into conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) hydrogels increases biocurrent production. One observes more efficient electrical charge transport within the CPE matrix in the presence of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and more current per cell is extracted, compared to traditional biofilms. Here, the origin of these synergistic effects are examined. Transcriptomics reveals that genes in S. oneidensis MR-1 related to bacteriophages and energy metabolism are upregulated in the composite material. Fluorescent staining and rheological measurements before and after enzymatic treatment identified the importance of extracellular biomaterials in increasing matrix cohesion. The synergy between CPE and S. oneidensis MR-1 thus arises from initially unanticipated changes in matrix composition and bacteria adaption within the synthetic environment.

Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers Accelerate On-Demand Drug Release to Combat Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Drug delivery by stimuli-responsive nanocarriers holds great promise for improving the treatment modalities of GBM. At the beginning of the review, we highlighted the stimuli-active polymeric nanocarriers carrying therapies that potentially boost anti-GBM responses by employing endogenous (pH, redox, hypoxia, enzyme) or exogenous stimuli (light, ultrasonic, magnetic, temperature, radiation) as triggers for controlled drug release mainly via hydrophobic/hydrophilic transition, degradability, ionizability, etc. Modifying these nanocarriers with target ligands further enhanced their capacity to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and preferentially accumulate in glioma cells. These unique features potentially lead to more effective brain cancer treatment with minimal adverse reactions and superior therapeutic outcomes. Finally, the review summarizes the existing difficulties and future prospects in stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for treating GBM. Overall, this review offers theoretical guidelines for developing intelligent and versatile stimuli-responsive nanocarriers to facilitate precise drug delivery and treatment of GBM in clinical settings.

Exploring the Potential of Saphenous Vein Grafts Ex Vivo: A Model for Intimal Hyperplasia and Re-Endothelialization.

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) utilizing saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) stands as a fundamental approach to surgically treating coronary artery disease. However, the long-term success of CABG is often compromised by the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH) and subsequent graft failure. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this pathophysiology is crucial for improving graft patency and patient outcomes. Objectives: This study aims to explore the potential of an ex vivo model utilizing SVG to investigate IH and re-endothelialization. Methods: A thorough histological examination of 15 surplus SVG procured from CABG procedures at Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Malaysia, was conducted to establish their baseline characteristics. Results: SVGs exhibited a mean diameter of 2.65 ± 0.93 mm with pre-existing IH averaging 0.42 ± 0.13 mm in thickness, alongside an observable lack of luminal endothelial cell lining. Analysis of extracellular matrix components, including collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, at baseline and after 7 days of ex vivo culture revealed no significant changes in collagen but demonstrated increased percentages of elastin and glycosaminoglycans. Despite unsuccessful attempts at re-endothelialization with blood outgrowth endothelial cells, the established ex vivo SVG IH model underscores the multifaceted nature of graft functionality and patency, characterized by IH presence, endothelial impairment, and extracellular matrix alterations post-CABG. Conclusions: The optimized ex vivo IH model provides a valuable platform for delving into the underlying mechanisms of IH formation and re-endothelialization of SVG. Further refinements are warranted, yet this model holds promise for future research aimed at enhancing graft durability and outcomes for CAD patients undergoing CABG.

New extended exponentially weighted moving average control chart for monitoring process mean.

In this article, we develop a new control chart based on the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) statistic, termed the New Extended Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (NEEWMA) statistic, designed to recognize slight changes in the process mean. We derive expressions for the mean and variance of the NEEWMA statistic, ensuring an unbiased estimation of the mean, with simulation results showing lower variance compared to traditional EWMA charts. Evaluating its performance using Average Run Length (ARL), our analysis reveals that the NEEWMA control chart outperforms EWMA and Extended EWMA (EEWMA) charts in swiftly recognizing shifts in the process mean. Illustrating its operational methodology through Monte Carlo simulations, an illustrative example using practical data is also provided to showcase its effectiveness.

Sarcoma With Pulmonary Metastases: A Management Dilemma.

Pulmonary metastases in soft tissue, such as sarcoma and osteosarcoma, are associated with a poor prognosis. A complete surgical resection has been proven to prolong survival. We report four cases of sarcoma with pulmonary metastases, all with differing progressions, prognoses, and management. This highlights the challenging nature of managing sarcoma with pulmonary metastases. Surgical metastatectomy remains the mainstay treatment for sarcoma with pulmonary metastases. Studies have demonstrated a significant survival benefit with complete surgical resection. There is currently no consensus on the size of the metastasis or the number of lesions for considering a patient inoperable. Surgical metastatectomy provides improved survival for sarcoma patients with pulmonary metastases. Management strategy is rapidly evolving with the emergence of new treatment methods. A case-by-case assessment and MDT approach are paramount in deciding the best course of action.

Effectiveness and safety of preoperative distraction using modified halo-pelvic Ilizarov distraction assembly in patients with severe kyphoscoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN: A 2-year follow-up study. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of modified halo-pelvic Ilizarov distraction assembly in the management of patients with severe kyphoscoliosis. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Severe and rigid scoliosis curves are always a challenge for operating surgeons. Preoperative correction through halo-pelvic devices successfully minimizes the severity of the curve; however, cumbersome complications are also reported with its use. Modified assembly could be safe for these cases. METHODS: Patients with severe kyphoscoliosis having coronal Cobb angle >90° were applied with modified halo-pelvic Ilizarov distraction assembly preoperatively. The modified assembly consisted of a pelvic component and halo ring, and distraction was given at the rate of 2-3 mm/day for 6-12 weeks. Complete clinical assessments along with pulmonary function tests were performed, and scoliosis series X-ray images were assessed for coronal and sagittal Cobb angle and other spinopelvic parameters before applying the assembly and during 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients (age, 9-27 years; male/female ratio of 18:16) were included. The coronal and sagittal Cobb angles were 116°±16.2° and 84°±28.3°, respectively. Correction rates obtained through modified halo-pelvic assembly were nearly 52% (p=0.001) in coronal and 40% (p=0.001) in sagittal Cobb angles, with improvement in height (p=0.001). Apical vertebral translation and coronal balance were also improved significantly (p=0.001). Further improvements in all the parameters were obtained after definitive surgery, with improvements in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p =0.002) and forced vital capacity (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our modified halo-pelvic Ilizarov distraction assembly can achieve good correction in severe spinal deformities without significant risk to neurology, has fewer complications, and promotes good patient compliance.

Successful Treatment of Sternal Osteomyelitis and Mediastinitis Caused by Rhizopus Following Cardiac Surgery.

Sternal osteomyelitis and mediastinitis are rare yet severe complications post-cardiac surgery, often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Fungal etiologies, particularly those caused by Rhizopus spp., are infrequent but can lead to aggressive infections. Here, we present the case of a 68-year-old male who developed sternal osteomyelitis and mediastinitis caused by Rhizopus spp. two weeks following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Debridement and pectoralis flap reconstruction were performed following clinical identification and confirmation with microbiological examinations and a CT scan. Prompt recognition, aggressive surgical intervention, and targeted antifungal therapy were crucial for successful management. This case underscores the importance of considering fungal pathogens, such as Rhizopus, in the differential diagnosis of post-cardiac surgery infections, as well as aggressive treatment to improve outcomes for affected patients.

Recurrent and transformation of borderline to malignant phyllodes tumour with osteoid differentiation: a case report and literature review.

Phyllodes tumours or cystosarcoma phyllodes are fibroepithelial tumours of the breast and represent 1% of breast tumours. A 20-year-old nullipara presented with an enlarging left breast mass over 6 months. Although widely excised, it was reported to be a 12 × 10 × 5.5-cm borderline phyllodes tumour with involvement of the superior and inferior margins. Seven months later, she presented with a new ipsilateral breast lump measuring 8.5 × 7.5 × 4.6 cm. She underwent a left mastectomy, a three-rib resection with titanic rods for the thoracic cage reconstruction, and a latissimus dorsi flap wound closure. Histopathology revealed a high-grade malignant phyllodes tumour with features of osteoid differentiation with the nearest deep margin measuring 3 mm. She developed metastasis to the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes and contralateral lung 2 months postoperatively. She was given palliative radiotherapy 60 Gy in 30 fractions to the left axilla. She developed sudden lower-limb weakness due to spinal metastases. The symptoms resolved with radiotherapy to the thoracic spine (T4-T8). As the lesion continued to grow rapidly from the anterior chest wall encircling towards the back, it was deemed unresectable. She was given palliative chemotherapy (doxorubicin six cycles, followed by ifosfamide one cycle) but had disease progression. She passed away 3 months later. The mainstay of treatment for phyllodes tumour is excision with a minimal margin of 1 cm. Although margins were involved after the first surgery, she was followed up as the pathology was a borderline phyllodes. When the lump recurred and had transformed, despite extensive surgery, it returned shortly and progressed. A borderline phyllodes should be excised to obtain a minimal margin of 1 cm, even if it means performing a mastectomy, to minimise recurrence. A recurrence may undergo malignant transformation which is largely chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistant. This will result in a poor outcome and decreased survival.

Dorsal ectopic breast-a cutaneous marker of occult spinal dysraphism.

Ectopic breasts represent uncommon medical anomalies characterized by the presence of additional breasts situated outside the typical milk line. In this case report, we present a case encompassing dorsal ectopic breasts accompanied by three nipples. A 14-year-old teen girl presented with a significant dorsal mass, exhibiting no clinical manifestations except mild pain and a sense of heaviness. She underwent investigations, and a magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed a large, inadequately encapsulated congenital mass with a fatty composition, alongside intraspinal epidural engagement and a bony structure bridging the spinous processes from the C6 to the T3 vertebral bodies. She subsequently underwent excision of the entire mass. The histopathological analysis identified the presence of a mammary hamartoma. Follow-up at 2 weeks postoperatively showed that there were no further complications. Dorsal ectopic breast necessitates careful and comprehensive evaluation to either confirm or exclude the presence of occult spinal dysraphism prior to intervention to avoid complications.

2D MXene-Based Nanoscale Materials for Electrochemical Sensing Toward the Detection of Hazardous Pollutants: A Perspective.

MXenes (Mn+1XnTx), a subgroup of 2-dimensional (2D) materials, specifically comprise transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides. They exhibit exceptional electrocatalytic and photocatalytic properties, making them well-suited for the detection and removal of pollutants from aqueous environments. Because of their high surface area and remarkable properties, they are being utilized in various applications, including catalysis, sensing, and adsorption, to combat pollution and mitigate its adverse effects. Different characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy have been used for the structural elucidation of 2D MXene. Current responses against applied potential were measured during the electrochemical sensing of the hazardous pollutants in an aqueous system using a variety of electroanalytical techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry, amperometry, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, etc. In this review, a comprehensive discussion on structural patterns, synthesis, properties of MXene and their application for electrochemical detection of lethal pollutants like hydroquionone, phenol, catechol, mercury and lead, etc. are presented. This review will be helpful to critically understand the methods of synthesis and application of MXenes for the removal of environmental pollutants.

A rare sight: Childhood blepharochalasis presenting as recurrent eyelid swelling: A case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Blepharochalasis is a rare eyelid condition that usually affects the upper eyelids and is characterized by persistent, painless edema. This article emphasizes how difficult it can be to diagnose blepharochalasis and how crucial it is to take it into account when making a differential diagnosis for recurrent eyelid swelling. Additionally, it highlights the necessity of surgical intervention and the limited effectiveness of medicinal therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report features a 12-year-old kid who has experienced recurring swelling of the upper eyelid for the previous six years. This was eventually diagnosed as a rare condition called blepharochalasis, and treated with blepharoplasty. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: When nephrotic syndrome was first suspected, systemic involvement was ruled out by careful investigation. Upon physical examination, there was laxity of the eyelids and bilateral ptosis. Renal and liver function tests, among other laboratory testing, came back within normal ranges. The patient was sent to plastic surgery and had blepharoplasty. CONCLUSION: Blepharochalasis presents with recurrent eyelids swelling and is often misdiagnosed as other pathologies such as nephrotic syndrome. This case highlights the importance of clinical manifestation and management of blepharochalasis.

Sustainable Cathodic Performances of VS4 in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries by Cobalt Substitution.

Vanadium tetrasulfide (VS4) is one of the most promising cathodic materials for rechargeable magnesium battery systems (RMBSs). Elemental substitution to expand layers, creation of sulfur vacancies, and reduction of particle sizes of VS4 are undoubtedly effective strategies to enhance cathodic performances. Experimental and DFT analysis revealed that valence states of vanadium and cobalt have been elevated from V2+ to V3+ and Co2+ to Co3+ in VS4 and that the Co-S bond length shortened due to cobalt substitution, which resulted in enhanced overall internal polarization in the layered atomic structure of VS4 by increasing cobalt concentrations. This phenomenon of charge accumulation contributes toward regulated magnesiation and accommodated volume expansion while cycling, resulting in the enormous structural stability of VS4 and sustainable battery performance during a long and stable cycling at a cost of 20% capacity diminution as compared to pristine VS4 in RMBS. Hence, 9% CoVS4 demonstrated a capacity of 158 mAh g-1 at a current density of 500 mA g-1 with approximately 98% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. Sustainable cathodic performance is the most desirous feature for commercialization. This work provides insight realization regarding structural limitations and opportunities of VS4 for sustainable cathodic performances in RMBS with non-nucleophilic 0.25 mol/L (R-PhOMgCI)2-A1Cl3/THF (PMC) electrolyte and has laid a theoretical plus experimental foundation for future developments.

ECAS correlation with metabolic alterations on FDG-PET imaging in ALS.

Background: Cognitive impairment is observed in up to 50% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS) is an ALS-specific multi-domain screening tool. Few studies have examined the relationship between ECAS scores and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) findings. Objective: To assess the relationship between ECAS scores and glucose metabolism patterns on [18F]FDG -PET images in ALS. Methods: We collected [18F]FDG-PET images from 65 patients with ALS and 39 healthy controls. ECAS scores were collected on all patients and we calculated the correlation to [18F]FDG-PET in order to investigate the potential links between cognition and glucose metabolism. Results: We observed hypometabolism in the frontal cortex, insula, and limbic system, together with hypermetabolism in the cerebellum in patients with ALS compared to controls. A lower ECAS total score was associated with lower glucose metabolism in the right orbitofrontal gyrus and higher glucose metabolism in lateral occipital, medial occipital, and cerebellar regions, among patients with ALS. Similar results, although less widespread, were observed in the analyses of ECAS ALS-specific scores. Conclusions: The metabolic patterns in [18F]FDG -PET show that changes in the glucose metabolism of corresponding areas are related to cognitive dysfunction in ALS, and can be detected using the ECAS.

The effectiveness and safety of natural food and food-derived extract supplements for treating functional gastrointestinal disorders-current perspectives.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) were highly prevalent and involve gastrointestinal discomfort characterized by non-organic abnormalities in the morphology and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. According to the Rome IV criteria, irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia are the most common FGIDs. Complementary and alternative medicines are employed by increasing numbers of individuals around the world, and they include herbal and dietary supplements, acupuncture, and hypnosis. Of these, herbal and dietary supplements seem to have the greatest potential for relieving FGIDs, through multiple modes of action. However, despite the extensive application of natural extracts in alternative treatments for FGIDs, the safety and effectiveness of food and orally ingested food-derived extracts remain uncertain. Many randomized controlled trials have provided compelling evidence supporting their potential, as detailed in this review. The consumption of certain foods (eg, kiwifruit, mentha, ginger, etc) and food ingredients may contribute to the alleviation of symptoms associated with FGID,. However, it is crucial to emphasize that the short-term consumption of these components may not yield satisfactory efficacy. Physicians are advised to share both the benefits and potential risks of these alternative therapies with patients. Furthermore, larger randomized clinical trials with appropriate comparators are imperative.

Significant Association of Candidate Genes (AGTR1 and TGF-Β1) Polymorphism with Diabetic Nephropathy in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms, specifically AGTR1 (rs5186) and TGF-ß1 (rs1800470), and the risk of developing Diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, compared to those without DN and healthy controls. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 165 diabetic patients (59 with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and 54 without DN (DM)), and 52 healthy controls (HC). The genotyping was done using amplification refractory mutation system method (ARMS-PCR). Age, gender, and duration of diabetes were matched across groups. Clinical parameters including FBS, RBS, HbA1C, creatinine, urea, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and BMI were assessed. RESULTS: Diabetic patients with nephropathy exhibited significantly higher levels of clinical parameters compared to those without nephropathy and healthy controls. The risk allele of AGTR1 , C (p <0.0001), and risk allele containing genotypes AC (p <0.0001) and CC (p - 0.0010) were significantly higher in DN patients compared to DM and HC groups. Similarly, the TGF-ß1 risk allele C (p - 0.0001), and corresponding genotypes TC (p - 0.0038) and CC (p - 0.0027) were significantly associated with increased risk of diabetic nephropathy compared to DM and HC groups. CONCLUSION: The data showed significant association of AGTR1 (rs5186) and TGF-ß1 (rs1800470) polymorphism with an increased risk of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. More investigation will be required to disseminate the results, while increasing the samples size and using whole genome sequencing.