Analysis on high-resolution spectrum of the S1-S0 transition of free-base phthalocyanine.

A high-resolution absorption spectrum of the S1-S0 transition of free-base phthalocyanine was observed and analyzed with improved reliability. The spectrum, with a partially resolved rotational structure, was obtained by using the buffer-gas cooling technique and a single-mode tunable laser. Our new analysis reveals that the S1←S0000 band belongs to the a-type transition, where the electronic transition moment aligns parallel to the NH-HN direction, allowing the assignment of the S1 state to 1B3u. These results agree with a prior study using supersonic expansion and are well supported by theoretical calculations. Interestingly, the rotational constant B in the S1 state, which is often smaller than that in the ground state for typical molecules, was found to be slightly larger than that in the S01Ag state. This suggests a change in the character of π bonds with the electronic excitation.

Doppler-free Spectroscopy of Buffer-Gas-Cooled Calcium Monohydroxide.

In this study, we report the Doppler-free spectra of buffer-gas-cooled CaOH. We observed five Doppler-free spectra containing low-J Q1 and R12 transitions, which were only partially resolved by previous Doppler-limited spectroscopies. The spectra frequencies were corrected using the Doppler-free spectra of iodine molecules; accordingly, the uncertainty was estimated to be below 10 MHz. We determined the spin-rotation constant in the ground state, which agrees with the values reported in the literature obtained based on millimeter-wave data within 1 MHz. This suggests that the relative uncertainty is much smaller. The present study demonstrates the Doppler-free spectroscopy of a polyatomic radical and the broad applicability of the buffer gas cooling method to molecular spectroscopy. CaOH is the only polyatomic molecule that can be directly laser-cooled and trapped in a magneto-optical trap. High-resolution spectroscopy of such molecules is useful for establishing efficient laser cooling schemes of polyatomic molecules.

High-resolution spectroscopy of buffer-gas-cooled phthalocyanine.

For over five decades, studies in the field of chemical physics and physical chemistry have primarily aimed to understand the quantum properties of molecules. However, high-resolution rovibronic spectroscopy has been limited to relatively small and simple systems because translationally and rotationally cold samples have not been prepared in sufficiently large quantities for large and complex systems. In this study, we present high-resolution rovibronic spectroscopy results for large gas-phase molecules, namely, free-base phthalocya-nine (FBPc). The findings suggest that buffer-gas cooling may be effective for large molecules introduced via laser ablation. High-resolution electronic spectroscopy, combined with other experimental and theoretical studies, will be useful in understanding the quantum properties of molecules. These findings also serve as a guide for quantum chemical calculations of large molecules.

Phase-stabilized 100 mW frequency comb near 10 µm.

Long-wavelength mid-infrared (MIR) frequency combs with high power and flexible tunability are highly desired for molecular spectroscopy, including investigation of large molecules such as C60. We present a high power, phase-stabilized frequency comb near 10 µm, generated by a synchronously pumped, singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on AgGaSe2. The OPO can be continuously tuned from 8.4 to 9.5 µm, with a maximum average idler power of 100 mW at the center wavelength of 8.5 µm. Both the repetition rate (f rep) and the carrier-envelope offset frequency (f ceo) of the idler wave are phase-locked to microwave signals referenced to a Cs clock. We describe the detailed design and construction of the frequency comb, and discuss potential applications for precise and sensitive direct frequency comb spectroscopy.

Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with electro-optic modulators.

Absorption spectroscopy of fundamental ro-vibrational transitions in the mid-infrared region provides a powerful tool for studying the structure and dynamics of molecules in the gas phase and for sensitive and quantitative gas sensing. Laser frequency combs permit novel approaches to perform broadband molecular spectroscopy. Multiplex dual-comb spectroscopy without moving parts can achieve particularly high speed, sensitivity and resolution. However, achieving Doppler-limited resolution in the mid-infrared still requires overcoming instrumental challenges. Here we demonstrate a new approach based on difference-frequency generation of frequency-agile near-infrared frequency combs that are produced using electro-optic modulators. The combs have a remarkably flat intensity distribution, and their positions and line spacings can be freely selected by simply dialing a knob. Using the proposed technique, we record, in the 3-µm region, Doppler-limited absorption spectra with resolved comb lines within milliseconds, and precise molecular line parameters are retrieved. Our technique holds promise for fast and sensitive time-resolved studies of, for example, trace gases.

Ortho-Para-Dependent Pressure Effects Observed in the Near Infrared Band of Acetylene by Dual-Comb Spectroscopy.

We demonstrate that dual-comb spectroscopy, which allows one to record broadband spectra with high frequency accuracy in a relatively short time, provides a real advantage for the observation of pressure-broadening and pressure-shift effects. We illustrate this with the ν_{1}+ν_{3} vibration band of ^{12}C_{2}H_{2}. We observe transitions from P(26) to R(29), which extend over a 3.8 THz frequency range, at six pressures ranging up to 2654 Pa. Each observed absorption line profile is fitted to a Voigt function yielding pressure-broadening and pressure-shift coefficients for each rotation-vibration transition. The effectiveness of this technique is such that we are able to discern a clear dependence of the pressure-broadening coefficients on the nuclear spin state, i.e., on the ortho or para modification. This information, combined with the pressure-shift coefficients, can facilitate a detailed understanding of the mechanism of molecular collisions.

Generation of a frequency comb spanning more than 3.6 octaves from ultraviolet to mid infrared.

We have observed an ultra-broadband frequency comb with a wavelength range of at least 0.35 to 4.4 µm in a ridge-waveguide-type periodically poled lithium niobate device. The PPLN waveguide is pumped by a 1.0-2.4 µm wide frequency comb with an average power of 120 mW generated using an erbium-based mode-locked fiber laser and a following highly nonlinear fiber. The coherence of the extended comb is confirmed in both the visible (around 633 nm) and the mid-infrared regions.

Sub-Doppler resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy using a difference-frequency-generation source spectrally narrowed by laser linewidth transfer.

The spectral linewidth of a 3.28 µm difference-frequency-generation source has been reduced to 3.5 kHz using a laser linewidth transfer technique [Opt. Express21, 7891 (2013)]. We use an optical frequency comb with a broad servo bandwidth to transfer a narrow linewidth of a pump laser, a 1.06 µm Nd:YAG laser, to a signal laser, a 1.57 µm external-cavity laser diode. This source enables us to record the Lamb dip of the ν3 band R(2) E transition of methane with a molecular spectral linewidth of 21 kHz while the frequency axis is absolutely calibrated.

Design of cavity-enhanced absorption cell for reducing transit-time broadening.

To reduce the linewidth of Lamb dips, we introduce a cavity-enhanced absorption cell (CEAC) coupled with a Gaussian beam with a 1.9-mm 1/e(2) radius at the beam waist for the reduction of transit-time broadening. We state that transit-time broadening depends only on the beam radius at the beam waist. This fact is useful for the design of the CEAC, and a pair of concave and convex mirrors is thereby employed. We have carried out sub-Doppler resolution spectroscopy of the ν(3) band of CH(4) and the ν(1) band of CH(3)D using a difference-frequency-generation source and the CEAC, and the recorded Lamb dips narrow to 80 kHz (HWHM).

A novel frequency control scheme for comb-referenced sensitive difference-frequency-generation spectroscopy.

We present a novel scheme of frequency scan and wavelength modulation of a difference-frequency-generation source for comb-referenced sensitive spectroscopy. While the pump and signal frequencies are phase-locked to an optical frequency comb (OFC), the offset frequency between the signal wave and the nearest comb tooth is modulated to apply a wavelength-modulation technique, and the idler wave frequency is repeatedly swept for signal accumulation by changing the repetition frequency of the OFC. The spectrometer is applied to absolute frequency measurement of weak hyperfine-resolved rovibration transitions of the ν(1) band of CH(3)I, and the uncertainty in frequency determination is reduced by one order of magnitude in compared with that of the previous work published in Optics Express 20, 9178-9186 (2012).

Spectroscopy of 171Yb in an optical lattice based on laser linewidth transfer using a narrow linewidth frequency comb.

We propose a novel, high-performance, and practical laser source system for optical clocks. The laser linewidth of a fiber-based frequency comb is reduced by phase locking a comb mode to an ultrastable master laser at 1064 nm with a broad servo bandwidth. A slave laser at 578 nm is successively phase locked to a comb mode at 578 nm with a broad servo bandwidth without any pre-stabilization. Laser frequency characteristics such as spectral linewidth and frequency stability are transferred to the 578-nm slave laser from the 1064-nm master laser. Using the slave laser, we have succeeded in observing the clock transition of (171)Yb atoms confined in an optical lattice with a 20-Hz spectral linewidth.

Narrow linewidth comb realized with a mode-locked fiber laser using an intra-cavity waveguide electro-optic modulator for high-speed control.

We have developed an optical frequency comb using a mode-locked fiber ring laser with an intra-cavity waveguide electro-optic modulator controlling the optical length in the laser cavity. The mode-locking is achieved with a simple ring configuration and a nonlinear polarization rotation mechanism. The beat note between the laser and a reference laser and the carrier envelope offset frequency of the comb were simultaneously phase locked with servo bandwidths of 1.3 MHz and 900 kHz, respectively. We observed an out-of-loop beat between two identical combs, and obtained a coherent δ-function peak with a signal to noise ratio of 70 dB/Hz.

Absolute frequency list of the ν3-band transitions of methane at a relative uncertainty level of 10(-11).

We determine the absolute frequencies of 56 rotation-vibration transitions of the ν(3) band of CH(4) from 88.2 to 90.5 THz with a typical uncertainty of 2 kHz corresponding to a relative uncertainty of 2.2 × 10(-11) over an average time of a few hundred seconds. Saturated absorption lines are observed using a difference-frequency-generation source and a cavity-enhanced absorption cell, and the transition frequencies are measured with a fiber-laser-based optical frequency comb referenced to a rubidium atomic clock linked to the international atomic time. The determined value of the P(7) F(2)((2)) line is consistent with the International Committee for Weights and Measures recommendation within the uncertainty.