Mental health of mothers after natural childbirth and cesarean section: a comparative study in kohat, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan / Saúde mental de mães após parto normal e cesariana: um estudo comparativo em kohat, khyber pakhtunkhwa, paquistão / Salud mental de madres después del parto normal y cesárea: un estudio comparativo en kohat, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistán

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the quality of life of women after natural childbirth and cesarean section from a mental health perspective. Method: this is a causal-comparative study that included 104 women, 52 of whom underwent natural childbirth: and 52 cesarean sections. It was conducted in the gynecology ward of Liaqat Memorial Hospital in Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using the Quality-of-Life Questionnaire. Pakistani Nurses made direct translation of it in to Urdu language, interview by interview (read in English and told in Urdu). The results related to Emotional Health Problems, Energy, Emotions and Social Activities were analyzed. Results: women after cesarean section reported more problems regarding emotional health variables than women after natural childbirth. The mean quality of life score among the natural childbirth group was 89.94 and 66.02 among the cesarean section group (p<0.001). Conclusion: women who undergo natural childbirth have better quality of life than women who undergo cesarean section (average versus poor quality of life). Mental health is also affected, especially for those who undergo cesarean section. Thus, natural childbirth demonstrates benefits in the puerperium in terms of emotional indicators.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a qualidade de vida de mulheres após parto normal e cesariana na perspectiva da saúde mental. Método: estudo causal-comparativo que incluiu 104 mulheres, das quais 52 tiveram parto normal e 52 cesarianas. O estudo foi realizado na enfermaria de ginecologia do Liaqat Memorial Hospital em Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, usando o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida. As enfermeiras paquistanesas fizeram a tradução direta para o idioma Urdu, entrevista por entrevista (lida em inglês e falada em urdu). Foram analisados os resultados relacionados aos Problemas de Saúde Emocional, Energia, Emoções e Atividades Sociais. Resultados: as mulheres após cesariana relataram mais problemas em relação às variáveis de saúde emocional do que as mulheres após o parto normal. O escore médio de qualidade de vida no grupo de mulheres após parto normal foi de 89,94 e 66,02 no grupo de mulheres após cesariana (p<0,001). Conclusão: as mulheres que realizaram parto normal apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida do que as mulheres após cesariana (média versus má qualidade de vida). A saúde mental também é afetada, principalmente para aquelas que são submetidas a cesariana. Assim, o parto normal demonstra benefícios no puerpério em termos de indicadores emocionais.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar la calidad de vida de las mujeres después del parto natural y cesárea desde la perspectiva de la salud mental. Método: estudio causal-comparativo que incluyó 104 mujeres, de las cuales 52 tuvieron parto natural y 52 cesáreas. El estudio se realizó en la enfermería de ginecología del Liaqat Memorial Hospital en Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistán, utilizando el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida. Las enfermeras paquistaníes hicieron la traducción directa al idioma Urdu, entrevista por entrevista (leída en inglés y hablada en urdu). Los resultados relacionados con los Problemas de Salud Emocional, Energía, Emociones y Actividades Sociales fueron analizados. Resultados: Las mujeres después de la cesárea reportaron más problemas en relación a las variables de salud emocional que las mujeres después del parto natural. El puntaje medio de calidad de vida en el grupo de parto natural fue de 89,94 y 66,02 en el grupo de cesárea (p<0,001). Conclusión: las mujeres que tuvo parto natural tienen mejor calidad de vida que las mujeres después de la cesárea (media versus mala calidad de vida). La salud mental también se ve afectada, especialmente para aquellos que se someten a cesárea. Por lo tanto, el parto natural muestra beneficios en el período posparto en términos de indicadores emocionales.

Association of breast cancer reporting delays and care intervals with tumor size in patients with advanced disease.

In Pakistan, breast cancer (BC) is frequently diagnosed with advanced disease. We aimed to examine the association of breast tumor size with reasons of reporting delays, care intervals in patients with advanced disease. This cross-sectional study enrolled 392 BC patients from tertiary care hospitals. Data were collected from August 2018-March 2019. Chi-square for significance and logistic regression for association were used. Patients between 31 and 45 years of age (51%), rural residents (39%), lower-class (88.4%), no family history (17.1%), at stage-IV (36%) and patient interval >90 days (70%, p = .034) presented with large tumor size (>5 cm). Tumor size was significantly associated with area of residence (p = .043), social-class (p = .027), family history (p = .004), smoking (p = .021), nipple discharge (p = .004), recurrence (p = .024), and metastasis (p = .007). Patient-interval was associated with poor knowledge (OR;4.3,p = .0001), influence of traditional healers (OR;2.3,p = .05), religion (OR;3.9,p = .0001), finances (OR;2.4,p = .045), and competing life priorities (OR;2.9,p = .026). In-adjusted linear regression model, area of residences, education, social-class, family-history, recurrence, cancer type, and patient interval (ß;0.110,p = .030) were found to be independent predictors of tumor size. In conclusion, education, family history, area of residence, social class, recurrence, cancer stage and patient interval, co-influenced by religion, finances, life priorities, traditional healers, and poor knowledge, were independent predictors of tumor size in BC patients.

Rational Design of Novel Inhibitors of α-Glucosidase: An Application of Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship and Structure-Based Virtual Screening.

α-Glucosidase is considered a prime drug target for Diabetes Mellitus and its inhibitors are used to delay carbohydrate digestion for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. With the aim to design α-glucosidase inhibitors with novel chemical scaffolds, three folds ligand and structure based virtual screening was applied. Initially linear quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed by a molecular operating environment (MOE) using a training set of thirty-two known inhibitors, which showed good correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.88), low root mean square error (RMSE = 0.23), and cross-validated correlation coefficient r2 (q2 = 0.71 and RMSE = 0.31). The model was validated by predicting the biological activities of the test set which depicted r2 value of 0.82, indicating the robustness of the model. For virtual screening, compounds were retrieved from zinc is not commercial (ZINC) database and screened by molecular docking. The best docked compounds were chosen to assess their pharmacokinetic behavior. Later, the α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of the selected compounds was predicted by their mode of binding interactions. The predicted pharmacokinetic profile, docking scores and protein-ligand interactions revealed that eight compounds preferentially target the catalytic site of α-glucosidase thus exhibit potential α-glucosidase inhibition in silico. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of those Hits were predicted by QSAR model, which reflect good inhibitory activities of these compounds. These results serve as a guidelines for the rational drug design and development of potential novel anti-diabetic agents.

The molecular genetics of selective tooth agenesis.

Selective tooth agenesis is a congenital disorder divided into two types based on the number of missing teeth, i.e. hypodontia which is the absence of <6 teeth and oligodontia which is agenesis of >6 permanent teeth excluding the third molars. As the prevalence of tooth agenesis is higher in populations with Arab and Asian descent, it is intriguing to probe deeper into the molecular aspects of this disorder. Selective tooth agenesis inherits as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked dominant mode of inheritance. The 10 loci identified are selective tooth agenesis 1 through 9 and selective tooth agenesis X1. Genes for 8 of these loci have been characterised while the causative genes for selective tooth agenesis 2 and 5 still remain to be elucidated. The current broad-spectrum review was planned to discuss the molecular genetics of all 10 loci mapped with selective tooth agenesis, their mode of inheritance as well as the proteins encoded by these genes, their roles and their interactions.

Radiative Squeezing Flow of Second Grade Fluid with Convective Boundary Conditions.

Influence of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow between two parallel disks is considered. Heat transfer analysis is disclosed due to thermal radiation and convective boundary condition. Appropriate transformations are invoked to obtain the ordinary differential system. This system is solved using homotopic approach. Convergence of the obtained solution is discussed. Variations of embedded parameters into the governing problems are graphically discussed. Skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are numerically computed and analyzed. It is noticed that temperature profile is increasing function of radiation parameter.