Therapeutic Potentials of A2B Adenosine Receptor Ligands: Current Status and Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Adenosine receptors (ARs) are classified as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 subtypes belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). More than 40% of modern medicines act through either activation or inhibition of signaling processes associated with GPCRs. In particular, A2B AR signaling pathways are implicated in asthma, inflammation, cancer, ischemic hyperfusion, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and kidney disease. METHODS: This article reviews different disease segments wherein A2B AR is implicated and discusses the potential role of subtype-selective A2B AR ligands in the management of such diseases or disorders. All the relevant publications on this topic are reviewed and presented scientifically. RESULTS: This review provides an up-to-date highlight of the recent advances in the development of novel and selective A2B AR ligands and their therapeutic role in treating various disease conditions. A special focus has been given to the therapeutic potentials of selective A2B AR ligands in the management of airway inflammatory conditions and cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review demonstrates the current status and perspectives of A2B AR ligands as therapeutically useful agents that would assist medicinal chemists and pharmacologists in discovering novel and subtype-selective A2B AR ligands as potential drug candidates.

Molecular modeling approaches for the discovery of adenosine A2B receptor antagonists: current status and future perspectives.

Adenosine receptors (ARs) are classified as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 subtypes belonging to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Several molecular modeling approaches have been developed for A2BAR and its antagonists, from the construction of a homology model, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling to pharmacophore modeling, each of which has different objectives and outcomes. In this review, we provide a systematic outline of advances in molecular modeling approaches towards A2BAR for deducing its structure and interactions with various types of antagonist. The information, methods and perspectives presented here provides impetus for medicinal chemists to discover potential ligands that can bind selectively with higher affinity to A2BAR.

7-Amino-2-aryl/hetero-aryl-5-oxo-5,8-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carbonitriles: Synthesis and adenosine receptor binding studies.

A series of novel 7-amino-5-oxo-2-substituted-aryl/hetero-aryl-5,8-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carbonitriles (4a-4t) was synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their binding affinity and selectivity towards hA1 , hA2A , hA2B and hA3 adenosine receptors (ARs). Compound 4a with a phenyl ring at 2-position of the triazolo moiety of the scaffold showed high affinity and selectivity for hA1 AR (Ki hA1  = 0.076 µM, hA2A  = 25.6 µM and hA3  > 100 µM). Introduction of various electron donating and withdrawing groups at different positions of the phenyl ring resulted in drastic reduction in affinity and selectivity towards all the ARs, except compound 4b with a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at 2-position. Interestingly, the replacement of the phenyl ring with a smaller heterocyclic thiophene ring (π excessive system) resulted in further improvement of affinity for hA1 AR of compound 4t (Ki hA1  = 0.051 µM, hA2A  = 9.01 µM and hA3  > 13.9 µM) while retaining the significant selectivity against all other AR subtypes similar to compound 4a. The encouraging results for compounds 4a and 4t indicate that substitution at 2-position of the scaffold with π-excessive systems other than thiophene may lead to even more potent and selective hA1 AR antagonists.

Simultaneous liquid-liquid extraction of dibenzyl disulfide, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and 1,2,3-benzotriazole from power transformer oil prior to GC and HPLC determination.

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (DBPC), dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS), and 1,2,3-benzotriazole (BTA) are additives that may be found concomitantly in the oil matrix of power transformer. DBPC and DBDS act as antioxidants while, BTA is a corrosion inhibitor that protects copper conductors inside the transformer unit from corrosion. A powerful analytical method is, therefore, required to determine these additives at trace levels in the transformer oil. This work describes a unique single liquid-liquid extraction pretreatment step prior to the determination of the components by gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The optimum volume ratio used in the pretreatment step was determined as 5:2:5 for mineral oil/n-hexane/acetonitrile, respectively. Relatively, the method is simple and quick with a minimal use of solvents. Analytical results indicate that the method is relatively sensitive, accurate, and precise for each of the three components in fresh and used mineral oil. The calibration curves for the three components demonstrate a significant increase in sensitivities. Detection limits found were, 100 mg L(-1) (0.01% w/v), 0.80 mg L(-1) , and 2.04 mg L(-1) for DBPC, DBDS, and BTA, respectively. The Student's t values determined at 95% confidence level indicate that there is no significant difference between the experimental means obtained by this method and the standard method for each component.