ABSTRACT
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long linear polysaccharides found in every mammalian tissue. Previously thought only to be involved in cellular structure or hydration, GAGs are now known to be involved in cell signaling and protein modulation in cellular adhesion, growth, proliferation, and anti-coagulation. In this study, we showed that GAGs have an inhibitory effect on the IL-1ß-stimulated mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8. Exogenous heparin (p < 0.0001), heparan (p < 0.0001), chondroitin (p < 0.049), dermatan (p < 0.0027), and hyaluronan (p < 0.0005) significantly reduced the IL-1ß-induced IL-8 mRNA expression in HeLa cells. Exogenous heparin (p < 0.0001), heparan (p < 0.0001), and dermatan (p < 0.0027) also significantly reduced IL-1ß-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in HeLa cells, but exogenous chondroitin and hyaluronan had no significant effect. The exogenous GAGs may reduce the transcription of these inflammatory cytokines through binding to TILRR, a co-receptor of IL-1R1, and block/reduce the interactions of TILRR with IL-1R1.
ABSTRACT
Seven Gram-negative flagellated and subsequent prosthecate bacteria were isolated from meromictic Mahoney Lake and Blue Lake in British Columbia, Canada. Each became pink-red after 1-2 weeks of incubation, containing bacteriochlorophyll a incorporated into light harvesting and reaction center pigment-protein complexes. They did not grow anaerobically under illuminated conditions, supporting their identification as obligate aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAP). All isolates preferred high salinity and BL14T tolerated up to 6.5% NaCl or 16.0% Na2SO4. In addition to phenotypic differences, analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences found both strains BL14T and ML37T were related to Alkalicaulis satelles, G-192T by 98.41 and 98.84%, respectively, and distantly associated to members of the non-phototrophic genus Glycocaulis profundi, ZYF765T (95.59 and 95.36%, respectively) within the newly recognized Maricaulales order of α-Proteobacteria. BL14T and ML37T contained photosynthetic operons of 46,143 and 46,315 bp, where genes of BL14T were uniquely split into two distal operons. Furthermore, A. satelles was not originally published as an AAP, but was also found in this work to contain a similar 45,131 bp fragment. The distinct morphological features, physiological traits and genomic analysis including average nucleotide identity and digital DNA:DNA hybridization of circularized genomes supported the proposal of new genus and species Photocaulis sulfatitolerans gen. nov. sp. nov., type strain BL14T and Photocaulis rubescens sp. nov. type strain ML37T.
