Correlates of physical activity enjoyment in children and adolescents for a new perspective on the treatment of overweight: A systematic literature review.

The purpose of this systematic literature review was to systematically compile the state of knowledge on correlates of physical activity enjoyment in children and adolescents to influence the perspective of future physical activity promotion approaches especially for children and adolescents affected by overweight or obesity. The electronic database search was executed in the five databases PubMed, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and BISp-SURF, from inception to December 6, 2021. A semi-quantitative method was used for summarizing the resulted correlates. For final analysis, 85 studies comprising 48,144 children and adolescents were included. Fifty-seven variables could be coded for their relationship with physical activity enjoyment. Of these, 12 psychological variables, for example, the basic psychological needs, task orientation, or self-efficacy; six interpersonal variables, for example, peer/group acceptance, parental support, and autonomy support; and one behavioral variable, the higher self-reported physical activity, are consistent positively associated to physical activity enjoyment. A scientifically based overview could be extracted for the promotion of physical activity enjoyment in children and adolescents. There is a gap in literature focusing the perception of physical activity enjoyment in the subgroup of children and adolescents affected by overweight or obesity. Therefore, recommendations were made to enable the development of further innovative research approaches in this population.

Secondary Analysis of a Study on Exercise Therapy in Hip Osteoarthritis: Follow-Up Data on Pain and Physical Functioning.

We evaluated the short- and longer-term effects of exercise therapy in hip osteoarthritis patients (OA) at baseline, three, six, and 12 months in a randomized setting, followed by a non-randomized setting. The primary randomized intervention (E = exercise, P = placebo-ultrasound, C = control) was followed by a voluntary three-month exercise therapy for P and C (renamed P-E, C-E). Participants randomized to E were not offered treatment again (E-C). Effect sizes (ES; 95% CI) were calculated for within-group effects across time for bodily pain (SF-36) and WOMAC pain, function, and stiffness. ANCOVAs of post-treatment scores were used for group comparison after the group-specific exercise intervention phase. Exercise adherence was assessed and related to post-treatment scores of clinical outcomes. Data of 115 participants of the RCT eligible for follow-up and completing exercise therapy were included into our analyses. Small to medium beneficial long-term effects of cumulative interventional effects, including exercise training, persisted in all groups. Group E-C (n = 49) showed significant 12 months vs. baseline within-group ES in all outcomes (ES 0.39-0.59) except stiffness. Findings were less prominent for exercise therapy in a non-randomized setting (C-E, P-E, both n = 33). Differences are partially explained by adherence rates, highlighting the relevance of therapy compliance strategies. Short-term between-group differences (ANCOVAs) only showed statistically significant differences for WOMAC function between P-E and E-C in favor of E-C (6.4 (95% CI 1.6-11.2; score range 0-100)).

Conventional Electrolyte and Inactive Electrode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Determining Cumulative Impact of Oxidative Decomposition at High Voltage.

High-voltage electrodes based on, for example, LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 04 (LNMO) active material require oxidative stability of inactive materials up to 4.95 V vs. Li|Li+ . Referring to literature, they are frequently supposed to be unstable, though conclusions are still controversial and clearly depend on the used investigation method. For example, the galvanostatic method, as a common method in battery research, points to the opposite, thus to a stability of the inactive materials, which can be derived from, for example, the high decomposition plateau at 5.56 V vs. Li|Li+ and stable performance of the LNMO charge/discharge cycling. This work aims to unravel this apparent contradiction of the galvanostatic method with the literature by a thorough investigation of possible trace oxidation reactions in cumulative manner, that is, over many charge/discharge cycles. Indeed, the cumulated irreversible specific capacity amounts to ≈10 mAh g-1 during the initial 50 charge/discharge cycles, which is determined by imitating extreme LNMO high-voltage conditions using electrodes solely consisting of inactive materials. This can explain the ambiguities in stability interpretations of the galvanostatic method and the literature, as the respective irreversible specific capacity is obviously too low for distinct detection in conventional galvanostatic approaches and can be only detected at extreme high-voltage conditions. In this regard, the technique of chronoamperometry is shown to be an effective and proper complementary tool for electrochemical stability research in a qualitative and quantitative manner.

A 12-week exercise program for patients with hip osteoarthritis has no influence on gait parameters: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hip osteoarthritis is a major musculoskeletal disorder in the elderly. Evidence is given for the efficacy of exercise interventions in terms of self-reported physical functioning and pain. However, it has not yet been fully examined whether exercises influence gait. RESEARCH QUESTION: The purpose of this RCT therefore was to evaluate effects of a 12-week exercise program on kinematic gait variables in subjects with hip osteoarthritis. METHODS: 210 participants were randomly assigned to exercise, non-treated control, or placebo ultrasound groups. The 12-week exercise intervention combined a weekly group session with home-based exercises (2/week), which entailed exercises for motor learning, flexibility, strengthening, and balance. Placebo ultrasound was given once a week. A 6-camera motion capture system was used for data collection. Data were derived from shod walking at self-selected speeds. Spatio-temporal and hip and knee joint angles of the stance phase were calculated. Data were averaged across five trials. Measurements were taken prior to and immediately after the intervention period. ANOVA/Kruskall-Wallis-Tests were used to analyze between-group effects for differences between test days. Pairwise comparisons were subsequently conducted in case of significant model effects. Data were analyzed per protocol (n = 185). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were detected for any of the outcome measures. SIGNIFICANCE: Although hip muscle strength and gait quality are related, strength training of the hip-surrounding musculature without specific gait training elements cannot improve spatio-temporal gait characteristics or hip and knee joint angles in subjects with mild to moderate hip osteoarthritis. If gait should explicitly be improved through exercise, interventions must incorporate a relevant portion of gait-related tasks.

Effectiveness and efficiency of different weight machine-based strength training programmes for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis: a protocol for a quasi-experimental controlled study in the context of health services research.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoarthritis is a chronic musculoskeletal disease with a major impact on the individual and the healthcare system. As there is no cure, therapy aims for symptom release and reduction of disease progression. Physical exercises have been defined as a core treatment for osteoarthritis. However, research questions related to dose response, sustainability of effects, economic efficiency and safety are still open and will be evaluated in this trial, investigating a progressive weight machine-based strength training. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a quasi-experimental controlled trial in the context of health services research. The intervention group (n=300) is recruited from participants of an offer for insurants of a health insurance company suffering from hip or knee osteoarthritis. Potential participants of the control group are selected and written to from the insurance database according to predefined matching criteria. The final statistical twins from the control responders will be determined via propensity score matching (n=300). The training intervention comprises 24 supervised mandatory sessions (2/week) and another 12 facultative sessions (1/week). Exercises include resistance training for the lower extremity and core muscles by use of weight machines and small training devices. The training offer is available at two sites. They differ with respect to the weight machines in use resulting in different dosage parameters. Primary outcomes are self-reported pain and function immediately after the 12-week intervention period. Health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, cost utility and safety will be evaluated as secondary outcomes. Secondary analysis will be undertaken with two strata related to study site. Participants will be followed up 6, 12 and 24 months after baseline. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00009257. Pre-results.

Exercise therapy in patients with hip osteoarthritis: Effect on hip muscle strength and safety aspects of exercise-results of a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of an exercise therapy concept (the Tübingen exercise therapy approach THüKo) for increasing hip muscle strength (HMS) in patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA), and to investigate whether patients do adhere to the intervention and if there are any adverse events related to the intervention. METHODS: A total of 210 hip OA patients (89 females, 121 males) were randomized into a 12-week exercise intervention (THüKo) including group sessions (1/week) and home exercising (2/week), a placebo ultrasound group (1/week) or a control group (no treatment). HMS was measured as isometric peak torque of hip abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension. Adherence to exercise and safety aspects were monitored as additional outcomes. RESULTS: Baseline adjusted post intervention HMS of the THüKo group were higher compared to the control group (differences of 0.11-0.27 Nm/kg, p < 0.01) and to the placebo ultrasound group (differences of 0.09-0.19 Nm/kg, p < 0.01). Adherence to exercise was high (about 90%). No subject had to refuse from training because of an exercise related adverse event and exercise related pain was only of intermittent nature without sustainable adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: The Tübingen exercise therapy approach has shown to have a significant positive effect on HMS. Its implementation has shown to be feasible and safe according to the percentage of exercise participation and the absence of sustainable adverse events.

Effectiveness and efficiency of an 11-week exercise intervention for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis: a protocol for a controlled study in the context of health services research.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is the most common reason for pain in older adults, and the individual and economic burden of this disease is immense. The chronic character of osteoarthritis requires a long-term therapeutic treatment. In this regard life-style interventions such as physical exercises that can be carried out by the patient himself are recommended as first line treatment. There is evidence for the short-term benefit of exercise therapy in terms of pain reduction and physical functioning. Nonetheless research agendas highlight the need for multifaceted interventions that incorporate exercise strategies into patient care. Studies should be conducted with appropriate sample sizes and should allow statements on long-term effects as well as cost-utility and safety. These open questions are under the scope of this study. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a controlled study in the context of health services research. The study population consists of n = 1400 subjects with hip or knee osteoarthritis. The intervention group will be recruited from participants of a country-wide health insurance offer for people with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Potential participants for the control group (ratio 10:1 (control vs. intervention) will be filtered out from the insurance data base according to pre-defined matching criteria and asked by letter for their participation. The final statistical twins from the responders (1:1) will be determined via propensity score matching. The progressive training intervention comprises 8 supervised group sessions, supplemented by home exercises (2/week over 11 weeks). Exercises include mobilization, strengthening and training of postural control. Primary outcomes are pain and function measured with the WOMAC Index immediately after the intervention period. Among other things, health related quality of life, self-efficacy, cost utility and safety will be evaluated as secondary outcomes. Participants will be followed up 6, 12 and 24 month after baseline. DISCUSSION: Results of this trial will document the effects of clinical as well as economic outcomes in a regular health care setting on the basis of a large sample size. As such, results of this trial might have great impact on future implementations of group- and home-based exercises in hip or knee osteoarthritis. TRAIL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00009251 . Registered 10 September 2015.

Exercise therapy in hip osteoarthritis--a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Roughly one in ten persons in the industrialized world suffers from hip osteoarthritis, a disease for which there is no cure. The goal of conservative therapy is to relieve symptoms, preferably with methods that let patients assume responsibility for their own treatment, e.g., physical training. METHOD: In a randomized controlled trial, we studied the effectiveness of twelve weeks of exercise therapy in patients with hip osteoarthritis (THüKo), compared to no treatment (control group) and placebo ultrasound treatment of the hip (placebo ultrasound group). The primary endpoint was a comparison of the pain scores of the intervention versus control groups on the generic SF-36 health questionnaire. Secondary endpoints included comparisons across all three study groups of scores on the 7 other scales of the SF-36 and on the pain, physical function, and stiffness scales of the osteoarthritis-specific WOMAC Index. The statistical analysis was performed with ANCOVA, with baseline values as a covariate. Between-group effects were subsequently tested pairwise (two-tailed t-tests, alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: As for the primary endpoint, pain reduction was significantly greater in the intervention than in the control group (mean difference 5.7 points, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-11.1 points, p = 0.034). The comparisons across all three study groups (i.e., secondary endpoints, with 71 subjects in the intervention group, 68 in the control group, and 70 in the placebo group) revealed no significant between-group effects with respect to the SF-36. On the WOMAC Index, however, statistically significant differences were found for pain reduction between the intervention and control group (mean difference 7.4 points, 95% CI 3.0-11.8, p = 0.001) and between the intervention and placebo group (mean difference 5.1 points, 95% CI 0.7-9.4, p = 0.024). Comparable mean differences were also found for functional improvement. CONCLUSION: Twelve weeks of exercise therapy in hip osteoarthritis patients of normal vitality reduced pain and improved physical function. No significant improvement was found in these patients' general health-related quality of life.

Stiffness, pain, and hip muscle strength are factors associated with self-reported physical disability in hip osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Physical disability (PD) is common among patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip. Exercise therapy is proposed to be a potential intervention to reduce PD. However, the optimal targets of an exercise program are not known. PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to identify factors that explain the level of self-reported PD in patients with hip OA. Knowledge of these factors will help develop specific and effective exercise programs. METHODS: Data from 149 patients with hip OA (85 men and 64 women) were analyzed. Self-reported PD was quantified using the physical function subscale of the Western Ontario and McMaster index. A stepwise regression analysis was conducted to identify significant factors associated with self-reported PD. RESULTS: Stiffness, pain, and hip muscle strength were found to be significant factors related to the level of self-reported PD in hip OA. These factors explained 59% (r adjusted = 0.59) of the variance. Body mass index, gender, age, and passive internal hip rotation and flexion range of motion explained only minor parts of the dependent variable self-reported PD. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Stiffness, pain, and hip muscle strength are associated with self-reported PD in hip OA. It is imperative that exercise treatments for hip OA include strategies to modify these factors. Further research should evaluate their role in preventing hip OA.

Feasibility and efficacy of an 8-week progressive home-based strengthening exercise program in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and/or total hip joint replacement: a preliminary trial.

The feasibility and efficacy of an additional progressive home-based strengthening exercise program (PHSEP) on subjects that already attended supervised institutional exercise therapy was investigated. Thirty-six hip patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) and/or total hip replacement in at least one hip joint were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). IG (18 patients, mean age 64.9, standard deviation (SD) 7.5) followed an 8-week PHSEP in addition to their weekly institutional exercise therapy, while CG (18 patients, mean age 64.7, SD 9) solely continued the weekly institutional exercise sessions. Before and after the intervention period, strength of hip muscles was quantified applying isokinetic concentric and isometric measurements, and health-related quality of life was monitored using the SF36 questionnaire. Adherence to the exercise program was evaluated using exercise logs. The PHSEP was feasible for all subjects in IG with an adherence of 99%. Exercise logs reported that pain resulting from the PHSEP was low. Increased strength in isokinetic concentric hip adduction (13%) and isometric hip abduction (9%), adduction (12%), and flexion (7%) was found in IG in comparison to CG. The results of the SF36 did not change during the intervention period. Consequently, supervised institutional exercise therapy supplemented by a PHSEP could increase hip muscle strength in patients with hip OA and/or total hip replacement. However, further research should evaluate the optimal frequency and duration of such supplementary sessions and their potential to increase physical function and reduce pain.

Comparison of distinctive gait variables using two different biomechanical models for knee joint kinematics in subjects with knee osteoarthritis and healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: Gait analysis is an important instrument in clinical research and results should be objective. The purpose of this study was to quantify clinical outcomes of two biomechanical models with different anatomical coordinate systems and angle decomposition strategies for knee joint kinematics. METHODS: The study was designed to compare a functional approach and a predictive approach with a single comprehensive marker set. 10 healthy subjects and 12 subjects with knee osteoarthritis were analysed. Distinctive gait variables were averaged across five trials. Agreement between methods was illustrated with the so-called levels of agreement. Differences between models were quantified using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon-Signed Rank test in case of non-normality (Shapiro-Wilk test). Unpaired t-tests/Wilcoxon tests were used to compare gait variables between healthy subjects and subjects with knee osteoarthritis, and to examine whether statistical analysis of this comparison would yield different data interpretations when using different models. FINDINGS: Outcome variables differed between the functional and predictive approaches in the sagittal plane (0.1-3.1°), and transverse plane (1.0-3.7°). With respect to the range of motion in the given movement plane, variables in the sagittal plane of the knee were more consistent between methods. The functional approach was more sensitive for detecting differences between groups for sagittal plane kinematics. Statistical analysis for transverse plane kinematics differed substantially between models. INTERPRETATION: Sensitivity to detect differences of kinematic data between population groups can vary between biomechanical models. Rotational gait variables are inconsistent between models and should not be used as clinical outcome variables in daily routine.

Efficacy of conservative treatment regimes for hip osteoarthritis--evaluation of the therapeutic exercise regime "Hip School": a protocol for a randomised, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hip osteoarthritis (hip OA) is a disease with a major impact on both national economy and the patients themselves. Patients suffer from pain and functional impairment in activities of daily life which are associated with a decrease in quality of life. Conservative therapeutic interventions such as physical exercises aim at reducing pain and increasing function and health-related quality of life. However, there is only silver level evidence for efficacy of land-based physical exercise in the treatment of hip OA. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to determine whether the specific 12-week exercise regime "Hip School" can decrease bodily pain and improve physical function and life quality in subjects with hip osteoarthritis. METHODS/DESIGN: 217 participants with hip OA, confirmed using the clinical score of the American College of Rheumatology, are recruited from the community and randomly allocated to one of the following groups: (1) exercise regime "Hip School", n = 70; (2) Non-intervention control group, n = 70; (3) "Sham" ultrasound group, n = 70; (4) Ultrasound group, n = 7. The exercise regime combines group exercises (1/week, 60-90') and home-based exercises (2/week, 30-40'). Sham ultrasound and ultrasound are given once a week, 15'. Measures are taken directly prior to (M1) and after (M2) the 12-week intervention period. Two follow-ups are conducted by phone 16 and 40 weeks after the intervention period. The primary outcome measure is the change in the subscale bodily pain of the SF36 from M1 to M2. Secondary outcomes comprise the WOMAC score, SF36, isometric strength of hip muscles, spatial-temporal and discrete measures derived from clinical gait analysis, and the length of the centre of force path in different standing tasks. An intension-to-treat analysis will be performed using multivariate statistics (group × time). DISCUSSION: Results from this trial will contribute to the evidence regarding the effect of a hip-specific exercise regime on physical function, pain, and health-related quality of life in patients with hip osteoarthritis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00000651.

Articular cartilage defects in the knee--basics, therapies and results.

Full-thickness defects of the articular cartilage in the knee joint have lower regenerative properties than chondral lesions of the ankle. In order to avoid early osteoarthritis, symptomatic articular cartilage defects in younger patients should undergo biological reconstruction as soon as possible. Various surgical procedures are available to biologically resurface the articular joint line. Numerous animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that early biological reconstruction of circumscribed cartilage defects in the knee is superior to conservative or delayed surgical treatment. This superiority refers not only to defect healing but also to the elimination of changes following secondary osteoarthritis. The various surgical procedures can be differentiated by the range of indications and the final outcome. Additional malalignment, meniscus tears and/or ligament instabilities should be treated simultaneously with the cartilage resurfacing. The mid- and long-term results of the various current techniques are promising, but further modifications and improvements are needed.