Facial Cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman Disease: Dermoscopic Findings with Successful Surgical Treatment.

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterized by an accumulation of activated histiocytes within the affected tissues. It is a heterogeneous disease that includes the classical (nodal) and extra-nodal variants. The cutaneous form of the disease without the characteristic lymphadenopathy is rare and is often misdiagnosed as other dermatologic diseases. Misdiagnosis as lymphoproliferative and infectious diseases such as lymphoma and tuberculosis have been reported in the literature. Herein, we report a case of facial cutaneous RDD with successful surgical treatment. In addition, we provide dermoscopic findings and literature review as dermoscopy can be a useful adjuvant tool in the diagnosis of cutaneous RDD.

Stimulation of Toll-Like Receptor 3 Diminishes Intracellular Growth of Salmonella Typhimurium by Enhancing Autophagy in Murine Macrophages.

The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a facultative Gram-negative bacterium that causes acute gastroenteritis and food poisoning. S. Typhimurium can survive within macrophages that are able to initiate the innate immune response after recognizing bacteria via various pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this study, we investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms by which agonists of endosomal TLRs-especially TLR3-contribute to controlling S. Typhimurium infection in murine macrophages. Treatment with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))-an agonist of TLR3-significantly suppressed intracellular bacterial growth by promoting intracellular ROS production in S. Typhimurium-infected cells. Pretreatment with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI)-an NADPH oxidase inhibitor-reduced phosphorylated MEK1/2 levels and restored intracellular bacterial growth in poly(I:C)-treated cells during S. Typhimurium infection. Nitric oxide (NO) production increased through the NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway in poly(I:C)-treated cells during S. Typhimurium infection. Intracellular microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) levels were increased in poly(I:C)-treated cells; however, they were decreased in cells pretreated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA)-a commonly used inhibitor of autophagy. These results suggest that poly(I:C) induces autophagy and enhances ROS production via MEK1/2-mediated signaling to suppress intracellular bacterial growth in S. Typhimurium-infected murine macrophages, and that a TLR3 agonist could be developed as an immune enhancer to protect against S. Typhimurium infection.

Recall of Reverberant Speech in Quiet and Four-Talker Babble Noise.

Using behavioral evaluation of free recall performance, we investigated whether reverberation and/or noise affected memory performance in normal-hearing adults. Thirty-four participants performed a free-recall task in which they were instructed to repeat the initial word after each sentence and to remember the target words after each list of seven sentences, in a 2 (reverberation) × 2 (noise) factorial design. Pupil dilation responses (baseline and peak pupil dilation) were also recorded sentence-by-sentence while the participants were trying to remember the target words. In noise, speech was presented at an easily audible level using an individualized signal-to-noise ratio (95% speech intelligibility). As expected, recall performance was significantly lower in the noisy environment than in the quiet condition. Regardless of noise interference or reverberation, sentence- baseline values gradually increased with an increase in the number of words to be remembered for a subsequent free-recall task. Long reverberation time had no significant effect on memory retrieval of verbal stimuli or pupillary responses during encoding.

Effects of Noise and Serial Position on Free Recall of Spoken Words and Pupil Dilation during Encoding in Normal-Hearing Adults.

This preliminary study assessed the effects of noise and stimulus presentation order on recall of spoken words and recorded pupil sizes while normal-hearing listeners were trying to encode a series of words for a subsequent recall task. In three listening conditions (stationary noise in Experiment 1; quiet versus four-talker babble in Experiment 2), participants were assigned to remember as many words as possible to recall them in any order after each list of seven sentences. In the two noise conditions, lists of sentences fixed at 65 dB SPL were presented at an easily audible level via a loudspeaker. Reading span (RS) scores were used as a grouping variable, based on a median split. The primacy effect was present apart from the noise interference, and the high-RS group significantly outperformed the low-RS group at free recall measured in the quiet and four-talker babble noise conditions. RS scores were positively correlated with free-recall scores. In both quiet and four-talker babble noise conditions, sentence baselines after correction to the initial stimulus baseline increased significantly with increasing memory load. Larger sentence baselines but smaller peak pupil dilations seemed to be associated with noise interruption. The analysis method of pupil dilation used in this study is likely to provide a more thorough understanding of how listeners respond to a later recall task in comparison with previously used methods. Further studies are needed to confirm the applicability of our method in people with impaired hearing using multiple repetitions to estimate the allocation of relevant cognitive resources.