Metastatic Tonsil Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Important Consideration in the Differential Diagnosis of Malignant Basaloid Neoplasms in the Skin: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

ABSTRACT: Malignant basaloid neoplasms of the skin are frequent, and their accurate diagnosis holds paramount importance for treatment and prognosis. However, these neoplasms can present diagnostic challenges because of their extensive differential diagnosis, which encompasses cutaneous metastasis among many other possibilities. We present a case of a 74-year-old man with a history of p16-positive palatine tonsil squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with surgery and adjuvant radiation with no prior evidence of recurrence who presented to the dermatologist with 2 chin papules. The initial histopathologic evaluation of these lesions showed poorly differentiated malignant basaloid neoplasms. Subsequently, these biopsies were compared with the previous biopsies from his tonsil and lymph node, which showed similar findings including positive p16 staining and positive molecular testing for human papillomavirus-16, confirming the diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis from his previously diagnosed human papillomavirus-related tonsil SCC. Additional imaging studies found metastases to internal organs including the brain, and he was started on chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy. Cutaneous metastases from tonsil SCC are exceedingly rare, and only 5 cases have been described. Furthermore, this is the first case confirming the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus by molecular studies within the cutaneous metastases. The presented case underscores the importance of recognizing this unusual manifestation of tonsil SCC metastatic to the skin along with a good clinical patient history, ensuring accurate and prompt diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Oral Cavity Cancer Surgical and Nodal Management: A Review From the American Head and Neck Society.

Importance: Lymph node metastases from oral cavity cancers are seen frequently, and there is still inconsistency, and occasional controversies, regarding the surgical management of the neck in patients with oral cancer. This review is intended to offer a surgically focused discussion of the current recommendations regarding management of the neck, focusing on the indications and extent of dissection required in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma while balancing surgical risk and oncologic outcome. Observations: The surgical management of the neck for oral cavity cancer has been robustly studied, as evidenced by substantial existing literature surrounding the topic. Prior published investigations have provided a sound foundation on which data-driven treatment algorithms can generally be recommended. Conclusions: Existing literature suggests that patients with oral cavity cancer should be fully staged preoperatively, and most patients should receive a neck dissection even when clinically N0. Quality standards supported by the literature include separation of each level during specimen handling and lymph node yield of 18 or more nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be considered in select tumors and within a well-trained multidisciplinary team.

Navigation-Guided Transnasal Endoscopic Delineation of the Posterior Margin for Maxillary Sinus Cancers: A Preclinical Study.

BACKGROUND: The resection of advanced maxillary sinus cancers can be challenging due to the anatomical proximity to surrounding critical anatomical structures. Transnasal endoscopy can effectively aid the delineation of the posterior margin of resection. Implementation with 3D-rendered surgical navigation with virtual endoscopy (3D-SNVE) may represent a step forward. This study aimed to demonstrate and quantify the benefits of this technology. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Four maxillary tumor models with critical posterior extension were created in four artificial skulls (Sawbones®). Images were acquired with cone-beam computed tomography and the tumor and carotid were contoured. Eight head and neck surgeons were recruited for the simulations. Surgeons delineated the posterior margin of resection through a transnasal approach and avoided the carotid while establishing an adequate resection margin with respect to tumor extirpation. Three simulations were performed: 1) unguided: based on a pre-simulation study of cross-sectional imaging; 2) tumor-guided: guided by real-time tool tracking with 3D tumor and carotid rendering; 3) carotid-guided: tumor-guided with a 2-mm alert cloud surrounding the carotid. Distances of the planes from the carotid and tumor were classified as follows and the points of the plane were classified accordingly: "red": through the carotid artery; "orange": <2 mm from the carotid; "yellow": >2 mm from the carotid and within the tumor or <5 mm from the tumor; "green": >2 mm from the carotid and 5-10 mm from the tumor; and "blue": >2 mm from the carotid and >10 mm from the tumor. The three techniques (unguided, tumor-guided, and carotid-guided) were compared. RESULTS: 3D-SNVE for the transnasal delineation of the posterior margin in maxillary tumor models significantly improved the rate of margin-negative clearance around the tumor and reduced damage to the carotid artery. "Green" cuts occurred in 52.4% in the unguided setting versus 62.1% and 64.9% in the tumor- and carotid-guided settings, respectively (p < 0.0001). "Red" cuts occurred 6.7% of the time in the unguided setting versus 0.9% and 1.0% in the tumor- and carotid-guided settings, respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This preclinical study has demonstrated that 3D-SNVE provides a substantial improvement of the posterior margin delineation in terms of safety and oncological adequacy. Translation into the clinical setting, with a meticulous assessment of the oncological outcomes, will be the proposed next step.

Tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis management in laryngectomy patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

With the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been significant changes and challenges in the management of oncology patients. One of the major strategies to reduce transmission of the virus between patients and healthcare workers is deferral of follow-up visits. However, deferral may not be possible in total laryngectomy patients. Urgent procedures may be necessary to prevent complications related to ill-fitting tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) voice prostheses, such as aspiration or loss of voicing. In this paper, we describe the Princess Margaret Cancer Center's approach to managing this unique patient population.

Measuring financial toxicity incurred after treatment of head and neck cancer: Development and validation of the Financial Index of Toxicity questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC) may cause significant financial toxicity to patients. Herein, the authors have presented the development and validation of the Financial Index of Toxicity (FIT) instrument. METHODS: Items were generated using literature review and were based on expert opinion. In item reduction, items with factor loadings of a magnitude <0.3 in exploratory factor analysis and inverse correlations (r < 0) in test-retest analysis were eliminated. Retained items constituted the FIT. Reliability tests included internal consistency (Cronbach α) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation). Validity was tested using the Spearman rho by comparing FIT scores with baseline income, posttreatment lost income, and the Financial Concerns subscale of the Social Difficulties Inventory. Responsiveness analysis compared change in income and change in FIT between 12 and 24 months. RESULTS: A total of 14 items were generated and subsequently reduced to 9 items comprising 3 domains identified on exploratory factor analysis: financial stress, financial strain, and lost productivity. The FIT was administered to 430 patients with HNC at 12 to 24 months after treatment. Internal consistency was good (α = .77). Test-retest reliability was satisfactory (intraclass correlation, 0.70). Concurrent validation demonstrated mild to strong correlations between the FIT and Social Difficulties Inventory Money Matters subscale (Spearman rho, 0.26-0.61; P < .05). FIT scores were found to be inversely correlated with baseline household income (Spearman rho, -0.34; P < .001) and positively correlated with lost income (Spearman rho, 0.24; P < .001). Change in income was negatively correlated with change in FIT over time (Spearman rho, -0.25; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: The 9-item FIT demonstrated internal and test-retest reliability as well as concurrent and construct validity. Prospective testing in patients with HNC who were treated at other facilities is needed to further establish its responsiveness and generalizability.

Cricotracheal resection for adult subglottic stenosis: Factors predicting treatment failure.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Identify predictors of decannulation failure after cricotracheal resection (CTR) and thyrotracheal anastomosis (TTA) in patients with subglottic stenosis (SGS). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Charts of patients undergoing CTR and TTA for SGS at the University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada between 1988 and 2017 were reviewed. Patient, pathology, treatment, and outcome data were collected. The end points for statistical analysis were development of restenosis and permanent tracheostomy. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients (n = 114) were eligible for inclusion in this review. The mean age at primary resection was 46.9 years, 95 (83%) were females, and 19 (17%) were males. The rate of restenosis and permanent tracheostomy was 13% and 5%, respectively. Sixty-two patients (54%) underwent a CTR and TTA, and 52 patients (46%) underwent a CTR, laryngofissure, and TTA. Traumatic stenosis (odds ratio [OR] = 10.3, P = .017), longer T-tube duration (OR = 1.2, P = .011), combined glottic/subglottic stenosis (OR = 10.47, P = .010), start of the stenosis at the vocal cords (OR = 6.6, P = .029), postoperative minor complications (OR = 13.6, P = .028), and need for repeat surgery (OR = 44.1, P < .001) were associated with an increased risk of requiring permanent tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS: CTR and TTA are excellent surgical approaches for adult patients with subglottic stenosis. In this study, 5% of patients required permanent tracheostomy. Factors predicting treatment failure include traumatic stenosis, longer T-tube duration, combined glottic/subglottic stenosis, start of stenosis at the level of vocal cords, postoperative minor complications, and need for repeat surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1634-1639, 2020.

Navigation-guided osteotomies improve margin delineation in tumors involving the sinonasal area: A preclinical study.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate and quantify, in a preclinical setting, the benefit of three-dimensional (3D) navigation guidance for margin delineation during ablative open surgery for advanced sinonasal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven tumor models were created. 3D images were acquired with cone beam computed tomography, and 3D tumor segmentations were contoured. Eight surgeons with variable experience were recruited for the simulation of osteotomies. Three simulations were performed: 1) Unguided, 2) Guided using real-time tool tracking with 3D tumor segmentation (tumor-guided), and 3) Guided by 3D visualization of both the tumor and 1-cm margin segmentations (margin-guided). Analysis of cutting planes was performed and distance from the tumor surface was classified as follows: "intratumoral" when 0 mm or negative, "close" when greater than 0 mm and less than or equal to 5 mm, "adequate" when greater than 5 mm and less than or equal to 15 mm, and "excessive" over 15 mm. The three techniques (unguided, tumor-guided, margin-guided) were statistically compared. RESULTS: The use of 3D navigation for margin delineation significantly improved control of margins: unguided cuts had 18.1% intratumoral cuts compared to 0% intratumoral cuts with 3D navigation (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This preclinical study has demonstrated the significant benefit of navigation-guided osteotomies for sinonasal tumors. Translation into the clinical setting - with rigorous assessment of oncological outcomes - would be the proposed next step.

Randomized Controlled Pilot Study of Video Self-assessment for Resident Mastoidectomy Training.

A prospective randomized controlled pilot study was performed to determine if video self-assessment improves competency in mastoidectomy and to assess interrater agreement between expert and resident evaluations of recorded mastoidectomy. Sixteen otolaryngology residents were recorded while performing cadaveric mastoidectomy and randomized into video self-assessment and control groups. All residents performed a second recorded mastoidectomy. Performance was evaluated by blinded experts with a validated assessment scale. Video self-assessment did not lead to greater skill improvement between the first and second mastoidectomy. Interrater agreement was fair to substantial between the expert evaluators and between resident self-evaluations by recall and video review. Agreement between experts and residents was only slight to fair; residents consistently rated their performance higher than experts (P < .05). In conclusion, 1 session of video self-review did not lead to improved competence in mastoidectomy over standard practice. While experts agree on assessments, residents may overestimate their competency in performing cadaveric mastoidectomy.

Tobacco-related carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer.

Head and neck cancer (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)) is a devastating disease. Patients require intensive treatment that is often disfiguring and debilitating. Those who survive are often left with poor speech articulation, difficulties in chewing and swallowing, and cosmetic disfigurement, as well as loss of taste. Furthermore, given that HNSCC survivors are frequently disabled and unable to return to work, the economic and societal costs associated with HNSCC are massive. HNSCC is one of many cancers that are strongly associated with tobacco use. The risk for HNSCC in smokers is approximately ten times higher than that of never smokers, and 70-80% of new HNSCC diagnoses are associated with tobacco and alcohol use. Tobacco products have been used for centuries; however, it is just within the last 60-70 years that we have developed an understanding of their damaging effects. This relatively recent understanding has created a pathway towards educational and regulatory efforts aimed at reducing tobacco use. Understanding the carcinogenic components of tobacco products and how they lead to HNSCC is critical to regulatory and harm reduction measures. To date, nitrosamines and other carcinogenic agents present in tobacco products have been associated with cancer development. The disruption of DNA structure through DNA adduct formation is felt to be a common mutagenic pathway of many carcinogens. Intense work pertaining to tobacco product constituents, tobacco use, and tobacco regulation has resulted in decreased use in some parts of the world. Still, much work remains as tobacco continues to impart significant harm and contribute to HNSCC development worldwide.

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Posttest Probability of Parotid Fine-Needle Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To analyze the sensitivity and specificity of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in distinguishing benign from malignant parotid disease. (2) To determine the anticipated posttest probability of malignancy and probability of nondiagnostic and indeterminate cytology with parotid FNA. DATA SOURCES: Independently corroborated computerized searches of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register were performed. These were supplemented with manual searches and input from content experts. REVIEW METHODS: Inclusion/exclusion criteria specified diagnosis of parotid mass, intervention with both FNA and surgical excision, and enumeration of both cytologic and surgical histopathologic results. The primary outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, and posttest probability of malignancy. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I(2) statistic. Meta-analysis was performed via a 2-level mixed logistic regression model. Bayesian nomograms were plotted via pooled likelihood ratios. RESULTS: The systematic review yielded 70 criterion-meeting studies, 63 of which contained data that allowed for computation of numerical outcomes (n = 5647 patients; level 2a) and consideration of meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed in studies that were prospective, involved consecutive patients, described the FNA technique utilized, and used ultrasound guidance. The I(2) point estimate was >70% for all analyses, except within prospectively obtained and ultrasound-guided results. Among the prospective subgroup, the pooled analysis demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.882 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.509-0.982) and a specificity of 0.995 (95% CI, 0.960-0.999). The probabilities of nondiagnostic and indeterminate cytology were 0.053 (95% CI, 0.030-0.075) and 0.147 (95% CI, 0.106-0.188), respectively. CONCLUSION: FNA has moderate sensitivity and high specificity in differentiating malignant from benign parotid lesions. Considerable heterogeneity is present among studies.