ABSTRACT
A method to quantify chondroitin sulfate in raw materials and dietary supplements at a range of about 5 to 100% (w/w) chondroitin sulfate has been developed and validated. The chondroitin sulfate is first selectively hydrolyzed by chondroitinase ACII enzyme to form un-, mono-, di-, and trisulfated unsaturated disaccharides; the resulting disaccharides are then quantified by ion-pairing liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The amounts of the individual disaccharides are summed to yield the total amount of chondroitin sulfate in the material. Single-laboratory validation has been performed to determine the repeatability, accuracy, selectivity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, ruggedness, and linearity of the method. Repeatability precision for total chondroitin sulfate content was between 1.60 and 4.72% relative standard deviation, with HorRat values between 0.79 and 2.25. Chondroitin sulfate recovery from raw material negative control was between 101 and 102%, and recovery from finished product negative control was between 105 and 106%.
Subject(s)
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/methods , Chondroitin Sulfates/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Enzymes/chemistry , Animals , Cattle , Disaccharides/analysis , Models, Chemical , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of Results , Sharks , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Swine , Trachea/metabolismABSTRACT
A precolumn derivatization liquid chromatography (LC) method was developed for the analysis of various dietary supplement formulations and raw materials for glucosamine. A 1 mL sample or standard water solution (containing about 0.05 mg glucosamine) was mixed with 1 mL pH 8.3 buffer, 1 mL 5% phenylisothiocyanate methanolic solution, and derivatized at 80 degrees C in a water bath for 30 min. After derivatization, the solution was cooled in a cold water bath and centrifuged at 3000-5000 rpm. The clear upper layer was ready for injection. The LC system was equipped with a C18 reversed-phase column and an ultraviolet detector set at 240 nm. The column was developed with a linear gradient composed of 0.1% phosphoric acid in deionized water and 0.1% phosphoric acid in methanol. The method was subjected to Single Laboratory Validation. The method precision was 0.50% relative standard deviation, accuracy was less than +/-1.5%, method linearity in the range 0-2 mg glucosamine/mL was 1.00, the detection limit was 0.0705 microg/mL, and the quantitation limit was 0.235 microg/mL. Chondroitin sulfate, amino acids, and excipients did not interfere with glucosamine testing. After derivatization, both standard and sample preparations were stable for at least 48 h. Due to its high sensitivity, this method can be used to assay glucosamine in functional foods and pet foods. The validation data will be published separately.
Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements/analysis , Glucosamine/analysis , Chromatography, Liquid , Indicators and Reagents , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of Results , Solutions , Spectrophotometry, UltravioletABSTRACT
A series of hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was generated by the adsorption of undecanethiol, dodecanethiol, and octadecanethiol onto transparent gold-coated glass microscope slides. Protein crystallization trials using droplets deposited on the surfaces of the optically transparent SAMs were compared to those for which the droplets were deposited on the surfaces of conventional silanized glass microscope slides. For the five distinct proteins examined in the crystallization trials (i.e., lysozyme, alpha-lactalbumin, hemoglobin, thaumatin, and catalase), the SAMs generally afforded, (1) a faster rate of crystallization, (2) a larger crystal size; and (3) a broader range of crystallization conditions than that afforded by silanized glass. The greatest enhancements were observed with the highly ordered SAMs derived from octadecanethiol, which are evaluated here for the first time.
Subject(s)
Proteins/chemistry , Adsorption , Animals , Catalase/chemistry , Cattle , Crystallography, X-Ray , Detergents/pharmacology , Gold/chemistry , Hemoglobins/chemistry , Horses , Lactalbumin/chemistry , Muramidase/chemistry , Ovum/chemistry , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistryABSTRACT
The formation of three-dimensional self-assembled monolayers (3-D SAMs) generated by the adsorption of n-octadecyl disulfide onto colloidal gold and silver nanoparticles is described. The functionalized nanoparticles were characterized by solubility, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On gold nanoparticles, this new functionalization method affords crystalline 3-D SAMs that are indistinct from those prepared by the analogous adsorption of n-octadecanethiol. On silver nanoparticles, however, the films derived from n-octadecyl disulfide appear to be somewhat less crystalline than those prepared similarly from n-octadecanethiol. The origin of this difference is briefly explored and discussed.
ABSTRACT
The heterobimetallic complex 1, [LV(&mgr;-O)(&mgr;-OAc)(2)MnL] (where L = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate), has been synthesized and characterized. X-ray crystal structural analysis of 1 gave the following parameters: C(24)H(29)B(2)N(13)O(5)VMn, Cmc2(1), a = 13.364(2) Å, b = 17.383(3) Å, c = 14.132(3) Å, Z = 4, V = 3289.9(16) Å(3). An analysis of the structure, optical and resonance Raman spectroscopies, and magnetic measurements indicates that a V(IV)=O.Mn(II) valence formulation is the best description of the oxo-bridged core in 1, although other resonance forms must also contribute.
