Enhancing Collaboration in Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems Through Communication Complementary Graph.

Heterogeneous multiagent systems are characterized by diverse task distributions, which are prevalent in practical scenarios, such as distributed decision making and robotic collaboration. A significant challenge in these systems is the constraint of limited observations, where each agent has access only to partial information. Many studies facilitate information exchange by employing shared parameters among agents. However, this approach is generally more effective for homogeneous systems where agents have similar observation or action spaces. In heterogeneous systems, indiscriminate parameter sharing can significantly increase the exploration cost required for effective adaptation. To address this challenge, we propose a novel communication complementary graph model (CCGM) for enhancing collaboration in heterogeneous multiagent systems. Our approach builds upon the training framework of heterogeneous agent reinforcement learning (HARL) with trust region learning and nonparameter sharing. This model utilizes advantage function decomposition and sequential updates to promote policy convergence. Within this framework, we introduce a novel communication method inspired by signaling games, where agents acting as receivers, process messages from other agents alongside their own observations. CCGM aligns the messages with observations in a graph-based communication module, which establishes communication relationships and supplements observational information. Subsequently, agents generate self-interested information, which they then share with others as senders. We evaluate our algorithm across various environments, including multiagent particle environments (MPE) and multiagent MuJoCo (MAMuJoCo) robot experiments. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of CCGM in enhancing HARL-based algorithms.

CDH3 Is an Effective Serum Biomarker of Colorectal Cancer Distant Metastasis Patients.

Few robust biomarkers are available for distant metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Aberrant high expression of CDH3 has been reported in advanced CRC patients, but the value of CDH3 as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of distant metastatic CRC patients remains to be evaluated. In this study, we explored the serum levels of CDH3 in different stages of CRC patients and sought to determine whether serum CDH3 serves as an independent biomarker for distant metastatic CRC patients. We analyzed the serum CDH3 levels by ELISA in a cohort of CRCs (n=96) and normal controls (n=28). We compared the serum CDH3 levels between normal controls and different stages of CRCs. As a potential diagnostic marker of distant metastatic CRC, the specificity and sensitivity of serum CDH3 were evaluated. Multivariate analysis was also performed to determine whether serum CDH3 was an independent risk factor. Moreover, the changes of serum CDH3 levels were monitored and analyzed before and after palliative chemotherapy. Serum levels of CDH3, CA24-2, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CEA were significantly elevated in distant metastatic CRCs. CA24-2 (r=0.24, P=0.01), CA19-9 (r=0.20, P=0.03), CA72-4 (r=0.64, P<0.0001), and CEA (r=0.31, P=0.0012) all had a certain correlation with CDH3. After three cycles of palliative chemotherapy, levels of CDH3, CA24-2, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CEA of partial response CRCs were reduced to 38.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.95%-53.77%), 57.73% (95% CI: 2.085%-73.83%), 50.33% (95% CI: 9.935%-79.42%), 74.74% (95% CI: 25.21%-88.00%), and 59.16% (95% CI: 12.65%-83.56%) of baseline, respectively. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of CDH3, CA24-2, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CEA with chemotherapy response were 0.900, 0.597, 0.635, 0.608, and 0.507, respectively. Serum CDH3 is an effective serum biomarker for the diagnosis of distant metastatic CRCs and monitoring response to palliative chemotherapy in distant metastatic CRCs.

Effectiveness of digital intelligence interventions on depression and anxiety in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are common mental disorders in later life. Digital intelligence interventions overcome the limitations of conventional psychotherapy and offer new treatments for depression and anxiety. However, the effectiveness among older adults remains unclear. METHODS: Databases including Pubmed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Embase were searched for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) from inception to November 22, 2023. Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 18.0 and Review Manager 5.4. RESULTS: The initial search found 9369 papers, with 21 meeting the inclusion criteria (e.g., RCTs involving older adults aged 50 and older that assessed digital intelligence interventions on depression and anxiety symptoms). Meta-analyses revealed that, compared to control groups, digital intelligence interventions significantly reduced depression symptoms (SMD: -0.58; 95 % CI: -0.80, -0.35) and anxiety symptoms (SMD: -0.39; 95 % CI: -0.58, -0.19). Subgroup analysis revealed that internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT), interventions lasting 7 to 10 weeks, and the use of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scales, especially in other regions, had the most pronounced effects. CONCLUSIONS: Digital intelligence interventions reduce depressive and anxious symptoms in older adults, supporting the development of evidence-based treatment guidelines in the digital era.

Ultrastructure of the larval rectum of the scorpionfly Panorpa liui (Mecoptera: Panorpidae).

The rectum is an important part of the alimentary canal responsible for ion and water reabsorption of insects. However, it has rarely been studied in the larvae of Panorpidae, the largest family in Mecoptera. Here, we investigated the ultrastructure of larval rectum of the scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 using light and transmission electron microscopy. The rectum comprises tracheal muscular layers, connective tissue, non-cellular basal lamina, junctional cells, rectal epithelium, cuticle with irregular outlines, and a central lumen. The rectal epithelium is infolded to form six longitudinal rectal folds, which are distinct from rectal pads or papillae. In each rectal fold, the apical and basal plasma membranes of epithelial cells are infolded and the lateral plasma membranes form septate and scalariform junctions. The well-developed rectal folds are postulated to be closely associated with reabsorption of ions and water in the larvae. The associations of rectal folds with larval behaviors are briefly discussed in Mecoptera.

MOF-Decorated Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Membranes with Underwater Superoleophobicity for Extracting Osmotic Energy from Oily Wastewater Effluents.

Industrial processes generate huge volumes of oily saline wastewater. Instead of being sent to the drainage system immediately, extracting osmotic energy from these effluents represents a promising means to reuse these wastes and contributes to mitigate the ever-growing energy crisis. Herein, an MOF-decorated PTFE membrane is engineered to extract osmotic energy from oily wastewaters. Copper hydroxide nanowires (CHNs) are intertwined with polystyrenesulfonate sodium (PSS), deposited onto a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane, and thereafter used as metal precursors to in situ generate HKUST-1 doped with negative charges. The resulting HKUST-1PSS@PTFE hybrid membrane possesses abundant angstrom-scale channels capable of transporting cations efficiently and features a hierarchically structured surface with underwater superoleophobicity. The energy conversion performance of the HKUST-1PSS3.5@PTFE membrane can reach an output power density of 6.21 W m-2 at a 50-fold NaCl gradient, which is superior to those of pristine PTFE membranes. Once exposed to oily saline wastewater, the HKUST-1PSS@PTFE membrane can exhibit an excellent oil-repellent ability, thus contributing to sustain its osmotic energy harvesting. This work may promote the development of antifouling osmotic energy harvesters with a long working life and pave the way to fully exploit oily wastewater effluents as valuable energy sources.

Radiofrequency affects the decrystallization efficiency and physicochemical properties of rape honey via crystal structure modification and inactivating enzyme.

Crystallization degrades the physicochemical properties of honey and reduces consumer acceptance. To address this issue, radiofrequency was developed to investigate the decrystallization efficiency and quality impact mechanism of rape honey. The results showed that radiofrequency significantly decreased the number and size of crystals, leading to shortening the decrystallization time to less than 10 min. The response surface optimization methodology further indicated that the highest decrystallization rate (98.72 ± 0.34 %) and lower 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (2.45 ± 0.12 mg/kg) contents were obtained. Furthermore, radiofrequency changed the honey from a pseudoplastic into a Newtonian fluid efficiently due to the volumetric heating feature. It is worth noting that the inactivation of glucose oxidase reduced the antibacterial capacity, while the increase in total phenolic and flavonoid contents improved the antioxidant capacity of rape honey. In summary, current findings indicated that radiofrequency is a potential alternative decrystallization technology for water baths.

Copper-Catalyzed Oxyfluorosulfonylation of ß,γ-Unsaturated Oximes with Sulfur Dioxide and Selectfluor for Isoxazoline-Functionalized Aliphatic Sulfonyl Fluorides.

In this report, we describe a copper-catalyzed cascade reaction involving oxygen radical-induced cyclization/SO2 insertion/fluorination of ß,γ-unsaturated oximes with sulfur dioxide and Selectfluor under mild conditions for the synthesis of isoxazoline-functionalized aliphatic sulfonyl fluorides. The synthetic potential of these compounds has been evaluated through diverse SuFEx reactions.

A Novel Composite Material UiO-66-Br@MBC for Mercury Removal from Flue Gas: Preparation and Mechanism.

To reduce the mercury content in flue gas from coal-fired power plants and to obtain high-performance, low-cost mercury adsorbents, a novel composite material was prepared by structural design through the in situ growth method. Functionalization treatments such as the modification of functional groups and multilayer loading of polymetallic were conducted. These materials include the MOF material UiO-66 and modified biochar doped with Fe/Ce polymetallic, both of which contain unsaturated metal centrals and oxygen-containing functional groups. On the basis of obtaining the effects of adsorption temperature and composite ratio on the Hg0 removal characteristics, coupling and synergistic mechanisms between the various types of active centers included were investigated by using a variety of characterization and analysis tools. The active adsorption sites and oxidation sites were identified during this process, and the constitutive relationship between the physicochemical properties and the performance of Hg0 removal was established. The temperature-programmed desorption technique, Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation, and adsorption kinetic model were employed to reveal the mechanism of Hg0 removal. The results showed that the UiO-66-Br@MBC composite adsorbent possessed an excellent Hg0 removal performance at adsorption temperatures ranging from 50 to 250 °C, and targeted construction of adsorption and oxidation sites while maintaining thermal stability. The Hg0 removal by the composites is the result of both adsorption and oxidation. The micropores and small pore mesopores in the samples provide physical adsorption sites. The modified biochar acts as a carrier to facilitate the full exposure of the central metal zirconium ions, the formation of more active sites, and the process of electron transfer. The doping modification of the Br element can enhance the overall redox ability of the sample, and the introduced Fe and Ce polymetallic ions can work in concert to promote the oxidation process of Hg0. The excellent regulation of the ratio between adsorption and oxidation sites on the surface of the composite material finally led to a significant boost in the samples' capacity to remove Hg0.

Extraction of Genomic DNA from Soil Samples by Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Magnetic Particles via Isopropanol Promotion and Ca2+ Mediation.

Obtaining reliable and informative DNA data from soil samples is challenging due to the presence of interfering substances and typically low DNA yields. In this work, we prepared poly(ethylene glycol)-modified magnetic particles (PEG@Fe3O4) for DNA purification. The particles leverage the facilitative effect of calcium ions (Ca2+), which act as bridges between DNA and PEG@Fe3O4 by coordinating with the phosphate groups of DNA and the hydroxyl groups on the particles. The addition of 2-propanol further enhances this Ca2+-mediated DNA adsorption by inducing a conformational change from the B-form to the more compact A-form of DNA. PEG@Fe3O4 demonstrates a DNA adsorption capacity of 144.6 mg g-1. When applied to the extraction of genomic DNA from soil samples, PEG@Fe3O4 outperforms commercial kits and traditional phenol-chloroform extraction methods in terms of DNA yield and purity. Furthermore, we developed a 16-channel automated DNA extraction device to streamline the process and reduce the extraction time. The successful amplification of target bacterial and fungal amplicons underscores the potential of this automated, device-assisted method for studying soil microbial diversity.

Beta-alanine promotes angiogenesis in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization mice models.

AIM: To investigate the effect of ß-alanine (BA) on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mice models. METHODS: Laser-induced CNV mice models were established, and BA was administrated for one week and two weeks in advance, separately. Furthermore, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid flat mounts were separated, and immunohistochemical staining was performed. The laser-induced CNV lesion areas were measured and compared. In addition, liver and kidney morphologies were observed to identify potential hepatorenal toxicity. RESULTS: Enlarged CNV lesion areas were observed in the BA treated group. No significant differences were observed in the liver and kidney sections between groups. CONCLUSION: BA treatment increase CNV lesion areas, suggesting the detrimental effects of BA as a nutritional supplement in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) population.

Solid-Liquid-Gas Three-Phase Indirect Electrolysis Enabled by Affinity Auxiliary Imparted Covalent Organic Frameworks.

The design of efficient heterogenous redox mediators with favorable affinity to substrate and electrolyte are much desired yet still challenging for the development of indirect electrolysis system. Herein, for the first time, we have developed a solid-liquid-gas three-phase indirect electrolysis system based on a covalent organic framework (Dha-COF-Cu) as heterogenous redox mediator for S-S coupling reaction. Dha-COF-Cu with the integration of high porosity, nanorod morphology, abundant hydroxyl groups and active Cu sites is much beneficial for the adsorption/activation of thiols, uniform dispersion and high wettability in electrolyte, and efficient interfacial electron transfer. Notably, Dha-COF-Cu as solid-phase redox mediator exhibits excellent electrocatalytic efficiency for the formation of value-added liquid-phase S-S bond product (yields up to 99%) coupling with the generation of gas-phase product of H2 (~1.40 mmol g-1 h-1), resulting in a powerful three-phase indirect electrolysis system. This is the first work about COFs that can be applied in three-phase indirect electrolysis system, which might promote the development of porous crystalline materials in this field.

Resveratrol Alleviated T-2 Toxin-Induced Liver Injury via Preservation of Nrf2 Pathway and GSH Synthesis.

T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin and is considered as an extremely inevitable pollutant with potent hepatotoxicity. However, the approach to alleviation of T-2 toxin-triggered hepatotoxicity has been recognized as a serious challenge. Resveratrol (Res) is a polyphenol natural product isolated from various plant species, but its protective effect against T-2 toxin hepatotoxicity and detailed mechanism remains obscure. In the present study, the effect of Res against the hepatotoxicity was evaluated, and the underlying mechanisms were further revealed in mice. Functionally, Res inhibited liver injury, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by T-2 toxin. Mechanistically, Res modulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway and glutathione synthesis inhibition. Collectively, our findings first showed beyond doubt that Res ameliorated T-2 toxin-triggered liver injury by regulating Nrf2 pathways in mice.

Mechanisms of action and applications of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide at the intestinal mucosa barrier: a review.

As a medicinal and edible homologous Chinese herb, Polygonatum sibiricum has been used as a primary ingredient in various functional and medicinal products. Damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier can lead to or worsen conditions such as type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional Chinese medicine and its bioactive components can help prevent and manage these conditions by restoring the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. This review delves into the mode of action of P. sibiricum polysaccharide in disease prevention and management through the restoration of the intestinal barrier. Polysaccharide from P. sibiricum effectively treats conditions by repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier, offering insights for treating complex diseases and supporting the application of P. sibiricum in clinical settings.

Correlation between Anterior Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and Left Atrial Appendage Stasis in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) can lead to a decline in left atrial appendage (LAA) function, potentially increasing the likelihood of LAA thrombus (LAAT) and spontaneous echo contrast (SEC). Measuring LAA flow velocity through transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is currently the primary method for evaluating LAA function. This study aims to explore the potential correlation between anterior mitral annular plane systolic excursion (aMAPSE) and LAA stasis in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Methods: A total of 465 patients with NVAF were enrolled between October 2018 and November 2021. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and TEE were performed before scheduled electrical cardioversion. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance confounders between the groups with and without LAAT/dense SEC. Results: Patients in the LAAT/dense SEC group showed increased left atrial (LA) diameter, LAA area, alongside reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LAA velocity, conjunction thickening ratio, aMAPSE, and LAA fraction area change (FAC) compared to those in the non-LAAT/dense SEC group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified aMAPSE and LAA FAC as independent predictors for LAAT/dense SEC. Specifically, an aMAPSE of < 6.76 mm and an LAA FAC of < 29.65% predicted LAAT/dense SEC with high diagnostic accuracy, demonstrated by an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 (sensitivity 0.81, specificity 0.80) for aMAPSE, and an AUC of 0.80 (sensitivity 0.70, specificity 0.84) for LAA FAC. Conclusions: Both aMAPSE and LAA FAC independently correlated with and accurately predict LAAT/dense SEC. Incorporating aMAPSE into routine TEE evaluations for LAA function alongside LAA flow velocity is recommended.

Diels-Alder Reaction Mechanisms of La@C60 and Gd@C60 Studied Using Density Functional Theory.

Encapsulation of transition metals represents a crucial method for modifying the electronic structure and regulating the reactivity of fullerene, thereby expanding its applications. Herein, we present calculations with density functional theory methods to investigate the mechanisms of the Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of cyclopentadiene and La@C60 or Gd@C60 as well as their tricationic derivatives. Our findings indicate that the encapsulation of La and Gd into the C60 cage is thermodynamically favorable. The DA reactions are favored by the presence of La and Gd, with lower barriers, though the regioselectivity, favoring 6-6 bonds in the fullerene, is not affected. The effect of external electric fields has been also considered.

C2 pedicle screw insertion assisted by mobilization of the vertebral artery in cases with high-riding vertebral artery.

Objective: To describe the feasibility, safety and efficacy of mobilization of the vertebral artery for C2 pedicle screws in cases with the high-riding vertebral artery (HRVA).. Methods: During the period January 2020 to September 2022, fifteen patients underwent posterior occipitocervical fixation in our department. All patients had unilateral HRVA on at least one side that prohibited the insertion of C2 pedicle screws. There were 2 males and 13 females aged 47 ± 11.9 years (range: 17-64 years). After the correction of the vertical dislocation during the operation, the C2 pedicle screw insertion and occipitocervical fixation and fusion were performed using the vertebral artery mobilization technique. A routine three-dimensional reconstructed CT examination was executed to confirm the trajectory of C2 pedicle screws post-operation, and a CT angiography examination was performed when necessary. Neurological function was assessed using the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scale. The preoperative and postoperative JOA score and the main radiological measurements, including anterior atlantodental interval (ADI), the distance of odontoid tip above Chamberlain line, and clivus-canal angle (CCA), were collected and compared by paired t-test. Results: All 15 patients had atlas assimilation, among which 12 patients had C2-C3 fusion (Klippel-Feil syndrome). Mobilization of the HRVA was successfully completed, and C2 pedicle screws were then fulfilled after the vertebral artery was protected. There was no injury to the vertebral artery during the operation. Meanwhile, no severe surgical complications such as cerebral infarction or aggravated neurological dysfunction occurred during the perioperative period. Satisfactory C2 pedicle screw placement and reduction were reached in all 15 patients. All the patients achieved bone fusion 6 months after surgery. No looseness and shift of internal fixation or reduction loss was observed during the follow-up period. Compared to the preoperative, the postoperative JOA score and the main radiological measurements were remarkably improved and statistically significant. Conclusions: C2 pedicle screw insertion assisted by mobilization of the vertebral artery is safe and considerably effective, providing a choice for internal fixation in cases with high-riding vertebral arteries.

Osteoporosis treatment: current drugs and future developments.

Osteoporosis is a common systemic metabolic disease characterized by a decrease in bone density and bone mass, destruction of bone tissue microstructure, and increased bone fragility leading to fracture susceptibility. Pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis is the focus of current research, and anti-osteoporosis drugs usually play a role in inhibiting bone resorption, promoting bone formation, and having a dual role. However, most of the drugs have the disadvantages of single target and high toxic and side effects. There are many types of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), from a wide range of sources and mostly plants. Herbal plants have unique advantages in regulating the relationship between osteoporosis and the immune system, acupuncture therapy has significant therapeutic effects in combination with medicine for osteoporosis. The target cells and specific molecular mechanisms of TCM in preventing and treating osteoporosis have not been fully elucidated. At present, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the pathological mechanism of the disease. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathological signaling pathways and key molecules involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is crucial for the design of therapeutic targets and drug development. In this paper, we review the development and current status of anti-osteoporosis drugs currently in clinical application and under development to provide relevant basis and reference for drug prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, with the aim of promoting pharmacological research and new drug development.

Purification and immobilization of ß-glucosidase using surface modified mesoporous silica Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 for eco-friendly preparation of sagittatoside A.

Functionalized mesoporous materials have become a promising carrier for enzyme immobilization. In this study, Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 (SBA-15) was modified by N-aminoethyl-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxy (R). R-SBA-15 was employed to purify and immobilize recombinant ß-glucosidase from Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans (BgpA) in one step for the first time. Optimum pH of the constructed R-SBA-15@BgpA were 7.0, and it has 20 â„ƒ higher optimal temperature than free enzyme. Relative activity of R-SBA-15@BgpA still retained > 70% at 42 â„ƒ after 8-h incubation. The investigation on organic reagent resistance revealed that the immobilized enzyme can maintain strong stability in 15% DMSO. In leaching test and evaluation of storage stability, only trace amount of protein was detected in buffer of the immobilized enzyme after storage at 4 â„ƒ for 33 days, and the immobilized BgpA still maintained > 50% relative activity. It also demonstrated good reusability, with 76.1% relative activity remaining after fourteen successive enzymatic hydrolyses of epimedin A to sagittatoside A. The newly proposed strategy is an effective approach for the purification and immobilization of BgpA concurrently. In addition, R-SBA-15@BgpA was demonstrated to have high efficiency and stability in this application, suggesting its great feasibility and potential to produce bioactive compounds such as secondary glycosides or aglycones from natural products.

Ameliorating the detrimental effects of chromium in wheat by silicon nanoparticles and its enriched biochar.

Increased anthropogenic activities over the last decades have led to a gradual increase in chromium (Cr) content in the soil, which, due to its high mobility in soil, makes Cr accumulation in plants a serious threat to the health of animals and humans. The present study investigated the ameliorative effect of foliar-applied Si nanoparticles (SiF) and soil-applied SiNPs enriched biochar (SiBc) on the growth of wheat in Cr-polluted soil (CPS). Two levels of CPS were prepared, including 12.5 % and 25 % by adding Cr-polluted wastewater in the soil as soil 1 (S1) and soil 2 (S2), respectively for the pot experiment with a duration of 40 days. Cr stress significantly reduced wheat growth, however, combined application of SiF and SiBc improved root and shoot biomass production under Cr stress by (i) reducing Cr accumulation, (ii) increasing activities of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase and catalase), and (iii) increasing protein and total phenolic contents in both root and shoot respectively. Nonetheless, separate applications of SiF and SiBc effectively reduced Cr toxicity in shoot and root respectively, indicating a tissue-specific regulation of wheat growth under Cr. Later, the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm analysis showed a maximum soil Cr adsorption capacity ∼ Q(max) of 40.6 mg g-1 and 59 mg g-1 at S1 and S2 respectively, while the life cycle impact assessment showed scores of -1 mg kg-1 and -211 mg kg-1 for Cr in agricultural soil and - 0.184 and - 38.7 for human health at S1 and S2 respectively in response to combined SiF + SiBC application, thus indicating the environment implication of Si nanoparticles and its biochar in ameliorating Cr toxicity in different environmental perspectives.

Visible-Light-Induced Metal- and Photosensitizer-Free C(sp3)-H Phosphorylation of 3,4-Dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with Diphenylphosphine Oxide.

Herein, we report a direct phosphorylation of the C(sp3)-H bond of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using oxygen as a green oxidant under visible light at room temperature. This transformation was readily accomplished in the absence of metal and photosensitizer to construct new C(sp3)-P bonds and provide a series of phosphonylated dihydroquinoxalin-2-ones in good to excellent yields. This approach opens straightforward and environmentally friendly access to 3-phosphoryl quinoxalin-2-ones derivatives.