Factores pronósticos precoces de morbimortalidad en el traumatismo craneoencefálico grave en niños. Experiencia en una unidad de politraumatismo infantil / Early prognostic factors for morbidity and mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. Experience in a child polytrauma unit

Objetivo Identificar factores pronósticos precoces que conduzcan a un mayor riesgo de pronóstico desfavorable. Diseño Estudio de cohortes observacional de octubre 2002 a octubre 2017. Pacientes y ámbito Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 18 años con TCE grave ingresados en cuidados intensivos (UCIP). Variables e intervenciones Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, clínico-analíticas y terapéuticas. Se valoró la capacidad funcional del paciente a los 6 meses mediante la Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Se consideró pronóstico desfavorable un GOS menor o igual a 3. Se realizó un análisis univariante para comparar grupos de buen y mal pronóstico y su relación con las diferentes variables. Se realizó un análisis multivariante para predecir el pronóstico del paciente. Resultados 98 pacientes, 61,2% varones, mediana de edad 6,4 años (RIQ 2.49–11.23). El 84,7% fueron atendidos por los servicios de emergencias extrahospitalarios. A los 6 meses, el 51% presentaba recuperación satisfactoria, 26,5% secuelas moderadas, 6,1% secuelas graves y 2% estado vegetativo. Fallecieron el 14,3%. Hubo significación estadística entre la puntuación en la escala de coma de Glasgow (ECG) prehospitalaria, reactividad pupilar, hipotensión arterial, hipoxia, ciertas alteraciones analíticas y radiológicas (compresión de las cisternas basales), con pronóstico desfavorable. El análisis multivariante demostró que es posible realizar modelos predictores de la evolución de los pacientes. Conclusiones Es posible identificar factores pronósticos de mala evolución en las primeras 24 horas postraumatismo. Su conocimiento puede ayudar a la toma de decisiones clínicas y ofrecer una mejor información a las familias (AU)

Objective To identify early prognostic factors that lead to an increased risk of unfavorable prognosis. Design Observational cohort study from October 2002 to October 2017. Setting and patients Patients with severe TBI admitted to intensive care were included. Variables and interventions Epidemiological, clinical, analytical and therapeutic variables were collected. The functional capacity of the patient was assessed at 6 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). An unfavorable prognosis was considered a GOS less than or equal to 3. A univariate analysis was performed to compare the groups with good and bad prognosis and their relationship with the different variables. A multivariate analysis was performed to predict the patient's prognosis. Results 98 patients were included, 61.2% males, median age 6.4 years (IQR 2.49–11.23). 84.7% were treated by the out-of-hospital emergency services. At 6 months, 51% presented satisfactory recovery, 26.5% moderate sequelae, 6.1% severe sequelae, and 2% vegetative state. 14.3% died. Statistical significance was found between the score on the prehospital Glasgow coma scale, pupillary reactivity, arterial hypotension, hypoxia, certain analytical and radiological alterations, such as compression of the basal cisterns, with an unfavorable prognosis. The multivariate analysis showed that it is possible to make predictive models of the evolution of the patients. Conclusions it is possible to identify prognostic factors of poor evolution in the first 24 h after trauma. Knowledge of them can help clinical decision-making as well as offer better information to families (AU)

Early prognostic factors for morbidity and mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. Experience in a child polytrauma unit.

OBJECTIVE: To identify early prognostic factors that lead to an increased risk of unfavorable prognosis. DESIGN: Observational cohort study from October 2002 to October 2017. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Patients with severe TBI admitted to intensive care were included. VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS: Epidemiological, clinical, analytical and therapeutic variables were collected. The functional capacity of the patient was assessed at 6 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). An unfavorable prognosis was considered a GOS less than or equal to 3. A univariate analysis was performed to compare the groups with good and bad prognosis and their relationship with the different variables. A multivariate analysis was performed to predict the patient's prognosis. RESULTS: 98 patients were included, 61.2% males, median age 6.4 years (IQR 2.49-11.23). 84.7% were treated by the out-of-hospital emergency services. At 6 months, 51% presented satisfactory recovery, 26.5% moderate sequelae, 6.1% severe sequelae, and 2% vegetative state. 14.3% died. Statistical significance was found between the score on the prehospital Glasgow coma scale, pupillary reactivity, arterial hypotension, hypoxia, certain analytical and radiological alterations, such as compression of the basal cisterns, with an unfavorable prognosis. The multivariate analysis showed that it is possible to make predictive models of the evolution of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: it is possible to identify prognostic factors of poor evolution in the first 24 h after trauma. Knowledge of them can help clinical decision-making as well as offer better information to families.

Pediatric septic thrombosis of intracranial venous sinuses: from diagnosis to discharge. Twenty years of experience. / Trombosis séptica pediátrica de senos venosos intracraneales: del diagnóstico al alta. Veinte años de experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: Septic thrombosis of intracranial venous sinuses (STSV) is a rare and severe complication of cranial infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The main objective of this paper is to describe the clinical data, diagnostic procedures, treatment and evolution of a series of cases of STSV. In addition, the current literature is reviewed. Observational retrospective study by review of medical histories (January 1995-December 2016). The data collected were: clinical, analytical, epidemiological, microbiological, radiological, management and follow-up. A descriptive and statistical analysis of the data was done. RESULTS: Twelve children were included (86,832 admissions studied). They have a median age of 4.5 years (range 1-13) with a median time of symptoms of 6 days (range 1-25). At admission, the clinical data were: fever (11/12), vomiting (9/12) and headache (8/12). They also showed bad general status 12/12, 7/12 acute otitis media and 5/12 VI cranial nerve paresis. The lumbar puncture was pathological in 4/12. The most frequently microorganism isolated was Streptococcus sp. Prothrombotic mutations were confirmed on 2/12. Cranial computed tomography allowed diagnosis in 9/12; the magnetic resonance imaging achieves that in 12/12. Previous neurological signs or time to diagnosis did not influence the appearance of other image complications. All received antibiotic treatment, heparin 10/12 and 11/12 surgery. There were no sequels. CONCLUSION: In our series otitis, headache, vomiting and fever were prevalent. Complementary tests allowed the suspect but the definitive diagnosis was obtained by neuroimaging. There were no sequels and the therapies were mainly wide broad-spectrum antibiotics, heparin, and surgical.

TITLE: Trombosis séptica pediátrica de senos venosos intracraneales: del diagnóstico al alta. Veinte años de experiencia.Introducción. La trombosis séptica de los senos venosos intracraneales (TSSV) es una complicación rara y grave de las infecciones craneales. Materiales y métodos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es describir los datos clínicos, procedimientos diagnósticos, tratamiento y evolución de una serie de casos de TSSV. Además, se revisa la bibliografía actual. Es un estudio retrospectivo observacional mediante revisión de historias médicas (enero de 1995-diciembre de 2016). Los datos recogidos fueron: clínicos, analíticos, epidemiológicos, microbiológicos, radiológicos, de manejo y de seguimiento. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y estadístico de los datos. Resultados. Se incluyó a 12 niños (86.832 ingresos estudiados). La mediana de edad fue de 4,5 años (rango: 1-13), con un tiempo medio de síntomas de 6 días (rango: 1-25). En el momento de la admisión, los datos clínicos fueron: fiebre (11/12), vómitos (9/12) y dolor de cabeza (8/12). También mostraron mal estado general, 12/12; otitis media aguda, 7/12; y paresia del VI par craneal, 5/12. La punción lumbar fue patológica en 4/12. El microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado fue Streptococcus spp. Se confirmaron mutaciones protrombóticas en 2/12. La tomografía computarizada craneal permitió el diagnóstico en 9/12; la resonancia magnética lo logró en 12/12. Los signos neurológicos anteriores o el tiempo de diagnóstico no influyeron en la aparición de otras complicaciones de la imagen. Recibieron tratamiento antibiótico 12/12; heparina, 10/12; y cirugía, 11/12. No hubo secuelas. Conclusión. En nuestra serie, la otitis, el dolor de cabeza, los vómitos y la fiebre fueron frecuentes. Las pruebas complementarias permitieron el diagnóstico de sospecha, pero el diagnóstico definitivo se obtuvo por neuroimagen. No hubo secuelas y las terapias fueron principalmente antibióticos de amplio espectro, heparina y cirugía.

Trombosis séptica pediátrica de senos venosos intracraneales: del diagnóstico al alta. Veinte años de experiencia / Pediatric septic thrombosis of intracranial venous sinuses: from diagnosis to discharge. Twenty years of experience

Introducción: La trombosis séptica de los senos venosos intracraneales (TSSV) es una complicación rara y grave de las infecciones craneales. Materiales y métodos: El objetivo principal de este trabajo es describir los datos clínicos, procedimientos diagnósticos, tratamiento y evolución de una serie de casos de TSSV. Además, se revisa la bibliografía actual. Es un estudio retrospectivo observacional mediante revisión de historias médicas (enero de 1995-diciembre de 2016). Los datos recogidos fueron: clínicos, analíticos, epidemiológicos, microbiológicos, radiológicos, de manejo y de seguimiento. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y estadístico de los datos. Resultados: Se incluyó a 12 niños (86.832 ingresos estudiados). La mediana de edad fue de 4,5 años (rango: 1-13), con un tiempo medio de síntomas de 6 días (rango: 1-25). En el momento de la admisión, los datos clínicos fueron: fiebre (11/12), vómitos (9/12) y dolor de cabeza (8/12). También mostraron mal estado general, 12/12; otitis media aguda, 7/12; y paresia del VI par craneal, 5/12. La punción lumbar fue patológica en 4/12. El microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado fue Streptococcus spp. Se confirmaron mutaciones protrombóticas en 2/12. La tomografía computarizada craneal permitió el diagnóstico en 9/12; la resonancia magnética lo logró en 12/12. Los signos neurológicos anteriores o el tiempo de diagnóstico no influyeron en la aparición de otras complicaciones de la imagen. Recibieron tratamiento antibiótico 12/12; heparina, 10/12; y cirugía, 11/12. No hubo secuelas. Conclusión: En nuestra serie, la otitis, el dolor de cabeza, los vómitos y la fiebre fueron frecuentes. Las pruebas complementarias permitieron el diagnóstico de sospecha, pero el diagnóstico definitivo se obtuvo por neuroimagen. No hubo secuelas y las terapias fueron principalmente antibióticos de amplio espectro, heparina y cirugía.(AU)

Introduction: Septic thrombosis of intracranial venous sinuses (STSV) is a rare and severe complication of cranial infections. Materials and methods: The main objective of this paper is to describe the clinical data, diagnostic procedures, treatment and evolution of a series of cases of STSV. In addition, the current literature is reviewed. Observational retrospective study by review of medical histories (January 1995-December 2016). The data collected were: clinical, analytical, epidemiological, microbiological, radiological, management and follow-up. A descriptive and statistical analysis of the data was done. Results: Twelve children were included (86,832 admissions studied). They have a median age of 4.5 years (range 1-13) with a median time of symptoms of 6 days (range 1-25). At admission, the clinical data were: fever (11/12), vomiting (9/12) and headache (8/12). They also showed bad general status 12/12, 7/12 acute otitis media and 5/12 VI cranial nerve paresis. The lumbar puncture was pathological in 4/12. The most frequently microorganism isolated was Streptococcus sp. Prothrombotic mutations were confirmed on 2/12. Cranial computed tomography allowed diagnosis in 9/12; the magnetic resonance imaging achieves that in 12/12. Previous neurological signs or time to diagnosis did not influence the appearance of other image complications. All received antibiotic treatment, heparin 10/12 and 11/12 surgery. There were no sequels. Conclusion: In our series otitis, headache, vomiting and fever were prevalent. Complementary tests allowed the suspect but the definitive diagnosis was obtained by neuroimaging. There were no sequels and the therapies were mainly wide broad-spectrum antibiotics, heparin, and surgical.(AU)

Early prognostic factors for morbidity and mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. Experience in a child polytrauma unit. / Factores pronósticos precoces de morbimortalidad en el traumatismo craneoencefálico grave en niños. Experiencia en una unidad de politraumatismo infantil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify early prognostic factors that lead to an increased risk of unfavorable prognosis. DESIGN: Observational cohort study from October 2002 to October 2017. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Patients with severe TBI admitted to intensive care were included. VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS: Epidemiological, clinical, analytical and therapeutic variables were collected. The functional capacity of the patient was assessed at 6 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). An unfavorable prognosis was considered a GOS ≤3. A univariate analysis was performed to compare the groups with good and bad prognosis and their relationship with the different variables. A multivariate analysis was performed to predict the patient's prognosis. RESULTS: A total of 98 patients were included, 61.2% males, median age 6.4years (IQR 2.49-11.23). 84.7% were treated by the out-of-hospital emergency services. At 6 months, 51% presented satisfactory recovery, 26.5% moderate sequelae, 6.1% severe sequelae, and 2% vegetative state. 14.3% died. Statistical significance was found between the score on the prehospital Glasgow coma scale, pupillary reactivity, arterial hypotension, hypoxia, certain analytical and radiological alterations, such as compression of the basal cisterns, with an unfavorable prognosis. The multivariate analysis showed that it is possible to make predictive models of the evolution of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to identify prognostic factors of poor evolution in the first 24hours after trauma. Knowledge of them can help clinical decision-making as well as offer better information to families.

Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and risk factors for in-hospital mortality in Spain between 2001 and 2015.

AIMS: To examine trends in the incidence, characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) hospitalizations from 2001 to 2015, to compare clinical variables among patients according to the diagnosis position (primary or secondary) of CDI, and to identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database, 2001-2015. The study population included patients who had CDI as the primary or secondary diagnosis in their discharge report. Annual hospitalization rates were calculated and trends were assessed using Poisson regression models and Jointpoint analysis. Multi-variate logistic regression models were performed to identify variables associated with IHM. FINDINGS: In total, 49,347 hospital discharges were identified (52.31% females, 33.69% with CDI as the primary diagnosis). The rate of hospitalization increased from 3.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2001-2003 to 12.97 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2013-2015. Severity of CDI and mean cost per patient increased from 6.36% and 3750.11€ to 11.19% and 4340.91€, respectively, while IHM decreased from 12.66% to 10.66%. Age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, severity, length of hospital stay and mean cost were significantly higher in patients with a primary diagnosis of CDI. Irrespective of the CDI diagnosis position, IHM was associated with male sex, older age, comorbidities, readmission and severity of CDI. Primary diagnosis of CDI was associated with lower IHM (odds ratio 0.60; 95% confidence interval 0.56-0.65). CONCLUSION: CDI-related hospitalization rates are increasing, leading to a high cost burden, although IHM has decreased in recent years. Factors associated with IHM should be considered in strategies for the prevention and management of CDI.

Effectiveness of standardized nursing care plans to achieve A1C, blood pressure, and LDL-C goals among people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus at baseline: four-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: No studies that have measured the role of nursing care plans in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our objectives were firstly, to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing Standardized languages in Nursing Care Plans (SNCP) for improving A1C, blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (ABC goals) in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus at baseline (A1C ≥7%, blood pressure ≥ 130/80 mmHg, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol≥100 mg/dl) compared with Usual Nursing Care (UNC). Secondly, to evaluate the factors associated with these goals. METHODS: A four-year prospective follow-up study among outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: We analyzed outpatients of 31 primary health centers (Madrid, Spain), with at least two A1C values (at baseline and at the end of the study) who did not meet their ABC goals at baseline. A total of 1916 had A1C ≥7% (881 UNC versus 1035 SNCP). Two thousand four hundred seventy-one had systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg (1204 UNC versus 1267 SNCP). One thousand one hundred seventy had diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg (618 UNC versus 552 SNCP); and 2473 had low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥100 mg/dl (1257 UNC versus 1216 SNCP). Data were collected from computerized clinical records; SNCP were identified using NANDA and NIC taxonomies. RESULTS: More patients cared for using SNCP achieved in blood pressure goals compared with patients who received UNC (systolic blood pressure: 29.4% versus 28.7%, p = 0.699; diastolic blood pressure: 58.3% versus 53.2%, p = 0.08), but the differences did not reach statistical significance. For A1C and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals, there were no significant differences between the groups. Coronary artery disease was a significant predictor of blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, there is not enough evidence to support the use of SNCP instead of with UNC with the aim of helping patients to achieve their ABC goals. However, the use of SNCP is associated with a clear trend of a achievement of diastolic blood pressure goals.

Randomised crossover trial showed that using breast milk or sucrose provided the same analgesic effect in preterm infants of at least 28 weeks.

AIM: Repeated, ongoing exposure to pain influences the growth, cognitive and motor functions, behaviour, personality and neurodevelopment of preterm infants. We compared the analgesic effects of expressed breast milk (EBM) and 24% oral sucrose on preterm neonates during venipuncture. METHODS: This multicentre randomised, noninferiority, crossover trial focused on five neonatal university units in Madrid, Spain, from October 2013 to October 2014. It comprised 66 preterm infants born at less than 37 weeks and randomly split into two groups. They received either EBM or sucrose two minutes before venepuncture, together with nonnutritive sucking and swaddling, then the opposite procedure at a later point. Pain was measured with the premature infant pain profile (PIPP) and crying was also measured. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups. The PIPP scores were seven (4-9) with breast milk and six (4-8.25) with sucrose (p = 0.28). The 11 infants born at under 28 weeks of age showed higher median scores of nine (9-14) for breast milk and four (4-7) for sucrose (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: EBM and 24% sucrose had the same analgesic effect during venipuncture in most of the preterm neonates, but sucrose worked better in extremely preterm infants.

Calidad de vida percibida en el programa municipal comunitario de promoción de la salud «Gente saludable». Ciudad Lineal-Madrid / Perceived quality of life in the 'healthy people' municipal community health promotion program in Ciudad Lineal-Madrid

Introducción. La medida de la calidad de vida en relación con la salud (CVRS) es una forma integral de estimar tanto la salud individual como la comunitaria. El objetivo del trabajo es valorar los cambios en salud y en CVRS de las intervenciones de la estrategia «gente saludable» y de los «programas de promoción de la salud del Ayuntamiento de Madrid-Madrid Salud», en el Centro municipal de salud de Ciudad Lineal durante el año 2014 (promoción de ejercicio, alimentación saludable, deshabituación tabáquica, psicohigiene, entrenamiento de memoria y educación para la salud en mayores), con intervenciones grupales. Material y métodos. Ensayo comunitario (estudio antes-después) administrando un cuestionario de CVRS, láminas COOP/WONCA a 200 participantes. Resultados. Para la población estudiada (n=87), primer y segundo cuestionario realizado, la diferencia en la evaluación muestra cambios positivos antes-después con el sumatorio COOP/WONCA: en el global de las intervenciones, de 23,16 a 21,94 antes-después, con significación estadística, p≤0,002. En los grupos de psicología, cambio de 28,14 a 23,57 con p≤0,05 y en alimentación de 22,81 a 20,85, con p≤0,03. En los grupos de educación para la salud pasa de 21 a 20,81 puntos y en memoria de 23,31 a 22,45 puntos (ambos sin significación). Conclusiones. La mejora significativa de las puntuaciones refleja un cambio positivo en la salud autopercibida de esta comunidad intervenida, y un correcto funcionamiento de programas. Las esferas relacionadas directamente con la salud y las intervenciones en psicología y alimentación-ejercicio son las que presentan mayor cambio significativo (AU)

Introduction. The measurement of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a comprehensive way to estimate the health of both the individual and the community. The aim of this study was to assess changes in health and HRQoL using the intervention strategies «healthy people» and «health promotion programs» of the City Council of Madrid-Madrid Health. The study was conducted in the Municipal Health Centre of Ciudad Lineal, in 2014, and included promotion of exercise, healthy eating, smoking cessation, psycho-hygiene, memory training, and health education for the elderly, with group interventions. Material and methods. A before and after community trial, with the administration of questionnaire with COOP/WONCA HRQoL charts to 200 participants. Results. The study population (n=87), included those who completed the first and second questionnaire. Positive changes were seen in the overall before and after COOP/WONCA scores, with a mean change from 23.16 to 21.94, with statistical significance, p≤0.002. In the psychology groups, it changed from 28.14 to 23.57 with a p≤0.05, and healthy eating from 22.81 to 20.85, with p≤0.03. In the health education groups it changed from 21 to 20.81 points, and in memory training from 23.31 to 22.45 points (both without significance). Conclusions. The significant improvement in scores reflects a positive change in self-perceived health of this community after the intervention and proper operation of programs. The areas directly related to health and interventions in psychology and nutrition-exercise, are those with the most significant changes (AU)

Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort.

PURPOSE: To analyse the association between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality in a 5-year follow-up study with Spanish type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, seeking gender differences. METHODS: 3443 T2DM outpatients were studied. At baseline and annually, patients were subjected to anamnesis, a physical examination, and biochemical tests. Data about demographic and clinical characteristics was also recorded, as was the treatment each patient had been prescribed. Mortality records were obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. Survival curves for BMI categories (Gehan-Wilcoxon test) and a multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis were performed to identify adjusted Hazard Ratios (HRs) of mortality. RESULTS: Mortality rate was 26.38 cases per 1000patient-years (95% CI, 23.92-29.01), with higher rates in men (28.43 per 1000patient-years; 95% CI, 24.87-32.36) than in women (24.31 per 1000patient-years; 95% CI, 21.02-27.98) (p=0.079). Mortality rates according to BMI categories were: 56.7 (95% CI, 40.8-76.6), 28.4 (95% CI, 22.9-34.9), 24.8 (95% CI, 21.5-28.5), 21 (95% CI, 16.3-26.6) and 23.7 (95% CI, 14.3-37) per 1000person-years for participants with a BMI of <23, 23-26.8, 26.9-33.1, 33.2-39.4, and >39.4kg/m2, respectively. The BMI values associated with the highest all-cause mortality were <23kg/m2, but only in males [HR: 2.78 (95% CI, 1.72-4.49; p<0.001)], since in females this association was not significant [HR: 1.14 (95% CI, 0.64-2.04; p=0.666)] (reference category for BMI: 23.0-26.8kg/m2). Higher BMIs were not associated with higher mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: In an outpatient T2DM Mediterranean population sample, low BMI predicted all-cause mortality only in males.

Adverse drug reactions to anticoagulants in Spain: analysis of the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Data (2010-2013).

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyse hospitalisations for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) involving anticoagulants. We also analysed the progress of the reactions over time, the factors related with ADRs. DESIGN: A retrospective, descriptive, epidemiological study. SETTING: This study used the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database (Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos, CMBD), over a 4-year period. PARTICIPANTS: We selected CMBD data corresponding to hospital discharges with a diagnosis of ADRs to anticoagulants (International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code E934.2) in any diagnostic field during the study period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We calculated the annual incidence of ADRs to anticoagulants according to sex and age groups. The median lengths of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality (IHM) were also estimated for each year studied. Bivariate analyses of the changes in variables according to year were based on Poisson regression. IHM was analysed using logistic regression models. The estimates were expressed as ORs and their 95% CI. RESULTS: During the study period, 50 042 patients were hospitalised because of ADRs to anticoagulants (6.38% of all ADR-related admissions). The number of cases increased from 10 415 in 2010 to 13 891 in 2013. Cumulative incidence of ADRs to anticoagulants was significantly higher for men than women and in all age groups. An adjusted multivariate analysis revealed that IHM did not change significantly over time. We observed a statistically significant association between IHM and age, with the highest risk for the ≥85 age group (OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.44 to 2.93). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ADRs to anticoagulants in Spain increased from 2010 to 2013, and was significantly higher for men than women and in all age groups. Older patients were particularly susceptible to being hospitalised with an adverse reaction to an anticoagulant.

[Perceived quality of life in the "healthy people" municipal community health promotion program in Ciudad Lineal-Madrid]. / Calidad de vida percibida en el programa municipal comunitario de promoción de la salud «Gente saludable¼. Ciudad Lineal-Madrid.

INTRODUCTION: The measurement of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a comprehensive way to estimate the health of both the individual and the community. The aim of this study was to assess changes in health and HRQoL using the intervention strategies «healthy people¼ and «health promotion programs¼ of the City Council of Madrid-Madrid Health. The study was conducted in the Municipal Health Centre of Ciudad Lineal, in 2014, and included promotion of exercise, healthy eating, smoking cessation, psycho-hygiene, memory training, and health education for the elderly, with group interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A before and after community trial, with the administration of questionnaire with COOP/WONCA HRQoL charts to 200 participants. RESULTS: The study population (n=87), included those who completed the first and second questionnaire. Positive changes were seen in the overall before and after COOP/WONCA scores, with a mean change from 23.16 to 21.94, with statistical significance, p≤0.002. In the psychology groups, it changed from 28.14 to 23.57 with a p≤0.05, and healthy eating from 22.81 to 20.85, with p≤0.03. In the health education groups it changed from 21 to 20.81 points, and in memory training from 23.31 to 22.45 points (both without significance). CONCLUSIONS: The significant improvement in scores reflects a positive change in self-perceived health of this community after the intervention and proper operation of programs. The areas directly related to health and interventions in psychology and nutrition-exercise, are those with the most significant changes.

Incidence, surgical procedures, and outcomes of hip fracture among elderly type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients in Spain (2004-2013).

UNLABELLED: Hip fracture is a serious public health problem. We used Spanish hospital discharge data to examine trends in 2004-2013 in the incidence of hip fracture among elderly patients. We found that hip fracture incidence is higher in subjects with than without diabetes and is much higher among women than men. INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to describe trends in the incidence of hip fracture hospitalizations, use of surgical procedures, and hospital outcomes among elderly patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Spain, 2004-2013. METHODS: We selected all patients with a discharge primary diagnosis of hip fracture using the Spanish national hospital discharge database. Discharges were grouped by diabetes status: Incidences were calculated overall and stratified by diabetes status and year. We analyzed surgical procedures, length of hospital stay (LOHS), and in-hospital mortality (IHM). Multivariate analysis was adjusted by age, year, comorbidity, and in-hospital complications (IHC). RESULTS: From 2004 to 2013, 432,760 discharges with hip fracture were identified (21.3 % suffered T2DM). Incidence among diabetic men and women increased until year 2010 and then remained stable. Diabetic women have three times higher incidence than diabetic men. Incidences and IHC were higher among patients with diabetes beside sex. The proportion of patients that underwent internal fixation increased for all groups of patients and the arthroplasty repair decreased. After multivariate analysis, IHM has improved over the study period for all patients. Suffering diabetes was associated to higher IHM in women (odds ratio (OR) 1.12; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Hip fracture incidence is higher in subjects with than without diabetes and is much higher among women than men. In diabetic patients, incidence rates increased initially but have leveled from 2010 onwards. For all groups, the use of internal fixation has increased overtime and IHM and LOHS have decreased from 2004 to 2013.

Trends in sepsis incidence and outcomes among people with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus in Spain (2008-2012).

AIMS: There is conflicting evidence on how type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) influences in-hospital mortality (IHM) in sepsis. We aimed to compare trends in outcomes for sepsis in people with or without T2DM in Spain between 2008 and 2012. METHODS: We identified all cases with any sepsis diagnosis using national hospital discharge data. We evaluated annual incidence rates for sepsis stratified by T2DM status. We calculated IHM and analyzed trends over time. In a multivariate analysis including potential confounding factors, we tested T2DM as an independent factor for IHM. RESULTS: Overall, 217,280 cases of any-stage sepsis were diagnosed, of whom 50,611 (23.3%) had T2DM. The annual incidence of sepsis increased during the 5-year period (from 76.5 to 113.3cases/10(5) population). The incidence increase was higher for the population with T2DM (from 16.8 to 27.1 cases/10(5) population; 61.3% relative increment). People with T2DM were significantly older (75.8 ± 11.2 years vs. 71.0 ± 16.4 years) and suffered from more coexisting medical conditions. In the univariate analysis, mortality was higher for the population with T2DM only when septic shock was present (53.3% vs. 51.9%; P=0.002). IHM decreased over time both in participants with (from 45.7% to 38.1%) and without T2DM (from 46.1% to 39.5%). After accounting for all other potential confounders, T2DM was significantly associated with a lower IHM (odds ratio=0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.90). CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, the annual increase in sepsis incidence was higher in people with T2DM, but the risk of dying with sepsis during admission was moderately lower in people with T2DM.

Factors Associated to a Reactive Result of Rapid-HIV Test in Socio-culturally Adapted Services in Primary Care in Spain.

The Services of Prevention and Early diagnosis of HIV in Madrid (Spain) are set in selected primary care centers. Cultural mediators targeted to vulnerable groups (economic immigrants, MSM, sex workers…) perform risk assessment and counselling. Between 2010 and 2014 they performed 6 039 rapid-HIV test, 27.8 % in MSM, 41.2 % in men who have sex exclusively with women (MSW) and 31.0 % in women; 35.7 % in immigrants, mainly from Latin America. A reactive result was more common among MSM (6.0 %) compared to women (0.6 %) and MSW (0.5 %). In MSM it was associated to being immigrant and to antecedents of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Among MSW the factors associated to a reactive result were: seropositivity of sexual partner and heroine consumption, and in women: infrequent use of condoms, seropositivity of sexual partner and antecedents of STI. Preventive interventions to reduce risk of HIV transmission and for early detection should be adapted and targeted to high risk population.

Coverage of and factors associated with pneumococcal vaccination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

SETTING: Patients aged ⩾ 40 years with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; codes R95, R79 and R91 in the International Classification for Primary Care) registered in primary care clinical records in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain. OBJECTIVE: To assess pneumococcal vaccination coverage in patients with COPD and to analyse factors associated with vaccination uptake. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study in which data were collected in September 2010. RESULTS: We found that 93,797 patients (72.0% men and 28.0% women) had COPD. Overall coverage was 65.5% (67.5% men vs. 60.4% women, P < 0.001). In patients aged 40-59 years, coverage was 19.5%, reaching 75.8% in those aged ⩾ 60 years. In patients aged <60 years, uptake was associated with a higher number of comorbidities and appropriate adherence to seasonal influenza and pandemic vaccination schedules. In patients aged ⩾ 60 years, factors associated with uptake in both sexes were older age and appropriate adherence to seasonal influenza vaccination schedules. Factors associated with uptake in men were concomitant comorbidities and pandemic vaccination. CONCLUSION: Vaccination coverage in individuals aged <60 years with COPD is less than acceptable in Madrid. Coverage was higher in men and in patients with another chronic condition.

Social disparities in access to breast and cervical cancer screening by women living in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To describe uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening by women living in Spain, analyse the possible associated social and health factors, and compare uptake rates with those obtained in previous surveys. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using data from the 2011 Spanish national health survey. METHODS: Uptake of breast cancer screening was analysed by asking women aged 40-69 years whether they had undergone mammography in the previous two years. Uptake of cervical cancer screening was analysed by asking women aged 25-65 years whether they had undergone cervical cytology in the previous three years. Independent variables included sociodemographic characteristics, and variables related to health status and lifestyle. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of women had undergone mammography in the previous two years. Having private health insurance increased the probability of breast screening uptake four-fold [odds ratio (OR) 3.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.71-5.79], and being an immigrant was a negative predictor for breast screening uptake. Seventy percent of women had undergone cervical cytology in the previous three years. Higher-educated women were more likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.97-3.40), and obese women and women living in rural areas were less likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening. There have been no relevant improvements in uptake rates of either breast or cervical cancer screening since 2006. CONCLUSION: Uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening could be improved in Spain, and uptake rates have stagnated over recent years. Social disparities have been detected with regard to access to these screening tests, indicating that it is necessary to continue researching and optimizing prevention programmes in order to improve uptake and reduce these disparities.

Predictors of medication use in the Roma population in Spain: a population-based national study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of prescribed and self-medicated use of medication in the Spanish Roma population, and identify the associated factors. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. METHODS: Data from the first National Health Survey conducted on the Roma population in Spain were used. The sample comprised 1000 Spanish Roma adults of both sexes aged ≥16 years. Answers (yes/no) to the question, 'In the last two weeks have you taken the following medicines [in reference to a list of medicines that might be used by the population] and were they prescribed for you by a doctor?' were used to ascertain 'medication use'. 'Self-medication' referred to use of these medicines without medical prescription. Using multivariate logistic regression models, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to identify associated factors. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of medication use in the Roma population for both sexes was 69.1%, and 38.7% was self-medicated. Females reported higher use of medication than males (75.1% vs 62.3%); however, self-medication was higher among males. Analgesics and antipyretics were used most often (35.8%). Among males, the variables that were independently and significantly associated with a higher probability of medication use were: age; negative perception of health; presence of chronic disease (OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.67-4.73); and medical visits (OR 4.51; 95% CI 2.54-8.01). The variables were the same among females, except for age. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of the Spanish Roma population use medication, and a significant proportion of them self-medicate. The presence of chronic diseases, a negative perception of health and medical consultations were associated with increased use of medication in the study population.

Frecuencia de desnutrición pediátrica en hospitales de Cuba / Incidence of hospital pediatric malnutrition in Cuba

Introducción: La desnutrición es un problema de salud generalizado. En combinación con una enfermedad subyacente, reduce la calidad de vida e incrementa la mortalidad general y la de grupos específicos. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de desnutrición pediátrica en hospitales de Cuba. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico y descriptivo, que se desarrolló en 8 hospitales de Cuba. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por todos los niños de ambos sexos, de entre 1 mes y 19 años de edad, que ingresaron en el hospital, durante un periodo de 3 meses (desde el 1 de julio al 31 de septiembre de 2011). A todos los pacientes incluidos en el estudio se les realizó una encuesta en las primeras 48 horas de su ingreso. Las variables antropométricas utilizadas fueron el peso y la talla. Con ambos datos de determinó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), que nos permitió clasificar el estado nutricional, según las curvas de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud: de 2006 para los menores de 5 años y de 2007 para los de ≥5 años. El análisis de datos se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 18.0. Resultados: Se encontró una frecuencia de desnutrición del 12,1% según el Z Score IMC/edad, y un 30,1% de sobrepesoobesidad. De los pacientes desnutridos, el 18% correspondió al grupo de escolares, seguidos por los adolescentes (15%) y los lactantes (9%). El 82,9% de los niños ingresó por causas médicas. Conclusiones: El estudio demostró que la herramienta utilizada permitió evaluar y clasificar el estado nutricional al ingreso hospitalario (AU)

Title: Incidence of hospital pediatric malnutrition in Cuba Introduction: Malnutrition is a generalized health problem. There is an increased morbimortality when it appears combined with another disease, mainly in some specific groups of patients. Objective: To determine how frequent is the hospital pediatric malnutrition in Cuba. Methods: A descriptive, prospective and multicentre study was conducted in 8 cubans hospitals. Population included children from 1 month to 19 years old who were interned at hospital from July 1 to September 31, 2011. Interviews were made in the first 48 hours at hospital. Anthropometrics variable were collected. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and nutrition state was determined with WHO curves, 2006 and 2007 in patients with less and 5 or more than 5 years old respectively. Statistic analysis was made with SPSS version 18.0. Results: Malnutrition incidence was 12.1% according to Z Score BMI/age and obesity or overweigh was 30.1%. Malnutrition were more frequent in scholar group (18%) followed by teenagers (15%) and infants 9%. Medical causes were the main indication of hospitals admissions (82.9%). Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the tool used allowed to evaluate and classify the nutritional status at admission (AU)