ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of a sepsis-screening protocol in patients with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN/METHOD: Retrospective review of all patients with cervical SCI who screened positive for two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria while hospitalized in acute care or inpatient rehabilitation units over a 3.5-year period. Sepsis was defined by the occurrence of (1) any culture order followed by an intravenous (IV) antibiotic within 72 hours or (2) an IV antimicrobial followed by a culture order within 24 hours. RESULTS: A total of 134 patients screened positive for two or more SIRS criteria. Of these, 36 patients (26.9%) were diagnosed with sepsis. Factors associated with a true-positive SIRS screen on multivariable analysis included American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade A-C (vs. D; p < .001). The PPV of the screen was 38% in patients with AIS A-C and 9% in patients with AIS D. Altered mental status (AMS) was strongly associated with a diagnosis of sepsis; 16 of 18 (88.9%) of those with AMS had sepsis (p < .001). Age, sex, and neurologic level of injury were not associated with true-positive screening. For patients with new SCI, the first true-positive screen occurred a median of 31 days post-injury. The most common SIRS criteria combinations in patients with true-positive screens were elevated heart rate and either abnormal white blood cell count (43% of true positives) or abnormal temperature (26% of true positives). Abnormally low body temperature (<36°C) contributed to false-positive screening for 10 of 38 (26%) AIS D patients who screened positive. CONCLUSION: Sepsis screening using SIRS criteria in hospitalized patients with tetraplegia has a PPV of 26.9%; it is significantly higher in patients with AIS A-C versus D injuries. AMS, when combined with a positive SIRS screening, is strongly associated with sepsis.
Subject(s)
Sepsis , Spinal Cord Injuries , Humans , Predictive Value of Tests , Sepsis/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Quadriplegia/complications , Quadriplegia/diagnosis , Spinal Cord Injuries/complications , Spinal Cord Injuries/diagnosisABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: For war-injured refugees, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of catastrophic neurologic injury and literature focused on the care of this vulnerable population is sparse. This case series describes the unique challenges presented to an outpatient interdisciplinary rehabilitation team in providing SCI care in the USA for refugees who suffered their SCI in their home countries. CASE PRESENTATION: Our interdisciplinary rehabilitation team faced challenges related to language, cultural and educational barriers which impacted the typical standard rehabilitation care offered to these individuals. Many of the individuals were focused on curative treatments. As such, managing expectations and educating individuals to rehabilitation practices for chronic SCI and lack of curative treatments for associated medical complications affected the provision of care across all disciplines of the rehabilitation team. DISCUSSION: This case series showcases the challenges of caring for international refugees with SCI. The care offered to these individuals highlights the benefits that an interdisciplinary SCI rehabilitation approach can provide to comprehensively care for this vulnerable population.