ABSTRACT
Deregulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase RET has been implicated in medullary thyroid cancer, a small percentage of lung adenocarcinomas, endocrine-resistant breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. There are several clinically approved multi-kinase inhibitors that target RET as a secondary pharmacology but additional activities, most notably inhibition of KDR, lead to dose-limiting toxicities. There is, therefore, a clinical need for more specific RET kinase inhibitors. Herein we report our efforts towards identifying a potent and selective RET inhibitor using vandetanib 1 as the starting point for structure-based drug design. Phenolic anilinoquinazolines exemplified by 6 showed improved affinities towards RET but, unsurprisingly, suffered from high metabolic clearance. Efforts to mitigate the metabolic liability of the phenol led to the discovery that a flanking substituent not only improved the hepatocyte stability, but could also impart a significant gain in selectivity. This culminated in the identification of 36; a potent RET inhibitor with much improved selectivity against KDR.
Subject(s)
Piperidines/chemistry , Piperidines/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/antagonists & inhibitors , Quinazolines/chemistry , Quinazolines/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line , Drug Design , Humans , Mice , Molecular Docking Simulation , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/metabolism , Quinazolines/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Novel derivatives of the steroid DHEA 1, a known uncompetitive inhibitor of G6PD, were designed, synthesized, and tested for their ability to inhibit this dehydrogenase enzyme. Several compounds with approximately 10-fold improved potency in an enzyme assay were identified, and this improved activity translated to efficacy in a cellular assay. The SAR for steroid inhibition of G6PD has been substantially developed; the 3ß-alcohol can be replaced with 3ß-H-bond donors such as sulfamide, sulfonamide, urea, and carbamate. Improved potency was achieved by replacing the androstane nucleus with a pregnane nucleus, provided a ketone at C-20 is present. For pregnan-20-ones incorporation of a 21-hydroxyl group is often beneficial. The novel compounds generally have good physicochemical properties and satisfactory in vitro DMPK parameters. These derivatives may be useful for examining the role of G6PD inhibition in cells and will assist the future design of more potent steroid inhibitors with potential therapeutic utility.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/antagonists & inhibitors , Pregnanes/chemistry , Pregnanes/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Cell Survival/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry , Pregnanes/chemical synthesis , Pregnanes/pharmacokinetics , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A novel isonitrile derivative was synthesized and used in an Ugi four component coupling reaction to explore aryl group substitution effects on inhibition of the coagulation cascade serine protease factor Xa.
Subject(s)
Factor Xa Inhibitors , Glycine/analogs & derivatives , Glycine/chemical synthesis , Glycine/pharmacology , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Indicators and Reagents , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
In silico screening of combinatorial libraries prior to synthesis promises to be a valuable aid to lead discovery. PRO_SELECT, a tool for the virtual screening of libraries for fit to a protein active site, has been used to find novel leads against the serine protease factor Xa. A small seed template was built upon using three iterations of library design, virtual screening, synthesis, and biological testing. Highly potent molecules with selectivity for factor Xa over other serine proteases were rapidly obtained.
